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NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’s"PathtoGrowth"strategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear. Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.The"PathtoGrowth"strategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear. AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%. Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhas"issuesofcompetitiveness".Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy. IntheeyesofUnileveritstroublesmainlyliein
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’s"PathtoGrowth"strategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear. Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.The"PathtoGrowth"strategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear. AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%. Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhas"issuesofcompetitiveness".Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy. Unilever’sCFOthinksthatWood’scommentsare
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSAarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture. [B]Manywomengothroughlifethinkingconsciouslyorunconsciouslythatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems"OncewearemarriedeverythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincessestheyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears. [C]CarriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriendNewYorksocialiteCharlotteYorkmade"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders"IsthattrueIsthattheonlythingwomenwantRescuedbywhomIftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhitewouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchancebutwedo. [D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.OntheotherhandourvalueshavenotchangedfastenoughandmanywomenmoresoHispanicwomenarejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasonsnottotakecareofthem. [E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.IfyouhaveareasOfyourlifethatyouwanttoimprovegoahead;doitforyouandforyouonlyoracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullestbehappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourselfyouwillmakeothershappyincludingyourman. [F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen’slifespanwasabout40years.There-forelifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued. [G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecuritywearealsogivingupourfreedom.AreyouwaitingtoberescuedDoyoueverthinklikethat Order: 44
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney. You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter. Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement. Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgrade Chiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurance"sincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite WhichofthefollowingseemstobetheoverallattitudeofMicrosofttowardsubscriptionplan
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism Thegeneralargumentagainstnaturalismfocusesonits
LastNovemberengineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGEunveiledsomethingcalledthe"Light-SpeedVCT"ascannerthatcancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofabeatingheart.ThisspringStaplesanAmericanoffice-suppliesretailerwillstockitsshelveswithagadgetcalleda"wordlock"apadlockthatuseswordsinsteadofnumbers.TheconnectionIneachcasethefirm’scustomershaveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct. HowdoesinnovationhappenThefamiliarstoryinvolvesscientistinacademicinstitutesandR&Dlabs.Butlatelycorporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold-fashionednotion.Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.LesssoisthefactthatBellanAmericanbicycle-helmetmakerhascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromitscustomersandisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Notonlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchheadR&Dchiefandproduct-developmentmanagertoo. Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionofeverythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterialsandscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunitiestogetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-usedesigntoolsseemstobeboostingthephenomenonaswellasbringingittotheattentionofawideraudiencesaysEricVonHippelofMIT."Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaround"hesays."Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitishappening." HarnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethodssaysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofarepresentativesampleofcustomersfirmsmustidentifythefewspecialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE’shealthcaredivisioncallsthem"luminaries".Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsandresearchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutionssaysGEwhichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedicaladvisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE’stechnology.GE’sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwiththesegroups. Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebeliefthatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hencetheneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectualproperty.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovationisthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativityfreelysaysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheironlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoftenprovideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluetheenhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealingtheirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.Eitherwaysomefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch. Oneofthedrivingforcesbehindtherecentprevalenceofcustomerinnovationis
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney. You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter. Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement. Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgrade Chiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurance"sincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite ThatextracostLine7Para.5probablyrefersto
