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The Mir Space Station ? ?The Russian ’Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 ye...
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ThemostimportantresultoftheLewisandClarkexpeditionwasthatitenabledtheUnitedStatestoclaimtheOregonregion.
SonicDevice TheotherdayDr.RobertSmithwhoisblindtookaremarkablestrollthroughthecampusoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara.AsDr.Smithwalkedalongthecampusplacesandimpediments障碍物inhispathseemedtocallouttheirnamestohim--"libraryherelibraryhere""benchherebenchhere". Dr.Smithwastestingaprototype样机navigationsystemfortheblindthatanouncedthesurroundingobjectsthroughstereoheadphonesthatweremountedtoacomputerinhisback-packcreatingavirtualrealitylandscape仿真影像.Theinformationcamenotfromsomeminiatureradarbutfromthesignalsbroadcastbythemilitary’snetworkofgloalpositioningsatellites全球定位卫星.Onedayitsdevelopershopeminiaturized小型化的versionsofthisnavigationdeviceswhichnowweighstwenty-eightpoundswillhelptheblindnavigateunfamiliarneighborhoods. "Withthissystemyoudonotneedtoknowathinginadvanceaboutwhereyouaregoing"saidDr.RobertaKlatzkyapsychologistatCarnegie-MellonUniversitywhoisworkingwithDr.Smithtodevelopthenavigatingdevice.Dr.MichaelOberdoroftheNationalEyeInstitutesaid"Ablindpersoncouldwalkclownthestreetandknownotjusthewasat80thandBroadwaybutwhatstoresarearoundandthatZabar’sdelicatessen熟食店wasupahead.Thisnavigationsystemtellsyounotjustwherethereareobstaclesbutyouroveralllocationgeographically."Itletsblindusersconstructamentalmapofnewsurroundingsandlearntheirwayaround. Thenavigationsystemusessignalsfromacomputerizedmaptocreatea"virtualacousticdisplay仿真声音显示.Thisisatalkingmapinwhichlargeobjectsseemtoannouncethemselvesintheheadphoneswiththeprecisetimingandloudnessthatwouldbethecaseiftheobjectswereactuallymakingasound.Thisallowstheblindpersontosenseimmediatelyhisorherdistanceordirectionandusethatinformationforguidance.Whilenooneknowswhetheritisbecauseblindpeopletendtodevelopasharpersenseofhearingthosewhohavetriedthesystemsaythattheyquicklyadapttolocatinganobjectthroughthesounds."Oneofthecrucialfeaturesofthissystemisthatittakesadvantageofsensorypaychophysics感官心理物理学--howthebraininterpretssignalsfromoutsidetomakeamapofyoursurroundingssoyoucannavigate"Dr.Oberdorsaid. Scientistsintendtoreducetheweightofthisdevicetotenpound.
Thechild'sabnormalbehaviorpuzzledthedoctor.
TheparkgavethewhaletotheFoundationandbigcontributionscamefromallpartsoftheworld.
LateralThinking Lateralthinking迂回思维firstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutdeBononamewassofamousCasper’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap“Wheredoyougetthatideafrom” “Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit”Edwardadmits.NowCasperisatOxford——whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic通读困难.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance.“Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions”hisfathersays“usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell.”SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbook“TeachYourChildrenHowtoThink”inwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink“Youknow”EdwarddeBonosays“ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview.” “TeachYourChildHowtoThink”offerslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. AccordingtoParagraph3whichofthefollowingstatementsexpressesEdwarddeBono’sview
{{*HTML*}}SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.EachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinItshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.______46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.??Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries--FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.______47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.Doescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyou???DyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.??Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.______48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.??August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtraditionPeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.______49??Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDay?ThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.______50??Doyouliketheideaofinventinganewholiday?IfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.??A.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.??B.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.??C.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.??D.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.??E.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.??F.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.
