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Irememberonenightafewyearsagowhenmydaughterwasfranticwithworry.AftermyHarvardExtensionSchoolclassesIusuallyarrivedatthebusstationnearmyhomeby11p.m.butonthatnightIwasnowheretobefound.Mydaughterwasnervous.Itwasn’tsafeforasinglewomantowalkaloneonthestreetsatnightespeciallyoneasdefenselessasIam:IcanslayamuggerwithmysharpwitbutIamjusttooshorttodoanyrealphysicaldamage. Thatnightmydaughtercheckedthebusstationdrovearoundthestreetsandcontactedsomefriends.Butshecouldn’tfindme--untilshecalledmyastronomyprofessorwhotoldherthatIwasontopoftheScienceCenterusingthetelescopetogazeatthestars.UnawareofthetimeIhadgottenlostintheheavensandwasonlythinkingaboutthenewthingsIhadlearnedthatnightinclass. ThisstoryillustratesahabitIhavedevelopedovertheyears:Ilosetrackofthetimewhenitcomestolearning.41.Imayhavestartedlate;butIwillcontinuetolearnaslongasIamablebecausethereisnogreaterfeelinginmyopinionthantravelingtoafarawaycountryasIhaveandbeingabletoidentifybysightthepaintingofafamousartistthestatueofanobscuresculptorthecathedralofanancientarchitect.42.SoIwillcontinuetotakeclassesandtellmystory. Latelyitseemsthateveryoneisaskingme"Marywhatadvicedoyouhaveforotherstudents"SowhileIhaveyouallhereImgoingtoeasemyburdenofansweringyoueachindividually:43.SolistentomewhenItellyouthis:Knowledgeispower. MystudieswereinterruptedwhenIwasinthe7thgradebacksometimearoundWorldWarI.IlovedschoolbutIwasforcedtoleaveittocareformyfamily.Iwascon-signedtoworkinaRhodeIslandcottonmillwhereIlaboredformanyyears.Ieventuallymarriedandraised5children20grandchildrenand18great-grandchildren.ButallthewhileIfeltinferiortothosearoundme.IknewIwasassmartasacollegegraduate.IknewIwascapableofdoingajobwell—Ihadproveditbyrunningasuccessfulfamilybusinessfordecadesthatstillexists.ButIwantedmore.IwantedtofeelconfidentwhenIspokeandIWantedpeopletorespectmyopinions.Doesitsurpriseyoutodiscoverhowmuchyouhaveincommonwithan89yearoldwoman44. 45.Thatbeliefiswhathasmotivatedmeforthelast75yearstogetthisdegree.ItisalsothemissionoftheHarvardExtensionSchool.WithoutthesupportIreceivedfromthisschoolImightnothavegraduateduntilIwas100--aphrasethatmanyofyouhaveprobablyusedinjest. [A]IfthesayingistruethatwisdomcomeswithageyoumaysafelyassumethatIamoneofthewisestpeopleinthishallandpossiblyatthisuniversitytoday. [B]fknowthatmanyofyougraduatestodaywhetheryouwere’bornin1907or1967havefacedsimilarbarrierstocompletingyourstudiesandhavesometimesfeltinferioraroundthoseyouworkorsocializewithjustbecauseyoudidn’thaveadegree. [C]Ifyouhavetreatededucationasyourmaingoalandnotassmeanstoanend.thenyoutoohaveprobablybeenclaimedasamissingpersononceinyouracademiccareerwhetheryouwerelostinthestarsorthestacksofWidenerLibrary. [D]ButIamheretodaylikeyouare--toprovethatitcanbedone;thatthepowergainedbyunderstandingandappreciatingtheworldarounduscanbeobtainedbyanyoneregardlessofsocialstatuspersonalchallenges.orage [E]Howelsedoyouexplainawomanwhobeganhighschoolatage71andwhoisgraduatingwithabachelorsdegreeat89 [F]Andyoutooknowthatthejourneywasworthitandthatthepowerofknowledgemakesmethemostformidable89-year-oldwomanatthebusstop. [G]Ihavefoundthattheworldisafinalexamthatyoucanneverbepreparedenoughfor. 44
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 20
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 10
Irememberonenightafewyearsagowhenmydaughterwasfranticwithworry.AftermyHarvardExtensionSchoolclassesIusuallyarrivedatthebusstationnearmyhomeby11p.m.butonthatnightIwasnowheretobefound.Mydaughterwasnervous.Itwasn’tsafeforasinglewomantowalkaloneonthestreetsatnightespeciallyoneasdefenselessasIam:IcanslayamuggerwithmysharpwitbutIamjusttooshorttodoanyrealphysicaldamage. Thatnightmydaughtercheckedthebusstationdrovearoundthestreetsandcontactedsomefriends.Butshecouldn’tfindme--untilshecalledmyastronomyprofessorwhotoldherthatIwasontopoftheScienceCenterusingthetelescopetogazeatthestars.UnawareofthetimeIhadgottenlostintheheavensandwasonlythinkingaboutthenewthingsIhadlearnedthatnightinclass. ThisstoryillustratesahabitIhavedevelopedovertheyears:Ilosetrackofthetimewhenitcomestolearning.41.Imayhavestartedlate;butIwillcontinuetolearnaslongasIamablebecausethereisnogreaterfeelinginmyopinionthantravelingtoafarawaycountryasIhaveandbeingabletoidentifybysightthepaintingofafamousartistthestatueofanobscuresculptorthecathedralofanancientarchitect.42.SoIwillcontinuetotakeclassesandtellmystory. Latelyitseemsthateveryoneisaskingme"Marywhatadvicedoyouhaveforotherstudents"SowhileIhaveyouallhereImgoingtoeasemyburdenofansweringyoueachindividually:43.SolistentomewhenItellyouthis:Knowledgeispower. MystudieswereinterruptedwhenIwasinthe7thgradebacksometimearoundWorldWarI.IlovedschoolbutIwasforcedtoleaveittocareformyfamily.Iwascon-signedtoworkinaRhodeIslandcottonmillwhereIlaboredformanyyears.Ieventuallymarriedandraised5children20grandchildrenand18great-grandchildren.ButallthewhileIfeltinferiortothosearoundme.IknewIwasassmartasacollegegraduate.IknewIwascapableofdoingajobwell—Ihadproveditbyrunningasuccessfulfamilybusinessfordecadesthatstillexists.ButIwantedmore.IwantedtofeelconfidentwhenIspokeandIWantedpeopletorespectmyopinions.Doesitsurpriseyoutodiscoverhowmuchyouhaveincommonwithan89yearoldwoman44. 