首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
On a weekday night this January, thousands of flag-waving youths packed Olaya Street, Riyadh’s ma...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《相同项单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
TheWTOwasestablishedonJan.12005createdbytheUruguay
ThiscertificateisvaliduntilJan12008 subjectwhereap
to
for
in
of
Theboylivesinavillage_____therearenoschools.Thushe
where
which
that
who
返回字符表达式中值的总和的函数为
Weekday(date)
Hour(date)
Date( )
Sum
—_______classesdoyouhaveeveryweekday?—Sevenclasses
How many
How much
How long
How often
JanIhavenewphotosofmyfamilybutthey'renotverygooD.T
局域网的英文缩写为
WAN
MAN
JAN
LAN
下列程序的运行结果为【4】enumweekdaysun=7mon=1tuewedthufrisat;
JanIhavenewphotosofmyfamilybutthey'renotverygooD.T
试题八15分每空3分 阅读以下说明和C++程序将应填入n处的字句写在答题纸的对应栏内 [说明]
OurWebEditorJanFieldshasalwayslovedtwothings----wr
Withoutthegamesheexpectsthebar'sweekdaysalesto____
drop off
put back
drop out
cut out
Thepostofficestartsitsbusinessat______everyweekday
7:00
7:55
8:00
9:00
在一台MSR路由器上看到了如下调试信息*Jan230917367202009H3CRM/6/RMDE
该路由器上运行的不是RIPv1
该路由器上运行的可能是RIPv2
该路由器运行的路由协议支持VLSM
该路由器上运行的可能是OSPF
我国目前在国内推行采用的是商品条形码系统
UPC
WTO
JAN
EAN
Amurderwouldmostlikelyoccur_____.
on a weekend night in summer
on a weekend afternoon in summer
on a weekend night in winter
on a weekday afternoon in spring
Irecentlyreadaboutawonderfulactofkindness.Itisabou
—Moreandmorefamiliescan_______acarnow.—That’struE.
afford
sell
Support
provide
Thiscertificateisissuedundertheauthority ofthesaid
strength
power
force
stress
Thevalidityofthiscertificateisin accordancewithart
stretched
expanded
enlarged
extended
热门试题
更多
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 20
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454words Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Themethodofpreventingasthmaisto
MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.JoeasamindlesswartoythesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurismbutthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarI1andthepeopletheyliberatedtheGI.wasthe2mangrownintoherothepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishometheguywho3alltheburdensofbattlewhosleptincoldfoxholeswhowentwithoutthe4of1hodandshelterwhostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavohmteersoldiernotsomeonewellpaid5anaverageguyup6thebesttrainedbestequippedfiercestmostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies. Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7GovermnentIssueanditwasonallofthearticle8tosoldiers.AndJoeAcommonnameforaguywhonever9ittothetop.JoeBlowJoeMagrae...aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10hadapresidentorvieepresidentorsecretaryofstateJoe. GI.Joehada11careerfightingGemanJapaneseandKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacterora12ofAmericanpersonalitiesinthe1945movieTheStoryofGLJoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portraydethemselvesinthefihn.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewarlwritingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiersnothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bothmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwarthe18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffeetobaccowhiskeysheltersleep.19EgyptFranceandadozenmorecountriesG.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier20themostimportantpersonintheirlives. 18
41Conflicts:Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences.42Sex:WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina.43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students:OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.44Gifts:InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalledgiftsbutareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.AccustomedaswearetousingthewordgifttorefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStatesgiftsgivenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices.45SocialIntercourse.WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings.[A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday--thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsideredgiftshere.[B]WhilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessorsProfessorsoandsoorDr.soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.[C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters.[D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife![E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.[F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance.
