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使用自动刹车时选择的刹车档位是选择了什么
选择了刹车压力，飞机的减速率会随着反推的增大而增大
选择了刹车压力，飞机的减速率会随着反推的增大而不变
选择了飞机的减速率，反推越大，刹车压力减大，飞机的减速率会增大
选择了飞机的减速率，反推越大，刹车压力减小，飞机的减速率会不变
在选择使用压力表时为使压力表能安全可靠的工作压力表的量程应选择比 被测压力高两倍
选择压力表量程时应选择
最__力不大于压力表满量程的2/3
最__力不大于压力表满量程
最低压力不小于压力表满量程的1/3
最低压力不小于压力表满量程的1/2
压力表选择测量上限时一般被测压力应不高于测量上限的______选择使 用范围时.压力表的指示值经常在
要正确的选择压力仪表需要考虑的方面包括
量程的选择
精度的选择
使用环境以及介质性能的考虑
压力表外形尺寸的选择
在选择使用压力表时为使压力表能安全可靠工作压力表的量程应选择比被侧压力高2倍
压力测试的关键是选择
压力场所
压力时间
压力情景
压力人物
选用弹簧式安全阀不仅要根据介质的工作压力和使用温度来选择阀门的还应选择弹簧的
整定压力
公称压力
起跳等级
压力等级
在选择使用压力表时为使压力表能安全可靠的工作压力表的量程应选择比 被测压力相等
管道件选择的基础是
公称压力
管子标准和材质的选择
管子公称直径
管子试验压力
在选择压力变送器的量程时压力变送器量程选择时对脉动压力正常操作 压力小于满量程的处
1/3~2/3
1/3~1/2
3/5
1/5
压力表量程选择一般要求稳定压力下工作压力选择的压力量程交变压力下工作压力选择不大于的量程上限
无性系变异中不加任何选择压力筛选的变异个体是施加选择压力筛选的变异个体是
压力表选择测量上限时一般被测压力应不高于测量上限的选择使用范围时．压力表的指示值经常在测量上限的之间
关于自然选择与进化速度的关系
选择压力增大常促进上升进化的产生
从大的范围来讲，整个海洋生物比陆地生物进化得快
选择压力增加，进化速度必定放慢
选择压力小，后代存活数便少
压力表量程的选择应根据被测压力的大小及被测压力变化的速度进行选择
选择压力容器上使用的压力表等级时应注意
选择压力表必须与压力容器的介质相适应
低压容器使用的压力表精度不低于2.5级
中压及__容器使用的压力表精度不低于1.5级
关于自然选择与进化速度的关系A.选择压力增大常促进上升进化的产生B.从大的范围来讲整个海洋生物比陆地
压力表的选择主要是量程被测压力较平稳的指针处在压力表刻度的
在选择使用压力表时压力表的量程怎样选择安装压力表时取样点怎样选择
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Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 11
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat______
Text2 AcenturyagotheimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostayand7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrantsforexanmleeventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenicknameuccellidipassaggiobirdsofpassage. Todaywearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegalgoodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemakingorourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategoriesbutweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostartwecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassagethoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges. Croppickersviolinistsconstructionworkersentrepreneursengineershomehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofworkmoneyandideas.TheyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthemTheycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother. Withorwithoutpermissiontheystraddlelawsjurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably. Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem. Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated__
Text4 Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticularthecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisionsandEuropestopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeedwomenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards. TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.LastyearEuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup. DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily PersonallyIdon’tlikequotasRedingsaidrecently.Butilikewhatthequotasdo.Quotasgetaction:theyopenthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceilingaccordingtoRedingaresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions. IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracygovernmentbythecapable.Burwhenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticidealitdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered. AfterallfourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuchsoftpressureisputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--asforexampleSherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule. Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’scaregivers--andallfamiliesSandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety. Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof_________.