45.Thatbeliefiswhathasmotivatedmeforthelast75yearstogetthisdegree.ItisalsothemissionoftheHarvardExtensionSchool.WithoutthesupportIreceivedfromthisschoolImightnothavegraduateduntilIwas100--aphrasethatmanyofyouhaveprobablyusedinjest. [A]IfthesayingistruethatwisdomcomeswithageyoumaysafelyassumethatIamoneofthewisestpeopleinthishallandpossiblyatthisuniversitytoday. [B]fknowthatmanyofyougraduatestodaywhetheryouwere’bornin1907or1967havefacedsimilarbarrierstocompletingyourstudiesandhavesometimesfeltinferioraroundthoseyouworkorsocializewithjustbecauseyoudidn’thaveadegree. [C]Ifyouhavetreatededucationasyourmaingoalandnotassmeanstoanend.thenyoutoohaveprobablybeenclaimedasamissingpersononceinyouracademiccareerwhetheryouwerelostinthestarsorthestacksofWidenerLibrary. [D]ButIamheretodaylikeyouare--toprovethatitcanbedone;thatthepowergainedbyunderstandingandappreciatingtheworldarounduscanbeobtainedbyanyoneregardlessofsocialstatuspersonalchallenges.orage [E]Howelsedoyouexplainawomanwhobeganhighschoolatage71andwhoisgraduatingwithabachelorsdegreeat89 [F]Andyoutooknowthatthejourneywasworthitandthatthepowerofknowledgemakesmethemostformidable89-year-oldwomanatthebusstop. [G]Ihavefoundthattheworldisafinalexamthatyoucanneverbepreparedenoughfor. 42
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies.By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBrideFarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale.Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot.DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers.Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany.WhenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomethingsaidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPortstheythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper.AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits.Privatizationwasonlythestartsaysonemarketanalystwhatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./Manycompaniesgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsto
TheviewfromthetopoftheluxuriousMorganCentredownontoBeijing’sOlympicGreenisbreath-takingTherefarbelowliesthestunningbirdnestOlympicStadium.RightnexttoitistheequallymesmerizingNationalAquaticsCenterknownastheWaterCube.TheAquaticsCenterposesonecriticalquestion:wherewillallthewatertofillthisboldbutmassivearchitecturalmasterpieceandtosupplytheGamescomefromOnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriver.HeadingnorthtoShanxiprovinceonepassesriverafterriverthathasdriedup.Andin80percentofthoseShanxiriversthatalestillflowingwaterqualityisunfitforhumancontactorforagriculturalorindustrialuse.AsyoudrivesouthacrossHebeiandHenanprovincesthesituationisnobetter.ReachingthefamedMarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverwecrossedourfirstparched干裂的riverbed.FromtheretotheYellowRiverwetraversedmanylegendaryriversthatshowasbluelinesonthemap;allofthemarenowalmostbonedry.Allthatremainstomemorializethesewatercoursesarehighwaybridgesleftbehindlikevestigialorgans.TheYellowRiveritselfonceknownasChina’sSorrowbecauseofitsnaturaltendencytofloodkillingmillionshasinHenanbeenreducedtoamodest-sizechannel.AtitslowerreachesinShandongitisnotuncommonfortherivertoceaseflowingintotheBohaiSeaaltogether.Whatistheanswerforthe250millionthirstypeoplewholiveontheNorthChinaPlainDroughthasforcedfarmerstoturntogroundwater.Butoverextractionhascausedwatertablestofallbyasmuchas10feetayear.Desperateofficialshavetakentomakingsubstantialinvestmentsinprecipitation-inducement引导水分凝结technologiesorcloudseeding.Usingaircraftmeteorologicalballoonsandevenrocketsandartilleryshellsthey’vebeenattemptingtoshootpassingcloudsfullofrainmakingchemicals.TheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationreportsthathundredsofaircraftandthousandsofrocketsandshellsareusedeachyearintheeffort.Suchcampaignshavebeenonlymodestlysuccessfulandhavecreatedtensionsbetweendifferentlocalitieseachclaimingthatcloudsarebeinginterceptedupwindbytheotherandtheirpreciousmoisturestolen!ThenthereisthemonumentalSouth-NorthWaterTransferProject.ButsomeenvironmentalistsfearthatshiftingtheincreasinglypollutedwateroftheYangtzenorthwardwillalsointroduceawholehostofnewtoxicpollutantstothebreadbasketofChina.NooneknowswhattheconsequencesofallthesePromethean独创的effortswillbe.InthetrulymagnificentfacilitiesbeingbuiltfortheOlympicsonecanseeadearmanifestationofthisunderstandableurgetorestoreChinesegreatness.ThequestioniswhetherChina’slimitednatural-resourcebasecansustainthemagnitudeofsuchanambition.Withwaterthecountryisconfrontingtheedgeofoneveryinflexibleenvironmentalenvelope.Beijing’sgloriousWaterCubeisasymbolbothofChina’sremarkableaccomplishmentsanditsall-too-pressinglimits.Accordingtothetextthebestwaytorelievethedroughtofthenorthernareais______.
