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Elizagivesthebestactsosheisthebestp.
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Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. 46
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sStabilityandGrowthPactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.ThephraseFranco-GermansteamrollerPara3asusedinthetextdenotes
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepictures 2deducewhatisintendedinthepictureand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid.Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblytoabandonpupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy.Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours.Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid.Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblytoabandonpupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy.Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours.Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.ThewordexacerbateParagraph5iscloselyassociatedwith
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturesthatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.Inperformingthiswhatif...functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefutureconsciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection.Theoveralltoneofthepieceofwritingcanbestbedescribedas
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit--pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound.NellKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecomeapracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages.Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeyes.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC.ThewordcheerleaderParagraph4canbestbereplacedby
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. 48
ElNinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific.ElNinomeansthelittleboyortheChristchildinSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld.DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettleddowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving.Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheElNinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently.IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest.theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling.Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid.Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence.ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.comTheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado.ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions.OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation.ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStatesHartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.--basedWaltStreetJournalWebsite.AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial.Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountrieshesaid.UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw.WhichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordlibelParagraph8
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ElNinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific.ElNinomeansthelittleboyortheChristchildinSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld.DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettleddowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving.Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheElNinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently.IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest.theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling.Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall.ItcanbeinferredthatwhenEINinoandLaNinaoccurssimultaneously
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. 50
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 42
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sStabilityandGrowthPactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheEuroarea’sfinanceministers
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid.Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblytoabandonpupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy.Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours.Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.Accordingtothetexttheteachershortageissomething
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturesthatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.Inperformingthiswhatif...functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefutureconsciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection.IndiscussingthesubjectmatterofSFtheauthorfocuseson
Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair’sattemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafearsitsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.ThesewillbeusednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritishbecomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrencytheywillwarmtoit--pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.AccordingtotheprosasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseinfavorareboundtowin.AccordingtotheantisasBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuromembershipwillstarttolookinevitablesothoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.DreamornightmareeurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrencywormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandthenintotheaffectionsofvoters.BritishtouristswillcomebackfromtheirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuroswhichtheywillspendnotjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.Sotoowillforeignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrencythosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchangetheirminds.Fromthereitwillbeashortsteptodecidetodispensewiththepound.NellKinnockaEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderoftheLaborPartypredictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain’ssecondcurrency.HansEicheltheGermanfinanceministeralsosaysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslikeSwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHaintheEuropeanministerwhoisactingasacheerleaderformembershipsaystheeurowillbecomeapracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenablepeopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit.AsmanyasathirdofBritain’sbiggestretailerssuchasMarksandSpencerhavesaidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalsoannouncedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages.Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeyes.BritishtouristscannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholidaydestinationssotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoendupwithexcessforeignmoney.EveniftheydotheygenerallygetridofitattheendoftheirholidayssaysDavidSouthwellaspokesmanfortheBritishRetailConsortiumBRC.Towardseuro’screepintoBritisheconomytheviewsofNeilKinnockandDavidSouthwellare
Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaestheticsthematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnologywashingmachinescentralheatingautomaticcookerstelevisionsetscomputersandfittedcarpets.Heisatthemomentdrunkwithdemocracywell-to-doacardriverandhasneverhaditsogood. Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.41__________.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironmentandstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse. 42__________."Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse"becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe"vertical"growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit. Partialdecentralizationorratherpseudo-decentralizationintheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncentersonly’shiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown;ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystemitdoesnotcureit.43__________. Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizensbutweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytoreplanthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum"psychologicalelbowroom."44__________.Wemustcollectinanorganizedmannerallandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetownifwewanttoplaneffectively. Theprincipalunitinthisprocessis"IM’oneman.Wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeopleandthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.45__________.The"man-educate’manthehumanwillhavetosetthetargetandusingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskilltakeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.Hewillhavetousehishighmoralsenseofresponsibilitytothecommunityandtofuturegenerations. [A]Newsystemsofcitymanagementmaybenecessarytocopewiththeneedsoftoday’surbanpopulations.Someplannersinsistthatadecentraliseddecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltoensuringthatcitiesworkforandnotagainstpeople. [B]Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilitiesthecitiesarelitteredwithkerbparkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere. [C]Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersectionswhichinturnarefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland. [D]Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrendsbuttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument. [E]Theconvergenceofeconomicgrowthpopulationgrowthandurbanexpansionoffersbothgreatchallengesandgreatpotentialsforrealizingmetropolitansustainability. [F]Inthemeantimeinsultisaddedtoinjuryby"landvalue."Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse;itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensifieditsincomeanditsvalueincrease. [G]Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocesswherefactsareessential. 44
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthefuturewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinkingaboutpossiblefuturesinaseriouswayasenseoftheemotionalforcesintheirownculturesthatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytakeandamultitudeofpredictionsregardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariantSFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevelitishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappearbutitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteractionevenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.Inperformingthiswhatif...functionSFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferentanduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.IfitistruethatmostpeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsocietyorhumannatureitselfcouldundergofundamentalchangesthenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simagination--toconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.MoreoverifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimaginationitsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.ThatisSFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsocietyasitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefutureconsciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.ForthatmattersomeindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlifestylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.ThereincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagentsendanechofromthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection.Accordingtothelastparagraphself-fulfillingistoself-avoidingas
TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sdecisionMondaytoletstandarulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternetcaseslegalexpertssaid.Byoptingnottotakethecasethehighcourteffectivelyendorsedalowercourt’sdecisionthataColoradocompanythatpostsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfordefamationinaWashingtoncourt.ThelowercourtrulingisoneofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsiteoperatorsintheirownjurisdictionsratherthanwheretheoperatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence.ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalisWash.-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewoodColo.-basedHealthgrades.comTheAlliancesuedinWashingtonfederalcourtafterHealthgrades.compostedanegativerankingofNorthwestHealthcare’shomehealthservicesontheInternet.Healthgrades.comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothejurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishingoperationisinColorado.ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohearthecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.GeoffStewartapartneratJonesDayinWashingtonD.C.saidthattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissueasInternetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobiledealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferingstoavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions.OnlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdraggedintolawsuitsinforeigncourtssaidDowLohnes&AlbertsonattorneyJonHartwhohasrepresentedtheOnlineNewsAssociation.ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompaniesarisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontentpublishedintheUnitedStatesHartsaid.HartcitedarecentcaseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmustappearinaVictoriaAustraliacourttodefenditspublicationofanarticleontheU.S.--basedWaltStreetJournalWebsite.AccordingtoHartthepotentialchillingeffectofthosesortsofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial.Ihavenotyetseenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublishbecausethey’reafraidthey’regoingtogetsuedinanothercountrybutthatdoesn’tmeanitwon’thappenifweseearashofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbroughtinforeigncountrieshesaid.UntilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissueWebsiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestouserslocatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathornylegallandscapesaidJohnMorganapartneratPerkinsCoieLLPandanexpertinInternetlaw.TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt’sdecision
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
WhatwouldhappenifconsumersdecidedtosimplifytheirlivesandspendlessonmaterialgoodsandservicesThis1istakingon’acertainurgencyasratesofeconomicgrowthcontinuetodeceleratethroughouttheindustrializedworldand2millionsofconsumersappeartobe3formorefrugallifestyle.TheStanfordResearchInstitutewhichhasdonesomeofthemostextensiveworkonthefrugalityphenomenon4thatnearlyfivemillionAmericanadultsnumber"5toandactonsomebutnotall"ofitsbasictenets. Thefrugalityphenomenonfirstachievedprominenceasamiddle-class6ofhighconsumptionlifestyleintheindustrialworldduringthe50’sand60’s.IntheSilentRevolutionRonaldInglehartoftheUniversityofMichingan’sInstituteofSocialResearchexaminedthis7intheUnitedStatesand10WesternEuropeannations.Heconcludedthatachangehastakenplace"froman8emphasisonmaterialwell-beingandphysicalsecurity9greateremphasisonthequalityoflife"thatis"a10frommaterialismtopostmaterialism". Inglehartcallsthe60sthe"fatyear".Amongtheirmorevisibletrappingsweretheraggedbluejeansfavoredbytheaffluentyoung.Mostofthem11frommaterialism;howeverthiswas12ComfortablyfixedAmericansweregoing1314makingthingslastlongersharingthingswithotherslearningtodothingsforthemselvesandsoon.But15economicallysignificantitwashardly16inaUSGrossNationalProductclimbingvigorouslytowardthe$2thousandbillionmark17asthefrugalityphenomenonmatured--growingoutofthesoaring80sandintothesomber90s--itseemedtoundergoa18transformation.Americanconsumerscontinuedtolose19inmaterialismandwerebeingjoinedbynewconvertswhowere20frugalitybecauseofthedarkeningeconomicskiestheysawahead. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
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