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 20
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
ThedayofterrorattheVirginiaPolytechnicandStateUniversityinBlacksburgbeganatabout7:15a.m.withtheshootingofawomanandamaleresidentadviseronthefourthfloorofadormbuildingoncampusKristenBensleyafreshmanwholivedbelowthefloorwheretheshootingoccurredtoldTIME"Therewereminorsgoingonabouttheassailantwasfightingwithhisgirlfriendorsomethingofthatnature."Bensleynotesthatonlyresidentscangetintothebuildingusingaspecific"passport"thatisacardthatonehastoswipeinordertoopendoorsbefore10a.m.Ifhewasanoutsidersomeonewouldhavehadtolethimin.Ormorelikelyhewasaresidentofthedormhimself.Ifsohowdidbekeepsomuchammunitionunnoticed Unlikehighschoolsmostuniversitiescan’tbeefupsecuritywithametaldetectorortwo.SowhatcanbedonetoprotectstudentsOtherquestionsremainunanswered.Whywasthereatwo-hourgapbetweentheincidentatthedormandafarmorefataloneacrosscampusAtonepointthatledtotheorizingthatmorethanonegunmanwasinvolved.Thegunmanwhokilledatleast30peopleatNorrisHallshortlyafter9a.m.wasdescribedbysomesourcesasanAsianman. Ithasbeenasurrealtimeforthestudents.BrandonStiltnerasenioraerospaceengineeringstudentandJonathanHessaseniormechanicalengineerwerewatchingTValldaybutbynoonthey’dhadenough."Wedecidedweneededtodosomething"Stiltnersaid."Wewereworthlesssittingaround."Sotheytooktheirsix-footVirginiaTechsignoffthewallandloggedintoFacebook.Withinthenextfewhours100peoplerepliedtotheire-mailrequestforavigil. By8p.m.hundredsbfstudentsbeganfilingdownthestepsoftheWarMemorialChapeltowardthedrillfield.Clustersoftwoandthreestudentsstoodtogetherinsilence.Slowlytheybegantolineuptosigntheboard."I’mstillreallyindisbelief"saysStiltner.Theshockoftheday’sshootingssankinHesssaidashecarriedthesignacrosscampusforthevigil."Ithitme"Hesssaid"toknowthatitwasinthesebuildings."ThemediacrewsthatswarmedcampuswerealsosurrealtoHessandStiltner."Wecouldlookoutourwindowandseeexactlywhat’sonTV"Stiltnersays.HewatchedhissigncrowdedwithinitialsandprayersawaitingthenamesofthevictimsHeshuddered."IhopeIdon’thaveanynastysurprises. Whichofthefollowingistreeaccordingtothefirstparagraph
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 10
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 14
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454words AccordingtothetextseniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 16
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 12
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople. Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake. Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible. AccordingtothetextAmericanemergencyplansforcopingwithanoutbreakofpandemicflu
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 2
Directions. Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofdiggingwells.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.presentyoursuggestions Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 4
41Conflicts:Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences.42Sex:WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina.43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students:OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.44Gifts:InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalledgiftsbutareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.AccustomedaswearetousingthewordgifttorefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStatesgiftsgivenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices.45SocialIntercourse.WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings.[A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday--thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsideredgiftshere.[B]WhilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessorsProfessorsoandsoorDr.soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.[C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters.[D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife![E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.[F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance.
ThedayofterrorattheVirginiaPolytechnicandStateUniversityinBlacksburgbeganatabout7:15a.m.withtheshootingofawomanandamaleresidentadviseronthefourthfloorofadormbuildingoncampusKristenBensleyafreshmanwholivedbelowthefloorwheretheshootingoccurredtoldTIME"Therewereminorsgoingonabouttheassailantwasfightingwithhisgirlfriendorsomethingofthatnature."Bensleynotesthatonlyresidentscangetintothebuildingusingaspecific"passport"thatisacardthatonehastoswipeinordertoopendoorsbefore10a.m.Ifhewasanoutsidersomeonewouldhavehadtolethimin.Ormorelikelyhewasaresidentofthedormhimself.Ifsohowdidbekeepsomuchammunitionunnoticed Unlikehighschoolsmostuniversitiescan’tbeefupsecuritywithametaldetectorortwo.SowhatcanbedonetoprotectstudentsOtherquestionsremainunanswered.Whywasthereatwo-hourgapbetweentheincidentatthedormandafarmorefataloneacrosscampusAtonepointthatledtotheorizingthatmorethanonegunmanwasinvolved.Thegunmanwhokilledatleast30peopleatNorrisHallshortlyafter9a.m.wasdescribedbysomesourcesasanAsianman. Ithasbeenasurrealtimeforthestudents.BrandonStiltnerasenioraerospaceengineeringstudentandJonathanHessaseniormechanicalengineerwerewatchingTValldaybutbynoonthey’dhadenough."Wedecidedweneededtodosomething"Stiltnersaid."Wewereworthlesssittingaround."Sotheytooktheirsix-footVirginiaTechsignoffthewallandloggedintoFacebook.Withinthenextfewhours100peoplerepliedtotheire-mailrequestforavigil. By8p.m.hundredsbfstudentsbeganfilingdownthestepsoftheWarMemorialChapeltowardthedrillfield.Clustersoftwoandthreestudentsstoodtogetherinsilence.Slowlytheybegantolineuptosigntheboard."I’mstillreallyindisbelief"saysStiltner.Theshockoftheday’sshootingssankinHesssaidashecarriedthesignacrosscampusforthevigil."Ithitme"Hesssaid"toknowthatitwasinthesebuildings."ThemediacrewsthatswarmedcampuswerealsosurrealtoHessandStiltner."Wecouldlookoutourwindowandseeexactlywhat’sonTV"Stiltnersays.HewatchedhissigncrowdedwithinitialsandprayersawaitingthenamesofthevictimsHeshuddered."IhopeIdon’thaveanynastysurprises. Fromthisarticlewecanguessthattheauthorisa