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 2
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies.By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBrideFarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale.Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot.DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers.Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany.WhenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomethingsaidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPortstheythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper.AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits.Privatizationwasonlythestartsaysonemarketanalystwhatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./Bysellingoffstate-ownedenterprisesthegovernmentwillbeabletodothefollowingEXCEPT
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 4
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 14
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 18
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 8
TheAmericaneconomyisgrowingaccordingtothemostrecentstatisticsatthesizzlingrateof7%andisinthemiddleofthelargestpeacetimeexpansioninAmericanhistory.Wereadinthenewspapersthatpracticallyeveryonewhowantsajobcangetone.MicrosoftisrunningadvertisementsintheNewYorkTimespracticallybeggingCongresstoissuemorevisasforforeigncomputerandinformationtechnologyworkers.InthisenvironmentitisshockingthatonegroupofAmericanspeoplewithdisabilitieshavesuchahighlevelofunemployment:30%arenotemployedthesamepercentageaswhentheAmericanswithDisabilitiesActbecamelaw.Notonlydidtheiremploymentandlaborearningsfallduringtherecessionoftheearly1990sbutemploymentandearningscontinuedtofallduringthelongeconomicexpansionthatfollowed.Manyofthesepeopleareskilledprofessionalswhoarehighlymarketableintoday’seconomy.PartoftheproblemisdiscriminationandpartrecentcourtrulingsfavoringemployersinADAlawsuits.Discriminationagainstpeoplewithdisabilitiesisunfortunatelyaliveandwelldespitethelegalprohibitionsagainstdiscriminationinhiringpeoplewithdisabilities.79%ofdisabledpeoplewhoareunemployedcitediscriminationintheworkplaceandlackoftransportationasmajorfactorsthatpreventthemfromworking.Studieshavealsoshownthatpeoplewithdisabilitieswhofindjobsearnlessthantheirco-workersandarelesslikelytobepromoted.Unfavorablecourtrulingshavenotbeenhelpfuleither.ResearchbylawprofessorRuthColkerofOhioStateUniversityhasshownthatintheeightyearsaftertheADAwentintoeffectemployer-defendantsprevailedinmorethan93%oftheeasesdecidedbytrial.Ofthecasesappealedemployersprevailed84%ofthetime.RobertBurgdorfIr.whohelpeddrafttheADAhaswrittenlegalanalysishasproceededquiteawaydownthewrongroad.DisabilityactivistsandotherlegalscholarspointoutthatCongressintendedtheADAasanationalmandatefortheendingofdiscriminationagainstpeople-withdisabilities.Insteadwhathasoccurredinthewordsofonewriteristhatthecourtshavenarrowedthescopeofthelawredefined’disability’raisedthepriceofaccesstojusticeandgenerallydeemeddisabilitydiscriminationasnotworthyofseriousremedy.Butperhapsthegreatestsingleproblemisthefederalgovernmentitselfwherelawsandregulationsdesignedtohelpdisabledpeopleactuallyprovideaneconomicdisincentivetowork.AsSen.EdwardKennedywrotethehighunemploymentrateamongpeoplereceivingfederaldisabilitybenefitsisnotbecausetheirfederalbenefitsprogramshave’frontdoorsthataretoobig’butbecausetheyhave’backdoorsthataretoosmall’./WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacausetotheproblemsofthedisabled
TheviewfromthetopoftheluxuriousMorganCentredownontoBeijing’sOlympicGreenisbreath-takingTherefarbelowliesthestunningbirdnestOlympicStadium.RightnexttoitistheequallymesmerizingNationalAquaticsCenterknownastheWaterCube.TheAquaticsCenterposesonecriticalquestion:wherewillallthewatertofillthisboldbutmassivearchitecturalmasterpieceandtosupplytheGamescomefromOnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriver.HeadingnorthtoShanxiprovinceonepassesriverafterriverthathasdriedup.Andin80percentofthoseShanxiriversthatalestillflowingwaterqualityisunfitforhumancontactorforagriculturalorindustrialuse.AsyoudrivesouthacrossHebeiandHenanprovincesthesituationisnobetter.ReachingthefamedMarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverwecrossedourfirstparched干裂的riverbed.FromtheretotheYellowRiverwetraversedmanylegendaryriversthatshowasbluelinesonthemap;allofthemarenowalmostbonedry.Allthatremainstomemorializethesewatercoursesarehighwaybridgesleftbehindlikevestigialorgans.TheYellowRiveritselfonceknownasChina’sSorrowbecauseofitsnaturaltendencytofloodkillingmillionshasinHenanbeenreducedtoamodest-sizechannel.AtitslowerreachesinShandongitisnotuncommonfortherivertoceaseflowingintotheBohaiSeaaltogether.Whatistheanswerforthe250millionthirstypeoplewholiveontheNorthChinaPlainDroughthasforcedfarmerstoturntogroundwater.Butoverextractionhascausedwatertablestofallbyasmuchas10feetayear.Desperateofficialshavetakentomakingsubstantialinvestmentsinprecipitation-inducement引导水分凝结technologiesorcloudseeding.Usingaircraftmeteorologicalballoonsandevenrocketsandartilleryshellsthey’vebeenattemptingtoshootpassingcloudsfullofrainmakingchemicals.TheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationreportsthathundredsofaircraftandthousandsofrocketsandshellsareusedeachyearintheeffort.Suchcampaignshavebeenonlymodestlysuccessfulandhavecreatedtensionsbetweendifferentlocalitieseachclaimingthatcloudsarebeinginterceptedupwindbytheotherandtheirpreciousmoisturestolen!ThenthereisthemonumentalSouth-NorthWaterTransferProject.ButsomeenvironmentalistsfearthatshiftingtheincreasinglypollutedwateroftheYangtzenorthwardwillalsointroduceawholehostofnewtoxicpollutantstothebreadbasketofChina.NooneknowswhattheconsequencesofallthesePromethean独创的effortswillbe.InthetrulymagnificentfacilitiesbeingbuiltfortheOlympicsonecanseeadearmanifestationofthisunderstandableurgetorestoreChinesegreatness.ThequestioniswhetherChina’slimitednatural-resourcebasecansustainthemagnitudeofsuchanambition.Withwaterthecountryisconfrontingtheedgeofoneveryinflexibleenvironmentalenvelope.Beijing’sgloriousWaterCubeisasymbolbothofChina’sremarkableaccomplishmentsanditsall-too-pressinglimits.BysayingOnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriverLine1Paragraph2theauthorimpliesthat______.
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 16
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess.