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSAarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture. [B]Manywomengothroughlifethinkingconsciouslyorunconsciouslythatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems"OncewearemarriedeverythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincessestheyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears. [C]CarriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriendNewYorksocialiteCharlotteYorkmade"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders"IsthattrueIsthattheonlythingwomenwantRescuedbywhomIftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhitewouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchancebutwedo. [D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.OntheotherhandourvalueshavenotchangedfastenoughandmanywomenmoresoHispanicwomenarejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasonsnottotakecareofthem. [E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.IfyouhaveareasOfyourlifethatyouwanttoimprovegoahead;doitforyouandforyouonlyoracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullestbehappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourselfyouwillmakeothershappyincludingyourman. [F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen’slifespanwasabout40years.There-forelifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued. [G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecuritywearealsogivingupourfreedom.AreyouwaitingtoberescuedDoyoueverthinklikethat Order: 42
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2F ormorethan40yearsacontrollinginsightinmyeducationalphilosophyhasbeentherecognitionthatnoonehaseverbeen--noonecanbe--educatedinschoolorcollege. 46Thatwouldbethecaseifourschoolsandcollegeswereattheirverybestwhichtheycertainlyarenotandevenifthestudentswereamongthebestandthebrightestaswellasconscientiousintheapplicationoftheirpowers. Thereasonissimplythatyouthitself--immaturity--isanunconquerableobstacletobecomingeducated.Schoolingisfortheyoung.Educationcomeslaterusuallymuchlater.47Theverybestthingforourschoolstodoistopreparetheyoungforcontinuedlearninginlaterlifebygivingthemtheskillsoflearningandtheloveofit.Ourschoolsandcollegesarenotdoingthatnowbutthatiswhattheyshouldbedoing. 48Tospeakofaneducatedyoungpersonorofawiseyoungpersonrichintheunderstandingofbasicideasandissuesisasmuchacontradictionintermsastospeakofaroundsquare.Theyoungcanbepreparedforeducationintheyearstocomebutonlymaturemenandwomencanbecomeeducatedbeginningtheprocessoftheir40sand50sandreachingsomeamountofgenuineinsightsoundjudgmentandpracticalwisdomaftertheyhaveturned60. Thisiswhatnohighschoolorcollegegraduatesknoworcanunderstand.Asamatteroffactmostoftheirteachersdonotseemtoknowit.49Intheirobsessionwithcoveringgroundandinthewayinwhichtheytestorexaminetheirstudentstheycertainlydonotactasiftheyunderstoodthattheywereonlypreparingtheirstudentsforeducationinlaterliferatherthantryingtocompleteitwithintherealmsoftheirinstitutions. Thereisofcoursesometruthintheancientinsightthatawarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.Butrememberitisjustthebeginning.Fromthereononehastodosomethingaboutit.50Andtodoitintelligentlyonemustknowsomethingofitsmusesandcures--whyadultsneededucationandwhatifanythingtheycandoaboutit. Tospeakofaneducatedyoungpersonorofawiseyoungpersonrichintheunderstandingofbasicideasandissuesisasmuchacontradictionintermsastospeakofaroundsquare.
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
LastNovemberengineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGEunveiledsomethingcalledthe"Light-SpeedVCT"ascannerthatcancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofabeatingheart.ThisspringStaplesanAmericanoffice-suppliesretailerwillstockitsshelveswithagadgetcalleda"wordlock"apadlockthatuseswordsinsteadofnumbers.TheconnectionIneachcasethefirm’scustomershaveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct. HowdoesinnovationhappenThefamiliarstoryinvolvesscientistinacademicinstitutesandR&Dlabs.Butlatelycorporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold-fashionednotion.Open-sourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.LesssoisthefactthatBellanAmericanbicycle-helmetmakerhascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromitscustomersandisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Notonlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchheadR&Dchiefandproduct-developmentmanagertoo. Thisisnotallnew.Researchershavedemonstratedtheimportanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionofeverythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterialsandscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunitiestogetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-usedesigntoolsseemstobeboostingthephenomenonaswellasbringingittotheattentionofawideraudiencesaysEricVonHippelofMIT."Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaround"hesays."Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitishappening." HarnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethodssaysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofarepresentativesampleofcustomersfirmsmustidentifythefewspecialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE’shealthcaredivisioncallsthem"luminaries".Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsandresearchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutionssaysGEwhichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedicaladvisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE’stechnology.GE’sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwiththesegroups. Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebeliefthatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hencetheneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectualproperty.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovationisthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativityfreelysaysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheironlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoftenprovideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluetheenhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealingtheirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.Eitherwaysomefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereallyissuchathingasafreelunch. Accordingtotheauthoruser-ledinnovation