LanguageLearning Itiseveryoneagreesahugetaskthatthechildperformswhenhelearnstospeakandthefactthathedoessoinsoshortaperiodoftimechallengesexplanation. Languagelearningbeginswithlistening.Individualchildrenvarygreatlyintheamountoflisteningtheydobeforetheystartspeakingandlatestartersareoftenlonglisteners.Mostchildrenwill"obey"spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeakthoughthewordobeyishardlyaccurateasadescriptionoftheeageranddelightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeakmanychildrenwillalsoaskquestionsbygestureandbymakingquestioningnoises. Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 57
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 61
SonicDevice TheotherdayDr.RobertSmithwhoisblindtookaremarkablestrollthroughthecampusoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara.AsDr.Smithwalkedalongthecampusplacesandimpediments障碍物inhispathseemedtocallouttheirnamestohim--"libraryherelibraryhere""benchherebenchhere". Dr.Smithwastestingaprototype样机navigationsystemfortheblindthatanouncedthesurroundingobjectsthroughstereoheadphonesthatweremountedtoacomputerinhisback-packcreatingavirtualrealitylandscape仿真影像.Theinformationcamenotfromsomeminiatureradarbutfromthesignalsbroadcastbythemilitary’snetworkofgloalpositioningsatellites全球定位卫星.Onedayitsdevelopershopeminiaturized小型化的versionsofthisnavigationdeviceswhichnowweighstwenty-eightpoundswillhelptheblindnavigateunfamiliarneighborhoods. "Withthissystemyoudonotneedtoknowathinginadvanceaboutwhereyouaregoing"saidDr.RobertaKlatzkyapsychologistatCarnegie-MellonUniversitywhoisworkingwithDr.Smithtodevelopthenavigatingdevice.Dr.MichaelOberdoroftheNationalEyeInstitutesaid"Ablindpersoncouldwalkclownthestreetandknownotjusthewasat80thandBroadwaybutwhatstoresarearoundandthatZabar’sdelicatessen熟食店wasupahead.Thisnavigationsystemtellsyounotjustwherethereareobstaclesbutyouroveralllocationgeographically."Itletsblindusersconstructamentalmapofnewsurroundingsandlearntheirwayaround. Thenavigationsystemusessignalsfromacomputerizedmaptocreatea"virtualacousticdisplay仿真声音显示.Thisisatalkingmapinwhichlargeobjectsseemtoannouncethemselvesintheheadphoneswiththeprecisetimingandloudnessthatwouldbethecaseiftheobjectswereactuallymakingasound.Thisallowstheblindpersontosenseimmediatelyhisorherdistanceordirectionandusethatinformationforguidance.Whilenooneknowswhetheritisbecauseblindpeopletendtodevelopasharpersenseofhearingthosewhohavetriedthesystemsaythattheyquicklyadapttolocatinganobjectthroughthesounds."Oneofthecrucialfeaturesofthissystemisthatittakesadvantageofsensorypaychophysics感官心理物理学--howthebraininterpretssignalsfromoutsidetomakeamapofyoursurroundingssoyoucannavigate"Dr.Oberdorsaid. Dr.Smithhopestomakethisdevicesmallersoastohelptheblindnavigateunfamiliarplaces.
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 55
{{*HTML*}}SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.EachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinItshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.______46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.??Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries--FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.______47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.Doescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyou???DyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.??Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.______48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.??August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtraditionPeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.______49??Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDay?ThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.______50??Doyouliketheideaofinventinganewholiday?IfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.??A.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.??B.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.??C.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.??D.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.??E.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.??F.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.
Ticketsarelimitedandwillbeallocatedtothosewhoapplyfirst.
