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Directions: You bought a MP3 at an eshop. When it was delivered to you, you found it was of poor qu...
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Y.ouprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatres
---YourMP3issonicE.Howmuchisit?---Itme¥500.
bought
paid
spent
cost
IboughtaMP3formyfriend’sbirthdayatthemallanditme$1
spend
paid
cost
used
Millionsofyoungpeoplewilllosetheirhearinginfiveyea
Mr.GreenhasboughtaMP3asapresentbut_______hisson___
not only; but also
neither; nor
both; and
either; or
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
ISITTIMETOGETMP3?Yourcomputerhasbeenplayingmusicfo
—Howlonghaveyou________?—Since1990.
bought the MP3
joined the Party
become a midfield player
lived in the town
YourcomputerhasbeenplayingmusicforyearsoneCDatatim
阅读理解;判断阅读下面的材料判断句子是否符合短文内容符合的写T.不符合的写F.文章未提到的写N.Mi
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
YourcomputerhasbeenplayingmusicforyearsoneCDatatim
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
Directions: YouboughtaMP3ataneshop.Whenitwasdeliv
YourcomputerhasbeenplayingmusicforyearsoneCDatatim
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
YourcomputerhasbeenplayingmusicforyearsoneCDatatim
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
Youprobablyknowyoushouldsaypleaseandthankyouatrest
Myfatherboughtme_____mp3butIlost_____mp3yesterday.
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Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 41
Akeyreasonthenewsmediaexistswithspecialprivilegesistobeourwatchdogs.Reporters’chargeistoalertuswhensomethingiswrongwhenhumanornaturaldisastersareabouttothreatenourwelfare.Whenitcomestonaturaldisastersthenewsmediadoapraisablejobofreportingtheobviousbutnotaverygoodoneofpreparingthepublicforwhatmighthappenforalertingustopotentialdifficulties.Whenitcomestohumandisastersespeciallyproblemsingovernmentandeconomicmattersthepresshasfailedmiserably.ForexampleTimemagazinefinallytoldthepublicinarecentcoverstorywhatonlythemostquickobserversalreadyknew:TheGreatRetirementRipoff偷窃:MillionsofAmericanswhothinktheywillretirewithbenefitsaregoingbeshocked.Howcorporationsarepickingpeople’spockets—withthehelpofCongress...HowcanthislegalWherewasthemediawheneachpieceofcorporate-biasedlegislationwasbeingpassedWhywasn’tCongressafraidtopasssuchlegislationBecausethemediahasdecidedthatnewsconcerningCongressisoflittleinteresttoitsaudience.TVnewsmanagershavebelievedthateconomicandsocialissuesaretoocomplicatedforthepublictograsp.Newspapereditorsoccasionallyprintsuchstoriesbutmostlytheyconcentrateonhuman-interestfeaturesconsumerhealthsectionsandentertainment.Hardnewsholesareshrinkingandinvestigativejournalismiscarriedoutonlyonoccasion.Itistoodifficultandcostly.Besidesitantagonizesadvertiserswhileseldomincreasingcirculation.Magazinesthatwouldlookintosuchsubjectsseemtobedyingout.Theresultisthatnooneiswatchingtherichandpowerfulsotheycandoalmostanythingwithimpunity不受惩罚.MillionsofAmericanshavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightwhilethenewsmediahasbusieditselfwithcelebritytrialsandsensationalcrimestories.Corporationsstealthepublicblindunderlegislationauthorizedbygovernmentofficials.Companiesfileforbankruptcyprotectioncuttingoffmedicalandlife-insurancebenefitsforretirees.Itisn’tanewphenomenon.Forthemostparttoday’spresshasletdowntheAmericanpublictimeandtimeagain.Ifitseemstobegettingworseit’sbecausetherearesomanysegmentsofthemediathatshouldbetellingusinanaccurateandfairmannerwhatourelectedofficialsaredoingbeforeit’stoolatetotakeaction.It’shardertoblamecorporationsbecausetheymakenobonesabouttheirmission:makeasmuchmoneyaspossibleatallcosts.ThoseinCongressaresupposedtoprotectusandlookoutforourinterests.Yetitappearstheyconstantlyhelptheirpowerfulsupporterswhooftenbuytheirofficesforthem.Nooneisdoingtherightthing.Thejokeapparentlyisonallofus—theoldandthesickwhowillhavenohelpinthefutureandtheyoungburdenedwiththedebtofcaringfortheirimpoverishedeldersfortherestoftheirlives.ThestatementTheymakenobonesabouttheirmissionisusedtoimplythat______
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider.Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear.ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending.SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders.EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout.IfastudentisreluctanttopaybacktheloanSallieMaemostprobably______
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./Themajorcomponentofthepitch-blackdustLine5Paragraph3shouldbe______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider.Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear.ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending.SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders.EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout.TheprofitofSallieMaeisconsiderablealthoughthemarginsarewafer-thinbecause______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.WhatistheproblemthatUSuniversitieshavefacedsince2000
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./Byintroducingthetheoryofredgianttheauthorintendsto______
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthemostpossibledirectionofuniversityreformintheUSis______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence.