Inanewlistofthemostpowerfulgaymenandwomeninthecountryoutmagazinehaslotsofhouseholdnamesatthetop.ButhighamongtherichandfamousisTimGill.HuhWhoisheandwhyisherankedasthefourthmostpowerfulgaypersoninthecountryGillisa53-year-oldsnowboarderretiredcomputerprogrammerandmultimillionaire.HemadehisfortunebyfoundingQuarkthepioneeringdesktoppublishingsoftwarecompany.AftersellingthefirmhestartedtheGillFoundationwhichhasinvested$110millionnationwideingaycausesoverthepastdecade.TheGillActionFundthrew$15millionintoadozenstatesduringthe2006midtermelectionstargeting70politiciansregardedasunhelpfultogaycauses:50wentdown.AndthefundishelpingtransformthepoliticalfaceofColorado.In2004Gill’smoneyhelpedsendDemocratKenSalazartotheU.S.Senate.HisdollarshavealsohelpedputDemocratsincontroloftheColoradolegislatureforthefasttimeinfourdecades.ThatcouldhaveanimpactonthefateoftheTwoParentAdoptionBillcurrentlybeingconsideredbyColoradolegislatorswhichwouldallowgaycouplestoadopt.Theproposalwasrejectedtwicebeforebutthatwasbeforethestatehouseswitchedfromredtoblue.NowColoradoDemocratshavepassedthebillintheHouseandexpectittopasstheSenate.ImpatientwiththelackofgayrightsprogressthispastdecadeGillispushinghardtoendinjusticeandinequalitybytheendofthenextdecade.Andrecognizingthatmostanti-gayinitiativesarebornatthestatelevelGillhasdevelopedanationalpoliticalstrategybasedonsuccessesinColorado.They’vetakenanin-statemodelandappliedittotheentirecountry.Gillandhispeopleareincrediblystrategic.Theyputtheirfundingwheretheycantakecontroloflegislatures.They’reputtingthembrilliantlyinlegislativeenvironmentswhereafewseatschangingwillchangetheentirecontrolofastate.WhileGillhasrecentlyopenedaWashingtonofficehisrepresentativesinkeepingwithpaststrategyinsistthatnoindividualpoliticaltargetshaveyetbeenchosenfor2008.AnotherformidableelementofGill’spowerishisnetworkofdeep-pocketedalliesinthemountainstates.AnhoursouthofLaramieinFt.CollinslivesmedicalequipmentheiressPatStrykerwhoisalongwithGillActuallyStrykerisabillionaire;herbrotherJonisgayandbothgivegenerouslytogaycauses.Whathehasareextremelywealthyindividualswhoaren’tpersonallyinterestedinrunningforanythingbuthavethistremendouspassion.TimGillisactuallychangingthepoliticallandscape.AccordingtothetextGillmanipulatesthe2006midtermelectionsto______.
GenghisKhanwasnotonetoagonizeovergenderroles.Hewasintosexandpowerandhedidn’tmindsayingso.Thegreatestjoyamancanknowistoconquerhisenemiesanddrivethembeforehim.Theemperoroncethundered.GenghisKhanconqueredtwothirdsoftheknownworldduringtheearly13thcenturyandhemayhavesetanall-timerecordforwhatbiologistscallreproductivesuccess.Anaccountwritten33yearsafterhisdeathcreditedhimwith20000descendants.Men’smannershaveimprovedmarkedlysinceGenghisKhan’sday.Atheartthoughwe’rethesameanimalswewere800yearsagowhichistosaywearestatusseekers.Wemaytalkofequalityandfraternity.Wemaystriveforclasslesssocieties.Butwegorightonbuildinghierarchiesandjockeyingforstatuswithinthem.CanweabandonthetendencyProbablynot.Asscientistsarenowdiscoveringstatusseekingisnotjustahabitoraculturaltradition.It’sadesignfeatureofthemalepsyche--abiologicaldrivethatisrootedinthenervoussystemandregulatedbyhormonesandbrainchemicals.Howdoweknowthisrelentlessone-upmanshipisabiologicalendowmentAnthropologistsfindthesamepatternvirtuallyeverywherethey10okandsodozoologists.Malecompetitionisfierceamongcricketscrayfishandelephantsandit’subiquitousamonghigherprimatesforexamplemalechimpanzeeshaveanextraordinarilystrongdrivefordominance.CoincidenceEvolutionistsdon’tthinkso.Fromtheirperspectivelifeisessentiallyaracetorepro-dukeandnaturalselectionisboundtofavordifferentstrategiesindifferentorganisms.Inreproductivetermstheyhavevastlymoretogainfromit.Afemalecan’tfloodthegenepoolbycommandeeringextramates;nomatterhowmuchspermsheattractssheisunlikelytoproducemorethanadozenviableoffspring.ButasGenghisKhan’sexploitsmakeclearmalescanprofitenormouslybyoutmatingtheirpeers.It’snothardtoseehowthatdynamicplayedoutovermillionsofyearswouldleavemodernmenfrettingoverstatus.We’rebuiltfromthegenesthatthemostdeterminedcompetitorspasseddown.Fortunatelywedon’taspiretofamiliesof800.Asmonogamyandcontraceptivesmayhaveleveledthereproductiveplayfieldpowerhasbecomeitsownpsychologicalreward.Thosewhoachievehighstatusstillenjoymoresexwithmorepartnersthantherestofusandthereasonisnomystery.Researchershaveconsistentlyfoundthatwomenfavorsignsofearningcapacityovergoodlooks.Forsheersexappealadoughy脸色苍白的baldguyinaRolexwilloutscoreastud非常英俊的男子inaBurgerKinguniformalmosteverytime.WhyadoughybaldguyinablueblazerandaRolexwilloutscoreahandsomeyoungmaninaBurgerKinguniform