LanguageLearning Itiseveryoneagreesahugetaskthatthechildperformswhenhelearnstospeakandthefactthathedoessoinsoshortaperiodoftimechallengesexplanation. Languagelearningbeginswithlistening.Individualchildrenvarygreatlyintheamountoflisteningtheydobeforetheystartspeakingandlatestartersareoftenlonglisteners.Mostchildrenwill"obey"spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeakthoughthewordobeyishardlyaccurateasadescriptionoftheeageranddelightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeakmanychildrenwillalsoaskquestionsbygestureandbymakingquestioningnoises. Anyattempttotracethedevelopmentfromthenoisesbabiesmaketotheirfirstspokenwordsleadstoconsiderabledifficulties.Itisagreedthattheyenjoymakingnoisesandthatduringthefirstfewmonthsoneortwonoisessortthemselvesoutasparticularlyindicativeofdelightdistresssociabilityandsoon.Butsincethesecannotbesaidtoshowthebaby’sintentiontocommunicatetheycanhardlyberegardedasearlyformsoflanguage.Itisagreedtoothatfromaboutthreemonthstheyplaywithsoundsforenjoymentandthatbysixmonthstheyareabletoaddnewsoundstotheirrepertoire能发出的全部声音.Thisself-imitationleadsontodeliberate有意识的imitationofsoundsmadeorwordsspokentothembyotherpeople.Theproblemthenarisesastothepointatwhichonecansaythattheseimitationscanbeconsideredasspeech. By...challengesexplanationLine2Para.1theauthormeansthat.
{{*HTML*}}A?willbeconstant??B?toabsorbinfraredradiation??C?isbecomingthepotentialproblem??D?prepareourselvestobechemistsphysicist??E?increasingcapacityoftheatmospheretoabsorbinfraredradiation??F?escapefromtheearthmuchmoreeasilyOnlyiftheamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreasesasthetemperaturerisesthe?atmosphere’srelativehumidity______.
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 59
Volcanicfireandglacialicearenaturalenemies.Eruptionsatglaciatedvolcanoestypicallydestroyicefieldsastheydidin1980when70percentofMountSaintHelensicecoverwasdemolished.Duringlongdormantintervalsglaciersgaintheupperhandcuttingdeeplyintovolcanicconesandeventuallyreducingthemtorubble.OnlyrarelydothesecompetingforcesofheatandcoldoperateinperfectbalancetocreatephenomenonsuchasthesteamcavesatMountRainierPark. LocatedinsideRainier’stwoice-filledsummitcratersthesecavesformalabyrinthoftunnelsandvaultedchambersaboutoneandone-halfmilesintotallength.Theircreationdependsonanunusualcombinationoffactorsthatnaturealmostneverbringstogetherinoneplace.Thecave-makingrecipecallsforasteadyemissionofvolcanicgasandheataheavyannualsnowfallatanelevationhighenoughtokeepitfrommeltingduringthesummerandabowl-shapedcratertoholdthesnow. SnowaccumulatingyearlyinRainier’ssummitcratersiscompactedandcompressedintoadenseformoficecalledfirnasubstancemidwaybetweenordinaryiceandthedensercrystallineicethatmakesupglaciers.Heatrisingfromnumerousopeningscalledfumarolesalongtheinnercraterwallsmeltsoutchambersbetweentherockywallsandtheoverlyingicepack.CirculatingcurrentsofwarmairthenmeltadditionalopeninginthefirniceeventuallyconnectingtheindividualchambersandinthelargerofRainier’stwocratersformingacontinuouspassagewaythatextendstwo-thirdsofthewayaroundthecrater’sinterior. TomaintainthecavesystemtheelementsoffireundericemustremaininequilibriumEnoughsnowmustfillthecratereachyeartoreplacethatmeltedfrombelow.Iftoomuchvolcanicheatisdischargedthecrater’sicepackwillmeltawayentirelyandthecaveswillvanishalongwiththesnowsofyesteryear.Iftoolittleheatisproducedtheicereplenishedannuallybywintersnowstormswillexpandpushingagainsttheenclosingcraterwailsandsmotheringthepresentcavernsinsolidfirnice. Withwhattopicisthepassageprimarilyconcerned
LanguageLearning Itiseveryoneagreesahugetaskthatthechildperformswhenhelearnstospeakandthefactthathedoessoinsoshortaperiodoftimechallengesexplanation. Languagelearningbeginswithlistening.Individualchildrenvarygreatlyintheamountoflisteningtheydobeforetheystartspeakingandlatestartersareoftenlonglisteners.Mostchildrenwill"obey"spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeakthoughthewordobeyishardlyaccurateasadescriptionoftheeageranddelightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeakmanychildrenwillalsoaskquestionsbygestureandbymakingquestioningnoises. Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthesecondparagraphistoshowthatchildren.