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.AccordingtotheauthorUSmodernuniversities______
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./WhenourSundiesitmay______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’9Osthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. ItsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathandE-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandputintoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted--justasinkisprintedontopaper--ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy--tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 47
Directions:TheStudentsUnionofyouruniversityisplanningtostaracampaigntofightagainsttheappallingwasteonthecampus.YouareexpectedtowritealetterofproposalonbehalfoftheStudentsUnioncallingonallstudentstotakepartinthiscampaign.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useTheStudentsUnioninstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 43
Akeyreasonthenewsmediaexistswithspecialprivilegesistobeourwatchdogs.Reporters’chargeistoalertuswhensomethingiswrongwhenhumanornaturaldisastersareabouttothreatenourwelfare.Whenitcomestonaturaldisastersthenewsmediadoapraisablejobofreportingtheobviousbutnotaverygoodoneofpreparingthepublicforwhatmighthappenforalertingustopotentialdifficulties.Whenitcomestohumandisastersespeciallyproblemsingovernmentandeconomicmattersthepresshasfailedmiserably.ForexampleTimemagazinefinallytoldthepublicinarecentcoverstorywhatonlythemostquickobserversalreadyknew:TheGreatRetirementRipoff偷窃:MillionsofAmericanswhothinktheywillretirewithbenefitsaregoingbeshocked.Howcorporationsarepickingpeople’spockets—withthehelpofCongress...HowcanthislegalWherewasthemediawheneachpieceofcorporate-biasedlegislationwasbeingpassedWhywasn’tCongressafraidtopasssuchlegislationBecausethemediahasdecidedthatnewsconcerningCongressisoflittleinteresttoitsaudience.TVnewsmanagershavebelievedthateconomicandsocialissuesaretoocomplicatedforthepublictograsp.Newspapereditorsoccasionallyprintsuchstoriesbutmostlytheyconcentrateonhuman-interestfeaturesconsumerhealthsectionsandentertainment.Hardnewsholesareshrinkingandinvestigativejournalismiscarriedoutonlyonoccasion.Itistoodifficultandcostly.Besidesitantagonizesadvertiserswhileseldomincreasingcirculation.Magazinesthatwouldlookintosuchsubjectsseemtobedyingout.Theresultisthatnooneiswatchingtherichandpowerfulsotheycandoalmostanythingwithimpunity不受惩罚.MillionsofAmericanshavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightwhilethenewsmediahasbusieditselfwithcelebritytrialsandsensationalcrimestories.Corporationsstealthepublicblindunderlegislationauthorizedbygovernmentofficials.Companiesfileforbankruptcyprotectioncuttingoffmedicalandlife-insurancebenefitsforretirees.Itisn’tanewphenomenon.Forthemostparttoday’spresshasletdowntheAmericanpublictimeandtimeagain.Ifitseemstobegettingworseit’sbecausetherearesomanysegmentsofthemediathatshouldbetellingusinanaccurateandfairmannerwhatourelectedofficialsaredoingbeforeit’stoolatetotakeaction.It’shardertoblamecorporationsbecausetheymakenobonesabouttheirmission:makeasmuchmoneyaspossibleatallcosts.ThoseinCongressaresupposedtoprotectusandlookoutforourinterests.Yetitappearstheyconstantlyhelptheirpowerfulsupporterswhooftenbuytheirofficesforthem.Nooneisdoingtherightthing.Thejokeapparentlyisonallofus—theoldandthesickwhowillhavenohelpinthefutureandtheyoungburdenedwiththedebtofcaringfortheirimpoverishedeldersfortherestoftheirlives.Themediaseldomcoverthecorporation-biasedlegislationspassedbythecongressprobablybecause______
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’9Osthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. ItsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathandE-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandputintoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted--justasinkisprintedontopaper--ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy--tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 49
Ashumanchildrenareunusuallydependentfaranunusuallylongtimeit’sobviousthateverysocietymustprovideadomesticcontextinwhichthechildrenarebroughtupandeducated.Inpresent-dayEnglishtheword"family"hastwomeanings:firstlythe1groupofparentsandchildren;andsecondlya2ofrelationswhomightbeexpectedto3ataweddingora4.Atthefirstlevelmybrothersandsistersandmyselfareallinthesame5aschildrenbutindifferentonesasparents;butatthesecond6we’reallinthesamefamilyfromstarttofinish. Asnuclearfamiliesbecomemore7familiesofrelationsbecomemoredispersed分散.TheyoungmothercanstilltalktoherMumonthephonebutshecan’taskherto8forafewminutestowatchthebaby.Ideasaboutthe9ofwomenhavebeenchanging:wivesarethoughttobethe10oftheirhusbandsratherthantheir11.Butperhapsthey’remore12enslavedtotheirchildrenthanbefore.Thepointisthattheredoesn’tseemtobeany13.Thereisagenuine14betweentherightofthewomantobetreatedasafreeandself-respected15andtherightofthechildtodemandcareand16 Wehavecreatedforourselvesthree17:socialequalityofmenandwomen;18ofthemarriage;andlifelongloveand19betweenparentsandchildren.Howeverwehave20asocialsysteminwhichit’squiteimpossibleforthesefactorstoco-exist. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 45
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Directions:Youareillandcannotgotoschool.Thereforeyouhavetowriteasickleavewhichshouldinclude:1thedescriptionofyourillness;2youraimofwritingthesickleave.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.10points
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