Directions:Title:CompetitionandCooperationYourcompositionshouldbe-basedontheOutlinesbelow:1Thephenomenonofcompetitionandcooperation2Thefunctionofcompetitionandcooperation3MancandevelopcontinuouslywithCompetitionandcooperation.Youshouldwriteabout160-200WordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Inanewlistofthemostpowerfulgaymenandwomeninthecountryoutmagazinehaslotsofhouseholdnamesatthetop.ButhighamongtherichandfamousisTimGill.HuhWhoisheandwhyisherankedasthefourthmostpowerfulgaypersoninthecountryGillisa53-year-oldsnowboarderretiredcomputerprogrammerandmultimillionaire.HemadehisfortunebyfoundingQuarkthepioneeringdesktoppublishingsoftwarecompany.AftersellingthefirmhestartedtheGillFoundationwhichhasinvested$110millionnationwideingaycausesoverthepastdecade.TheGillActionFundthrew$15millionintoadozenstatesduringthe2006midtermelectionstargeting70politiciansregardedasunhelpfultogaycauses:50wentdown.AndthefundishelpingtransformthepoliticalfaceofColorado.In2004Gill’smoneyhelpedsendDemocratKenSalazartotheU.S.Senate.HisdollarshavealsohelpedputDemocratsincontroloftheColoradolegislatureforthefasttimeinfourdecades.ThatcouldhaveanimpactonthefateoftheTwoParentAdoptionBillcurrentlybeingconsideredbyColoradolegislatorswhichwouldallowgaycouplestoadopt.Theproposalwasrejectedtwicebeforebutthatwasbeforethestatehouseswitchedfromredtoblue.NowColoradoDemocratshavepassedthebillintheHouseandexpectittopasstheSenate.ImpatientwiththelackofgayrightsprogressthispastdecadeGillispushinghardtoendinjusticeandinequalitybytheendofthenextdecade.Andrecognizingthatmostanti-gayinitiativesarebornatthestatelevelGillhasdevelopedanationalpoliticalstrategybasedonsuccessesinColorado.They’vetakenanin-statemodelandappliedittotheentirecountry.Gillandhispeopleareincrediblystrategic.Theyputtheirfundingwheretheycantakecontroloflegislatures.They’reputtingthembrilliantlyinlegislativeenvironmentswhereafewseatschangingwillchangetheentirecontrolofastate.WhileGillhasrecentlyopenedaWashingtonofficehisrepresentativesinkeepingwithpaststrategyinsistthatnoindividualpoliticaltargetshaveyetbeenchosenfor2008.AnotherformidableelementofGill’spowerishisnetworkofdeep-pocketedalliesinthemountainstates.AnhoursouthofLaramieinFt.CollinslivesmedicalequipmentheiressPatStrykerwhoisalongwithGillActuallyStrykerisabillionaire;herbrotherJonisgayandbothgivegenerouslytogaycauses.Whathehasareextremelywealthyindividualswhoaren’tpersonallyinterestedinrunningforanythingbuthavethistremendouspassion.TimGillisactuallychangingthepoliticallandscape.AccordingtothetextGillissopowerfulinthat______.
TheAmericaneconomyisgrowingaccordingtothemostrecentstatisticsatthesizzlingrateof7%andisinthemiddleofthelargestpeacetimeexpansioninAmericanhistory.Wereadinthenewspapersthatpracticallyeveryonewhowantsajobcangetone.MicrosoftisrunningadvertisementsintheNewYorkTimespracticallybeggingCongresstoissuemorevisasforforeigncomputerandinformationtechnologyworkers.InthisenvironmentitisshockingthatonegroupofAmericanspeoplewithdisabilitieshavesuchahighlevelofunemployment:30%arenotemployedthesamepercentageaswhentheAmericanswithDisabilitiesActbecamelaw.Notonlydidtheiremploymentandlaborearningsfallduringtherecessionoftheearly1990sbutemploymentandearningscontinuedtofallduringthelongeconomicexpansionthatfollowed.Manyofthesepeopleareskilledprofessionalswhoarehighlymarketableintoday’seconomy.PartoftheproblemisdiscriminationandpartrecentcourtrulingsfavoringemployersinADAlawsuits.Discriminationagainstpeoplewithdisabilitiesisunfortunatelyaliveandwelldespitethelegalprohibitionsagainstdiscriminationinhiringpeoplewithdisabilities.79%ofdisabledpeoplewhoareunemployedcitediscriminationintheworkplaceandlackoftransportationasmajorfactorsthatpreventthemfromworking.Studieshavealsoshownthatpeoplewithdisabilitieswhofindjobsearnlessthantheirco-workersandarelesslikelytobepromoted.Unfavorablecourtrulingshavenotbeenhelpfuleither.ResearchbylawprofessorRuthColkerofOhioStateUniversityhasshownthatintheeightyearsaftertheADAwentintoeffectemployer-defendantsprevailedinmorethan93%oftheeasesdecidedbytrial.Ofthecasesappealedemployersprevailed84%ofthetime.RobertBurgdorfIr.whohelpeddrafttheADAhaswrittenlegalanalysishasproceededquiteawaydownthewrongroad.DisabilityactivistsandotherlegalscholarspointoutthatCongressintendedtheADAasanationalmandatefortheendingofdiscriminationagainstpeople-withdisabilities.Insteadwhathasoccurredinthewordsofonewriteristhatthecourtshavenarrowedthescopeofthelawredefined’disability’raisedthepriceofaccesstojusticeandgenerallydeemeddisabilitydiscriminationasnotworthyofseriousremedy.Butperhapsthegreatestsingleproblemisthefederalgovernmentitselfwherelawsandregulationsdesignedtohelpdisabledpeopleactuallyprovideaneconomicdisincentivetowork.AsSen.EdwardKennedywrotethehighunemploymentrateamongpeoplereceivingfederaldisabilitybenefitsisnotbecausetheirfederalbenefitsprogramshave’frontdoorsthataretoobig’butbecausetheyhave’backdoorsthataretoosmall’./TheadvertisementmadebyMicrosoftshowsthat
TheAmericaneconomyisgrowingaccordingtothemostrecentstatisticsatthesizzlingrateof7%andisinthemiddleofthelargestpeacetimeexpansioninAmericanhistory.Wereadinthenewspapersthatpracticallyeveryonewhowantsajobcangetone.MicrosoftisrunningadvertisementsintheNewYorkTimespracticallybeggingCongresstoissuemorevisasforforeigncomputerandinformationtechnologyworkers.InthisenvironmentitisshockingthatonegroupofAmericanspeoplewithdisabilitieshavesuchahighlevelofunemployment:30%arenotemployedthesamepercentageaswhentheAmericanswithDisabilitiesActbecamelaw.Notonlydidtheiremploymentandlaborearningsfallduringtherecessionoftheearly1990sbutemploymentandearningscontinuedtofallduringthelongeconomicexpansionthatfollowed.Manyofthesepeopleareskilledprofessionalswhoarehighlymarketableintoday’seconomy.PartoftheproblemisdiscriminationandpartrecentcourtrulingsfavoringemployersinADAlawsuits.