Asnineteenth-centuryAmericanculturalaspirationsexpandedwomensteppedintoanewroleasinterpretersofartbothbywritingworksonarthistoryandbyteachingart.
LateralThinking Lateralthinking迂回思维firstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutdeBononamewassofamousCasper’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap“Wheredoyougetthatideafrom” “Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit”Edwardadmits.NowCasperisatOxford——whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic通读困难.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance.“Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions”hisfathersays“usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell.”SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbook“TeachYourChildrenHowtoThink”inwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink“Youknow”EdwarddeBonosays“ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview.” “TeachYourChildHowtoThink”offerslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. CaspersucceededinapplyingtoOxfordbecause
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1.Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2.Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3.InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4.Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5.Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6.ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7.ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.??A.OngoingResearch??B.ExtensionofUse??C.RobotHeroes??D.GreaterReliability??E.FallingDemand??F.HiddenDangerhParagraph2______.
Volcanicfireandglacialicearenaturalenemies.Eruptionsatglaciatedvolcanoestypicallydestroyicefieldsastheydidin1980when70percentofMountSaintHelensicecoverwasdemolished.Duringlongdormantintervalsglaciersgaintheupperhandcuttingdeeplyintovolcanicconesandeventuallyreducingthemtorubble.OnlyrarelydothesecompetingforcesofheatandcoldoperateinperfectbalancetocreatephenomenonsuchasthesteamcavesatMountRainierPark. LocatedinsideRainier’stwoice-filledsummitcratersthesecavesformalabyrinthoftunnelsandvaultedchambersaboutoneandone-halfmilesintotallength.Theircreationdependsonanunusualcombinationoffactorsthatnaturealmostneverbringstogetherinoneplace.Thecave-makingrecipecallsforasteadyemissionofvolcanicgasandheataheavyannualsnowfallatanelevationhighenoughtokeepitfrommeltingduringthesummerandabowl-shapedcratertoholdthesnow. SnowaccumulatingyearlyinRainier’ssummitcratersiscompactedandcompressedintoadenseformoficecalledfirnasubstancemidwaybetweenordinaryiceandthedensercrystallineicethatmakesupglaciers.Heatrisingfromnumerousopeningscalledfumarolesalongtheinnercraterwallsmeltsoutchambersbetweentherockywallsandtheoverlyingicepack.CirculatingcurrentsofwarmairthenmeltadditionalopeninginthefirniceeventuallyconnectingtheindividualchambersandinthelargerofRainier’stwocratersformingacontinuouspassagewaythatextendstwo-thirdsofthewayaroundthecrater’sinterior. TomaintainthecavesystemtheelementsoffireundericemustremaininequilibriumEnoughsnowmustfillthecratereachyeartoreplacethatmeltedfrombelow.Iftoomuchvolcanicheatisdischargedthecrater’sicepackwillmeltawayentirelyandthecaveswillvanishalongwiththesnowsofyesteryear.Iftoolittleheatisproducedtheicereplenishedannuallybywintersnowstormswillexpandpushingagainsttheenclosingcraterwailsandsmotheringthepresentcavernsinsolidfirnice. AccordingtothepassageheatfromMountRainier’ssummitcratersrisesfrom.
Alltheflatsinthebuildinghadthesamelayoutarrangement.