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.F ormorethan40yearsacontrollinginsightinmyeducationalphilosophyhasbeentherecognitionthatnoonehaseverbeen--noonecanbe--educatedinschoolorcollege. 46Thatwouldbethecaseifourschoolsandcollegeswereattheirverybestwhichtheycertainlyarenotandevenifthestudentswereamongthebestandthebrightestaswellasconscientiousintheapplicationoftheirpowers. Thereasonissimplythatyouthitself--immaturity--isanunconquerableobstacletobecomingeducated.Schoolingisfortheyoung.Educationcomeslaterusuallymuchlater.47Theverybestthingforourschoolstodoistopreparetheyoungforcontinuedlearninginlaterlifebygivingthemtheskillsoflearningandtheloveofit.Ourschoolsandcollegesarenotdoingthatnowbutthatiswhattheyshouldbedoing. 48Tospeakofaneducatedyoungpersonorofawiseyoungpersonrichintheunderstandingofbasicideasandissuesisasmuchacontradictionintermsastospeakofaroundsquare.Theyoungcanbepreparedforeducationintheyearstocomebutonlymaturemenandwomencanbecomeeducatedbeginningtheprocessoftheir40sand50sandreachingsomeamountofgenuineinsightsoundjudgmentandpracticalwisdomaftertheyhaveturned60. Thisiswhatnohighschoolorcollegegraduatesknoworcanunderstand.Asamatteroffactmostoftheirteachersdonotseemtoknowit.49Intheirobsessionwithcoveringgroundandinthewayinwhichtheytestorexaminetheirstudentstheycertainlydonotactasiftheyunderstoodthattheywereonlypreparingtheirstudentsforeducationinlaterliferatherthantryingtocompleteitwithintherealmsoftheirinstitutions. Thereisofcoursesometruthintheancientinsightthatawarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.Butrememberitisjustthebeginning.Fromthereononehastodosomethingaboutit.50Andtodoitintelligentlyonemustknowsomethingofitsmusesandcures--whyadultsneededucationandwhatifanythingtheycandoaboutit. Thatwouldbethecaseifourschoolsandcollegeswereattheirverybestwhichtheycertainlyarenotandevenifthestudentswereamongthebestandthebrightestaswellasconscientiousintheapplicationoftheirpowers.
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism Whichofthefollowingconcerningthosewhorejectnaturalismaretrue
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20.Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’s"PathtoGrowth"strategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear. Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.The"PathtoGrowth"strategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear. AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%. Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhas"issuesofcompetitiveness".Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy. WhichofthefollowingaboutPathtoGrowthstrategyistrue
Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural"universetheuniverseofmatterandenergyisallthattherereallyis.ByrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathandaGodwhomightresurrectthebodynaturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inadditionnaturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuchvaluesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.AndfinallynaturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurposeandnothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose. AnyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenialsofGodspiritualbeingsandimmortalitymightbecalledanaturalistinthebroadsenseandanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedomvaluesandpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsenseorastrictnaturalist.Someopponentsofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalistswouldagreewiththis. Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfortheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdenyortheymayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfornaturalism.Butinadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbeliefsomeopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformofnaturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"ortoputitmorestronglythatnaturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistruethenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnaturalforces. Thesenaturalforcesarenotonthenaturalisticviewrationalthemselvesnorcantheybetheresultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.Thisitcanbearguedgivesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreachespeciallyinitslesspracticalandmoretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistruewewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoningwedistrustparticularapplicationsofitsuchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thusifnaturalismistruewehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism Naturalismbelievesthat
Illiteracymaybeconsideredmoreasanabstractconceptthanacondition.WhenafamousEnglishwriterusedthe1overtwohundredyearsagohewasactually2topeoplewhocould3readGreekorLatin.4itseemsunlikelythatuniversityexaminershadthissortof5inmindwhentheyreportedon"creepingilliteracy"inareportontheirstudents’finalexaminationin1988.6theyearsuniversitylecturershavebeen7ofanincreasingtendencytowardsgrammaticalsloppinesspoorspellingandgeneralimprecision8theirstudents’waysofwriting;andsloppywritingisall9oftenareflectionofsloppythinking.Their10wasthattheyhad11todoteachingtheirownsubject12teachingtheirundergraduatestowrite.Somelecturersbelievethattheyhavean13tostresstheimportanceofmaintainingstandardsofclearthinking14thewrittenwordinaworlddominatedby15communicationsandimages.They16ontheconnectionbetweenclearthinkingandaformofwritingthatisnotonlyclearbutalsosensitiveto17ofmeaning.Thesamelecturersarguethatundergraduatesappeartobethevictimsofa"softeningprocess"thatbegins18theteachingofEnglishinschoolsbutthispointofviewhasnot19causedagreatdealof20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.
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