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 7
Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysalefoekidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto 1informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate. 2Don’tuseyourownnameuse“LiMing”instead.Don’twriteyouraddress.10points
Text2 AcenturyagotheimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincluedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostayand7millinpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrantsforexanmleeventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenicknameuccellidipassaggiobirdsofpassage. Todaywearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenemcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegalgoodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemakingorourbrokenimmigrantionsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategoriesbutweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrickdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostartwecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassagethoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges. Croppickersviolinistsconstructionworkersentrepreneursengineershomehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofworkmoneyandideas.TheyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthemTheycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother. Withorwithoutpermissiontheystraddlelawsjurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably. Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes.Includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem. Itisimpliedinparagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationstystemintheUS____
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 9
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 9
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisionsweshould____.
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 3
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 13
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 11
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 13
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 3
Text4 Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticularthecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily—friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisionsandEuropestopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.indeedwomenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropecorporateboards. TheEuropeUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen-upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.LastyearEuropeCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup. DoweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateLadderfairyastheybalanceworkandfamily PersonallyIdon’tlikequotasRedingsaidrecently.Butilikewhatthequotasdo.Quotasgetaction:theyopenthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceilingaccordingtoRedingaresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions. IunderstandReding’sreluctance-andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracygovernmentbythecapable.Burwhenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticidealitdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered. AfterallfourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuchsoftpressureisputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower--asforexampleSherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule. Ifappropriatepubicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen---whetherCEOsortheirchildren’scaregivers--andallfamiliesSandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety. TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis________.
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 5
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 15
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay____.
Text3 Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactionsifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreactwecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquickhard-wiredresponses. Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerousourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquicklywithinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociablestudiesshowweneedatleastaminutepreferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonalitylikeneuroticismoropen-mindedness. Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfastereventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoingSubjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong. Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyfaceonereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmilingwecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicantswecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases-orhireoutsidescreeners. JohnGottmanthemarriageexpertexplainsthatwequicklythinsliceinformationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsinthickslicedlong-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogetherheinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamucklongerevaluation;twodaysnottwoseconds. Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogecanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereactithasn’tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend. Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis____.
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 41
Text1 InanessayentitledMakingItinAmericatheauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottonaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillonlytwoemployeestodayamanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines. Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolutionwhicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworker. InthepastworkerswithaverageskillsdoinganaveragejobcouldearnanaveragelifestyleButtodayaverageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlaborcheaproboticscheapsoftwarecheapautomationandcheapgenius.Thereforeeveryoneneedstofindtheirextra-theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment. Yesnewtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforeverandalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotesInthe10yearsendingin2009[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared. Therewillalwaysbechanged-newjobsnewproductsnewservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolutionthebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage. InaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyovertherearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopoet-highschooleducation. ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 1
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 17
Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoneyyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeedpredictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.ForexampleBusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.Firstitisvery7tosetupthecomputercardreaderandtelecornmunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpaymentSecondpapercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receiptssomethingthaimanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Thirdtheuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"-ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccountwhichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcancaminterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsarcimmediatetheyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytaskandanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy. 19
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 43
[A]Livelikeapeasant [B]Balanceyourdiet [C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends [D]Remembertotreatyourself [E]Sticktowhatyouneed [F]Planningisevervthing [G]Wastenotwantnot ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.AfterbillsTonyhas￡60aweektospend￡40ofwhichgoesonfoodbut10yearsagohewasearning￡130000aIyearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbetftrestaurants’"atleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailedhiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagaintoacertaindegreewhenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe’slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositivebuthe’llcarryonblogging-notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan-"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestatewithbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"-buteatingwellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.41._____________________Impulsivespendingisn’tanoptionsoplanyourweek’smenuinadvancemakingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfastlunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweeklybecausebeing-humanyou’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.42____________________________________________________________Thisiswheresupermarketsandthci;anonymitycomeinhandy.Withthemthere’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperlyyou’llknowthatyouonlyneedsay350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbaconnotwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller. 43_________Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer-that’snotgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftoversbreadstockmeatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastagebutifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetablesoupandallfruitsthreateningto"gooff’willbecookedorjuiced.44___________________________________Everyonesaysthisbutitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchersdelisandfish-sellersregularlyevenforsmallthingsandbesuperfriendly.Soonyou’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstewsorbeefboneschickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhichmoreoftenthannotTheyilletyouhaveforfree. 45__________________Youwon’tbeeatingoutalotbutsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant-￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou￡21-morethan"enoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s￡16.95there-or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drathereat. 45
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 7
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 5
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