Therearealimitednumberofbooksonthissubjectinthelibrary.
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 53
SonicDevice TheotherdayDr.RobertSmithwhoisblindtookaremarkablestrollthroughthecampusoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara.AsDr.Smithwalkedalongthecampusplacesandimpediments障碍物inhispathseemedtocallouttheirnamestohim--"libraryherelibraryhere""benchherebenchhere". Dr.Smithwastestingaprototype样机navigationsystemfortheblindthatanouncedthesurroundingobjectsthroughstereoheadphonesthatweremountedtoacomputerinhisback-packcreatingavirtualrealitylandscape仿真影像.Theinformationcamenotfromsomeminiatureradarbutfromthesignalsbroadcastbythemilitary’snetworkofgloalpositioningsatellites全球定位卫星.Onedayitsdevelopershopeminiaturized小型化的versionsofthisnavigationdeviceswhichnowweighstwenty-eightpoundswillhelptheblindnavigateunfamiliarneighborhoods. "Withthissystemyoudonotneedtoknowathinginadvanceaboutwhereyouaregoing"saidDr.RobertaKlatzkyapsychologistatCarnegie-MellonUniversitywhoisworkingwithDr.Smithtodevelopthenavigatingdevice.Dr.MichaelOberdoroftheNationalEyeInstitutesaid"Ablindpersoncouldwalkclownthestreetandknownotjusthewasat80thandBroadwaybutwhatstoresarearoundandthatZabar’sdelicatessen熟食店wasupahead.Thisnavigationsystemtellsyounotjustwherethereareobstaclesbutyouroveralllocationgeographically."Itletsblindusersconstructamentalmapofnewsurroundingsandlearntheirwayaround. Thenavigationsystemusessignalsfromacomputerizedmaptocreatea"virtualacousticdisplay仿真声音显示.Thisisatalkingmapinwhichlargeobjectsseemtoannouncethemselvesintheheadphoneswiththeprecisetimingandloudnessthatwouldbethecaseiftheobjectswereactuallymakingasound.Thisallowstheblindpersontosenseimmediatelyhisorherdistanceordirectionandusethatinformationforguidance.Whilenooneknowswhetheritisbecauseblindpeopletendtodevelopasharpersenseofhearingthosewhohavetriedthesystemsaythattheyquicklyadapttolocatinganobjectthroughthesounds."Oneofthecrucialfeaturesofthissystemisthatittakesadvantageofsensorypaychophysics感官心理物理学--howthebraininterpretssignalsfromoutsidetomakeamapofyoursurroundingssoyoucannavigate"Dr.Oberdorsaid. AccordingtoDr.Oberdorthisdevicecanleadtheblindpeopletotheexactplacehe/shewantstogo.
Volcanicfireandglacialicearenaturalenemies.Eruptionsatglaciatedvolcanoestypicallydestroyicefieldsastheydidin1980when70percentofMountSaintHelensicecoverwasdemolished.Duringlongdormantintervalsglaciersgaintheupperhandcuttingdeeplyintovolcanicconesandeventuallyreducingthemtorubble.OnlyrarelydothesecompetingforcesofheatandcoldoperateinperfectbalancetocreatephenomenonsuchasthesteamcavesatMountRainierPark. LocatedinsideRainier’stwoice-filledsummitcratersthesecavesformalabyrinthoftunnelsandvaultedchambersaboutoneandone-halfmilesintotallength.Theircreationdependsonanunusualcombinationoffactorsthatnaturealmostneverbringstogetherinoneplace.Thecave-makingrecipecallsforasteadyemissionofvolcanicgasandheataheavyannualsnowfallatanelevationhighenoughtokeepitfrommeltingduringthesummerandabowl-shapedcratertoholdthesnow. SnowaccumulatingyearlyinRainier’ssummitcratersiscompactedandcompressedintoadenseformoficecalledfirnasubstancemidwaybetweenordinaryiceandthedensercrystallineicethatmakesupglaciers.Heatrisingfromnumerousopeningscalledfumarolesalongtheinnercraterwallsmeltsoutchambersbetweentherockywallsandtheoverlyingicepack.CirculatingcurrentsofwarmairthenmeltadditionalopeninginthefirniceeventuallyconnectingtheindividualchambersandinthelargerofRainier’stwocratersformingacontinuouspassagewaythatextendstwo-thirdsofthewayaroundthecrater’sinterior. TomaintainthecavesystemtheelementsoffireundericemustremaininequilibriumEnoughsnowmustfillthecratereachyeartoreplacethatmeltedfrombelow.Iftoomuchvolcanicheatisdischargedthecrater’sicepackwillmeltawayentirelyandthecaveswillvanishalongwiththesnowsofyesteryear.Iftoolittleheatisproducedtheicereplenishedannuallybywintersnowstormswillexpandpushingagainsttheenclosingcraterwailsandsmotheringthepresentcavernsinsolidfirnice. ThewordlabyrinthinParagraph2;Sentence1isclosestinmeaningto
ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness Mashedpotatoesmacaroniandcheesemaybebad51yourarteriesbutaccordingtoastudyinPsychologicalSciencethey’regoodforyourheartandemotionsThestudyfocuseson"comfortfood"and52itmakespeoplefeel. "Formepersonallyfoodhasalways53abigroleinmyfamily"saysJordanTroisiagraduatestudentattheUniversityofBuffaloandleadauthoronthestudy.Thestudycameoutoftheresearchprogramofhisco-authorShiraGabriel.Ithaslookedatnon-humanthings54mayaffecthumanemotions.Somepeoplereduceloneliness55bondingwiththeirfavoriteTVshow56virtualrelationshipswithapopsongsingerorlookingatpicturesoflovedones.TroisiandGabrielwonderedifcomfortfoodcouldhavethesameeffectbymakingpeoplethinkoftheirnearestanddearest. Inoneexperiment57makeparticipantsfeellonelytheresearchershadthemwriteforsixminutesaboutafightwith58closetothem.Othersweregivenanemotionallyneutralwritingassignment.Thensomepeopleineachgroupwroteabouttheexperienceofeatingacomfortfoodandotherswroteabouteatinganewfood.59theresearchershadparticipantscompletequestionsabouttheirlevelsofloneliness. Writingaboutafightwithaclosepersonmadepeoplefeel60.Butpeoplewhoweregenerallysecureintheirrelationshipswouldfeellesslonelybywritingaboutacomfortfood."Wehavefoundthatcomfortfoodsare61associatedwiththoseclosetous"saysTroisi."Thinkingaboutorconsumingthesefoodslaterthenservesasareminderofthosecloseothers."Intheiressays62comfortfoodmanypeoplewroteabouttheexperienceofeatingfoodwithfamilyandfriends. Inanotherexperimenteatingchickensoupinthelabmadepeoplethinkmoreaboutrelationshipsbut63theyconsideredchickensouptobeacomfortfood.Thiswasaquestiontheyhadbeenaskedlong64theexperimentalongwithmanyotherquestionssotheywouldn’trememberit. Throughouteveryone’sdailylivestheyexperiencestressoftenassociatedwithourconnectionswithothersTroisisays."Comfortfood65beaneasyremedyforloneliness./ 51
{{*HTML*}}A?willbeconstant??B?toabsorbinfraredradiation??C?isbecomingthepotentialproblem??D?prepareourselvestobechemistsphysicist??E?increasingcapacityoftheatmospheretoabsorbinfraredradiation??F?escapefromtheearthmuchmoreeasilyNowadaystoomuchcarbondioxide______.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1.Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2.Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3.InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4.Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5.Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6.ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7.ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.??A.OngoingResearch??B.ExtensionofUse??C.RobotHeroes??D.GreaterReliability??E.FallingDemand??F.HiddenDangerhParagraph5______.
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