Discriminationagainstpeoplewithdisabilitiesisunfortunatelyaliveandwelldespitethelegalprohibitionsagainstdiscriminationinhiringpeoplewithdisabilities.79%ofdisabledpeoplewhoareunemployedcitediscriminationintheworkplaceandlackoftransportationasmajorfactorsthatpreventthemfromworking.Studieshavealsoshownthatpeoplewithdisabilitieswhofindjobsearnlessthantheirco-workersandarelesslikelytobepromoted.Unfavorablecourtrulingshavenotbeenhelpfuleither.ResearchbylawprofessorRuthColkerofOhioStateUniversityhasshownthatintheeightyearsaftertheADAwentintoeffectemployer-defendantsprevailedinmorethan93%oftheeasesdecidedbytrial.Ofthecasesappealedemployersprevailed84%ofthetime.RobertBurgdorfIr.whohelpeddrafttheADAhaswrittenlegalanalysishasproceededquiteawaydownthewrongroad.DisabilityactivistsandotherlegalscholarspointoutthatCongressintendedtheADAasanationalmandatefortheendingofdiscriminationagainstpeople-withdisabilities.Insteadwhathasoccurredinthewordsofonewriteristhatthecourtshavenarrowedthescopeofthelawredefined’disability’raisedthepriceofaccesstojusticeandgenerallydeemeddisabilitydiscriminationasnotworthyofseriousremedy.Butperhapsthegreatestsingleproblemisthefederalgovernmentitselfwherelawsandregulationsdesignedtohelpdisabledpeopleactuallyprovideaneconomicdisincentivetowork.AsSen.EdwardKennedywrotethehighunemploymentrateamongpeoplereceivingfederaldisabilitybenefitsisnotbecausetheirfederalbenefitsprogramshave’frontdoorsthataretoobig’butbecausetheyhave’backdoorsthataretoosmall’./Thelastsentencebutbecausetheyhavebackdoorsthataretoosmallprobablymeansthat
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.Adebunkingbooklikethisisnolongerfashionable.
TheviewfromthetopoftheluxuriousMorganCentredownontoBeijing’sOlympicGreenisbreath-takingTherefarbelowliesthestunningbirdnestOlympicStadium.RightnexttoitistheequallymesmerizingNationalAquaticsCenterknownastheWaterCube.TheAquaticsCenterposesonecriticalquestion:wherewillallthewatertofillthisboldbutmassivearchitecturalmasterpieceandtosupplytheGamescomefromOnecandriveahundredmilesinanydirectionfromBeijingandnevercrossahealthyriver.HeadingnorthtoShanxiprovinceonepassesriverafterriverthathasdriedup.Andin80percentofthoseShanxiriversthatalestillflowingwaterqualityisunfitforhumancontactorforagriculturalorindustrialuse.AsyoudrivesouthacrossHebeiandHenanprovincesthesituationisnobetter.ReachingthefamedMarcoPoloBridgeovertheYongdingRiverwecrossedourfirstparched干裂的riverbed.FromtheretotheYellowRiverwetraversedmanylegendaryriversthatshowasbluelinesonthemap;allofthemarenowalmostbonedry.Allthatremainstomemorializethesewatercoursesarehighwaybridgesleftbehindlikevestigialorgans.TheYellowRiveritselfonceknownasChina’sSorrowbecauseofitsnaturaltendencytofloodkillingmillionshasinHenanbeenreducedtoamodest-sizechannel.AtitslowerreachesinShandongitisnotuncommonfortherivertoceaseflowingintotheBohaiSeaaltogether.Whatistheanswerforthe250millionthirstypeoplewholiveontheNorthChinaPlainDroughthasforcedfarmerstoturntogroundwater.Butoverextractionhascausedwatertablestofallbyasmuchas10feetayear.Desperateofficialshavetakentomakingsubstantialinvestmentsinprecipitation-inducement引导水分凝结technologiesorcloudseeding.Usingaircraftmeteorologicalballoonsandevenrocketsandartilleryshellsthey’vebeenattemptingtoshootpassingcloudsfullofrainmakingchemicals.TheChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationreportsthathundredsofaircraftandthousandsofrocketsandshellsareusedeachyearintheeffort.Suchcampaignshavebeenonlymodestlysuccessfulandhavecreatedtensionsbetweendifferentlocalitieseachclaimingthatcloudsarebeinginterceptedupwindbytheotherandtheirpreciousmoisturestolen!ThenthereisthemonumentalSouth-NorthWaterTransferProject.ButsomeenvironmentalistsfearthatshiftingtheincreasinglypollutedwateroftheYangtzenorthwardwillalsointroduceawholehostofnewtoxicpollutantstothebreadbasketofChina.NooneknowswhattheconsequencesofallthesePromethean独创的effortswillbe.InthetrulymagnificentfacilitiesbeingbuiltfortheOlympicsonecanseeadearmanifestationofthisunderstandableurgetorestoreChinesegreatness.ThequestioniswhetherChina’slimitednatural-resourcebasecansustainthemagnitudeofsuchanambition.Withwaterthecountryisconfrontingtheedgeofoneveryinflexibleenvironmentalenvelope.Beijing’sgloriousWaterCubeisasymbolbothofChina’sremarkableaccomplishmentsanditsall-too-pressinglimits.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 6
ThepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisonly6%theworld’spopulationbutAmericans1onethirdofalltheenergy2intheworld.ThisfactalonesaysthatAmericansneedtouselessenergy.Andbecausethepriceofenergyhadbeenrisingveryrapidly3thelimitedsuppliesofoilinparticularAmericansarebecomingawaretotheneedto4energy.InCaliforniawehaveaCaliforniaEnergyCommissionwhichhassetupinthepastfiveyearsto5planforourfutureenergyrise.Wehave6lawsinCaliforniatohelpusconserveenergy.FirstofallourhousesinCaliforniahavebeenvery7ofenergyinthepast.Theywerenot8verycarefullyandsotheheatwouldgooutofthehouseveryrapidly.Nowwerequirethatthehomeshavea9levelofinsulationandsothehomesbuiltnowaremuchmore10 11intransportation12alargepercentageofoilenergyisusedweneedtodevelopmorepublictransportation.InChinaofcourseyouhaveaverygoodpublic-transportationsystem.Anditisan13forthekindofthingweneedtodevelopmoreintheUnitedStates.Automobilesarealsobecomingmore14Thesmallerautomobilewithefficientenginecanhelptoconservealargeamountofenergyalongwithplanningour15morecarefully. Manydifferentstudieshaveshownthatwecould16ourenergyconsumptionby17halfortwothirdsandstillhavethe18qualityoflife.Andmanydifferenttypesoftechnologiesarecurrentlybeingresearchedasto19theycanbebuilttouse20energyandstillsupplythesameservice. 12
GenghisKhanwasnotonetoagonizeovergenderroles.Hewasintosexandpowerandhedidn’tmindsayingso.Thegreatestjoyamancanknowistoconquerhisenemiesanddrivethembeforehim.Theemperoroncethundered.GenghisKhanconqueredtwothirdsoftheknownworldduringtheearly13thcenturyandhemayhavesetanall-timerecordforwhatbiologistscallreproductivesuccess.Anaccountwritten33yearsafterhisdeathcreditedhimwith20000descendants.Men’smannershaveimprovedmarkedlysinceGenghisKhan’sday.Atheartthoughwe’rethesameanimalswewere800yearsagowhichistosaywearestatusseekers.Wemaytalkofequalityandfraternity.Wemaystriveforclasslesssocieties.Butwegorightonbuildinghierarchiesandjockeyingforstatuswithinthem.CanweabandonthetendencyProbablynot.Asscientistsarenowdiscoveringstatusseekingisnotjustahabitoraculturaltradition.It’sadesignfeatureofthemalepsyche--abiologicaldrivethatisrootedinthenervoussystemandregulatedbyhormonesandbrainchemicals.Howdoweknowthisrelentlessone-upmanshipisabiologicalendowmentAnthropologistsfindthesamepatternvirtuallyeverywherethey10okandsodozoologists.Malecompetitionisfierceamongcricketscrayfishandelephantsandit’subiquitousamonghigherprimatesforexamplemalechimpanzeeshaveanextraordinarilystrongdrivefordominance.CoincidenceEvolutionistsdon’tthinkso.Fromtheirperspectivelifeisessentiallyaracetorepro-dukeandnaturalselectionisboundtofavordifferentstrategiesindifferentorganisms.Inreproductivetermstheyhavevastlymoretogainfromit.Afemalecan’tfloodthegenepoolbycommandeeringextramates;nomatterhowmuchspermsheattractssheisunlikelytoproducemorethanadozenviableoffspring.ButasGenghisKhan’sexploitsmakeclearmalescanprofitenormouslybyoutmatingtheirpeers.It’snothardtoseehowthatdynamicplayedoutovermillionsofyearswouldleavemodernmenfrettingoverstatus.We’rebuiltfromthegenesthatthemostdeterminedcompetitorspasseddown.Fortunatelywedon’taspiretofamiliesof800.Asmonogamyandcontraceptivesmayhaveleveledthereproductiveplayfieldpowerhasbecomeitsownpsychologicalreward.Thosewhoachievehighstatusstillenjoymoresexwithmorepartnersthantherestofusandthereasonisnomystery.Researchershaveconsistentlyfoundthatwomenfavorsignsofearningcapacityovergoodlooks.Forsheersexappealadoughy脸色苍白的baldguyinaRolexwilloutscoreastud非常英俊的男子inaBurgerKinguniformalmosteverytime.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
BritainnolongerdominatesAnglophoneeducation.Studentswantmoreandtheoldempireishappytogiveittothem.AgoodnameandaBritishcampusarenolongerenoughtopullinhigh-payingoverseasrecruits.ThecompetitionwithintheworldofEnglish-languagehighereducationisgrowingincreasinglyintense.Today’sinternationalstudentsdon’tautomaticallyheadtotheUnitedStatesortheUnitedKingdom;theyconsideraslewoffactorsbeforemakingtheirpick.AlreadyBritainisstartingtosufferasitfindsitselfinafiercethree-waycontestformarketshare.OntheonehandU.S.collegesarerecoveringfastinoverseasrecruitment.OntheotherabatchofcommonwealthcountriesiscomingonstrongandeatingintoBritain’smarketshare.ConsiderSingaporewhichfouryearsagosetouttolurebranchesofforeigncolleges.Thenumberofoverseasstudentstherehassinceclimbed46percent.AndinthefirstthreeyearsofthedecadethenumberofforeignstudentsinNewZealandalmostquadrupled.Thenthere’sAustralia.Foreignersnowmakeupaboutaquarterofitsentirestudentbody.Australiashowsthatthesecrettosuccessoftenhasasmuchtodowithgovernmentpolicyaswithacademicphilosophy.LavishgrantscanoffsettheBrits’andtheAmericans’edgeinprestige.Foreignstudentsatstate-runschoolsinSingaporenowgetan80percentdiscount.Anengineeringdegreethatcostsabout$30000ayearatHarvardrunsjust$2000attheUniversityofMalayathankstoheavysubsidies.Thebiggestfactortodayseemstobetheprospectofemployment.AdegreefromanAustralianuniversitynowputsgraduatesonthefasttracktopermanentresidency.AndLondonoffersanautomatic12-monthworkpermittomostoverseasrecruits.ButBritaincan’tdoanythingaboutitslocation.WhygoallthewaytotheUnitedKingdom--ortotheUnitedStates--whenthere’snowagoodEnglish-languagecollegejustafewhours’flightfromShanghaiorMumbaiButfewcountriescanmatchAustralia’smainsellingpoint.Itssunnyoutdoorsimageworksstronglytoitsadvantageamonginternationalstudents.Yetnocountrycanaffordtothrowinthetowel.Cutsingovernmentspendinghaveforcedcollegestolookelsewhereformoney.Overseasrecruitshavethusbecomeanincreasinglycriticalsourceofcash:inBritaintheaverageuniversitynowlookstoforeignstudentstoprovideatleast10percentofitsincome.Othertrendscouldsoonmakethingsevenmoredesperate.TodayChinaisoneofthebiggestsourcesoftravelingstudents.ButforhowmuchlongerThecountryisnowbusydevelopingitsowneliteinstitutionandordinarycolleges.Ifthistrendcontinuesthedevelopedworldisgoingtoloseitslargestclient.ThescrambleforbusinessintheAngloworldisalreadyferocious激烈的whilethemarketisexpanding.Justwaittillitstartstocontract.Britainishappytogivethestudentswhattheywantmainlybecause______.
WhatisthepointoftellingyouaboutthissecondbookWellitallhingesonthedatesinvolved.Thelatterstorywaswrittenintheearly1960swhereastheGoosebumpsseriesdatesfromthe1990s.46Thismakesthepointratherdear:Thesandshaveshiftedradicallyin30years.A"debunking"booklikethisisnolongerfashionable.Whotodaywantstoreadaboutanythingasthought-provokingand"uncool"asdebunkingWhereonceamoviewascommonplace47The"magicalrealism"movementwherenaturalandsupernaturaleventshappilyconvergehasbecomeenormouslyinfluentialinseriousliteratureaswell.Movieandtelevisionviewersandreadersofseriousliteraturearegiventhetacitmessagethatmelinebetweenthenaturalandsupernaturalisblurryandperhapsevennonexistent. Notsurprisinglyconcomitantwiththesehigh--andpap--culturetrendscomesaprofoundlydisturbingcollectiveshiftinattitude.48Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundane"trapped"inlogicalthinking.Itisasiftheshacklesofrigidityhavebeenremovedwhen"open-minded"attitudesareconveyedontelevisioninbooksinmoviesaboutESPUFQoranyofathousandothervarietiesofallegedparanormalphenomena.49Thegreatdangerinmyestimationisnotsomuchthatvastnumbersofchildrenandadultswillgetsuckedwholesaleintotrulygoofybeliefsystemsbutthattheywillbemisledintoacceptingtheimplicitmessagethatscienceisboringconservativedose-mindeddevoidofmysteryandanegativeforceinsociety.Againthismessageisnotovertbuttacitperhapsnotevenconsciouslyintended.Yetitispreciselythissubliminalitythatmakesitsoinsidiousanddangerous. Ihavenoquickfixes.Idonotknowhowtoquicklyandeasilyrepairdecadesofdamage.Idonotevenfullyunderstandwhythesandshaveshiftedsoradically.50AllIcandoislookoninsadnessandworryaboutthefutureofrationalinquirybemoaningthelossofawetowardgenuinemysteriesthatoursocietywasonceluckyenoughtopossess. Thegeneralpublicnolongerviewsscienceletalonetheultimatetruthsoftheuniversewithasenseofaweandmysterybutinsteadconsidersitconservativeandmundanetrappedinlogicalthinking
BritainnolongerdominatesAnglophoneeducation.Studentswantmoreandtheoldempireishappytogiveittothem.AgoodnameandaBritishcampusarenolongerenoughtopullinhigh-payingoverseasrecruits.ThecompetitionwithintheworldofEnglish-languagehighereducationisgrowingincreasinglyintense.Today’sinternationalstudentsdon’tautomaticallyheadtotheUnitedStatesortheUnitedKingdom;theyconsideraslewoffactorsbeforemakingtheirpick.AlreadyBritainisstartingtosufferasitfindsitselfinafiercethree-waycontestformarketshare.OntheonehandU.S.collegesarerecoveringfastinoverseasrecruitment.OntheotherabatchofcommonwealthcountriesiscomingonstrongandeatingintoBritain’smarketshare.ConsiderSingaporewhichfouryearsagosetouttolurebranchesofforeigncolleges.Thenumberofoverseasstudentstherehassinceclimbed46percent.AndinthefirstthreeyearsofthedecadethenumberofforeignstudentsinNewZealandalmostquadrupled.Thenthere’sAustralia.Foreignersnowmakeupaboutaquarterofitsentirestudentbody.Australiashowsthatthesecrettosuccessoftenhasasmuchtodowithgovernmentpolicyaswithacademicphilosophy.LavishgrantscanoffsettheBrits’andtheAmericans’edgeinprestige.Foreignstudentsatstate-runschoolsinSingaporenowgetan80percentdiscount.Anengineeringdegreethatcostsabout$30000ayearatHarvardrunsjust$2000attheUniversityofMalayathankstoheavysubsidies.Thebiggestfactortodayseemstobetheprospectofemployment.AdegreefromanAustralianuniversitynowputsgraduatesonthefasttracktopermanentresidency.AndLondonoffersanautomatic12-monthworkpermittomostoverseasrecruits.ButBritaincan’tdoanythingaboutitslocation.WhygoallthewaytotheUnitedKingdom--ortotheUnitedStates--whenthere’snowagoodEnglish-languagecollegejustafewhours’flightfromShanghaiorMumbaiButfewcountriescanmatchAustralia’smainsellingpoint.Itssunnyoutdoorsimageworksstronglytoitsadvantageamonginternationalstudents.Yetnocountrycanaffordtothrowinthetowel.Cutsingovernmentspendinghaveforcedcollegestolookelsewhereformoney.Overseasrecruitshavethusbecomeanincreasinglycriticalsourceofcash:inBritaintheaverageuniversitynowlookstoforeignstudentstoprovideatleast10percentofitsincome.Othertrendscouldsoonmakethingsevenmoredesperate.TodayChinaisoneofthebiggestsourcesoftravelingstudents.ButforhowmuchlongerThecountryisnowbusydevelopingitsowneliteinstitutionandordinarycolleges.Ifthistrendcontinuesthedevelopedworldisgoingtoloseitslargestclient.ThescrambleforbusinessintheAngloworldisalreadyferocious激烈的whilethemarketisexpanding.Justwaittillitstartstocontract.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
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