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454words AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerXwhousesintuitiontoreachdecisionsandManagerYwhousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 18
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 6
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms. ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower. ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million. TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration. Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess. InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem. WhichofthefollowingisthegoalofChinatobuildupnewuniversities
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms. ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower. ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million. TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration. Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess. InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem. Newuniversitieshavebeenestablishedamongmanyothercountriesinorderto
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 8
Childrenattendingschoolslocatedinhigh-trafficzoneshavea45percentincreasedriskofdevelopingasthmaeventhoughtimespentatschoolonlyaccountsforaboutone-thirdofachild’swakinghoursaccordingtonewresearch. Asthmaisthemostcommonchronicchildhoodillnessindevelopedcountriesandhasbeenlinkedtoenvironmentalfactorssuchastraffic-relatedairpollution."Whileresidentialtraffic-relatedpollutionhasbeenassociatedwithasthmatherehasbeenlittlestudyoftheeffectsoftrafficexposureatschoolonnewonsetasthma"saysRobMcConnellprofessorofpreventivemedicineatUSC’sKeckSchoolofMedicine."Exposuretopollutionatlocationsotherthanhomeespeciallywherechildrenspendalargeportionoftheirdayandmayengageinphysicalactivityappearstoinfluenceasthmariskaswell." ThestudyappearsonlineinthejournalEnvironmentalHealthPerspectives.ThestudydrewupondatafromtheChildren’sHealthStudyCHSalongitudinalstudyofchildreninSouthernCaliforniacommunitiesthatwasdesignedtoinvestigatethechroniceffectsofairpollutiononrespiratoryhealth.Usingacohortof2497kindergartenandfirstgradechildrenwhowereasthma-freewhentheyenteredthestudyresearchersexaminedtherelationshipoflocaltrafficaroundschoolsandhomestodiagnosisnewonsetasthmathatoccurredduringthreeyearsoffollow-up.Traffic-relatedpollutionexposurewasassessedbasedonamodelthattookintoaccounttrafficvolumedistancetomajorroadwaysfromhomeandschoolandlocalweatherconditions. Regionalambientozonenitrogendioxide二氧化氮andparticulatematterweremeasuredcontinuouslyatonecentralsiteineachofthe13studycommunities.Thedesignallowedinvestigatorstoexaminethejointeffectsoflocaltraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolandathomeandofregionalpollutionexposureaffectingtheentirecommunity.Researchersfound120casesofnewasthma.Theriskassociatedwithtraffic-relatedpollutionexposureatschoolswasalmostashighasforresidentialexposureandcombinedexposureaccountingfortimespentathomeandatschoolhadaslightlylargereffect.AlthoughchildrenspendlesstimeatschoolthanathomephysicaleducationandotheractivitiesthattakeplaceatschoolmayincreaseventilationratesandthedoseofpollutantsgettingintothelungsMcConnellnotes.Traffic-relatedpollutantlevelsmayalsobehigherduringthemorninghourswhenchildrenarearrivingatschool. Despiteastatelawthatprohibitsschooldistrictsfrombuildingcampuseswithin500feetofafreewaymanySouthernCaliforniaschoolsarelocatednearhigh-trafficareasincludingbusysurfacestreets. "It’simportanttounderstandhowthesemicro-environmentswherechildrenspentalotoftheirtimeoutsideofthehomeareimpactingtheirhealth"McConnellsays."Policiesthatreduceexposuretohigh-trafficenvironmentsmayhelptopreventthisdisease."ThestudywasfundedbygrantsfromtheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciencestheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictandtheHastingsFoundation. Whatkindofillnessdoesasthmabelongto
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople. Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake. Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible. Thephrasenotleastinthelastbutonesentenceofthetextmeans
ThedayofterrorattheVirginiaPolytechnicandStateUniversityinBlacksburgbeganatabout7:15a.m.withtheshootingofawomanandamaleresidentadviseronthefourthfloorofadormbuildingoncampusKristenBensleyafreshmanwholivedbelowthefloorwheretheshootingoccurredtoldTIME"Therewereminorsgoingonabouttheassailantwasfightingwithhisgirlfriendorsomethingofthatnature."Bensleynotesthatonlyresidentscangetintothebuildingusingaspecific"passport"thatisacardthatonehastoswipeinordertoopendoorsbefore10a.m.Ifhewasanoutsidersomeonewouldhavehadtolethimin.Ormorelikelyhewasaresidentofthedormhimself.Ifsohowdidbekeepsomuchammunitionunnoticed Unlikehighschoolsmostuniversitiescan’tbeefupsecuritywithametaldetectorortwo.SowhatcanbedonetoprotectstudentsOtherquestionsremainunanswered.Whywasthereatwo-hourgapbetweentheincidentatthedormandafarmorefataloneacrosscampusAtonepointthatledtotheorizingthatmorethanonegunmanwasinvolved.Thegunmanwhokilledatleast30peopleatNorrisHallshortlyafter9a.m.wasdescribedbysomesourcesasanAsianman. Ithasbeenasurrealtimeforthestudents.BrandonStiltnerasenioraerospaceengineeringstudentandJonathanHessaseniormechanicalengineerwerewatchingTValldaybutbynoonthey’dhadenough."Wedecidedweneededtodosomething"Stiltnersaid."Wewereworthlesssittingaround."Sotheytooktheirsix-footVirginiaTechsignoffthewallandloggedintoFacebook.Withinthenextfewhours100peoplerepliedtotheire-mailrequestforavigil. By8p.m.hundredsbfstudentsbeganfilingdownthestepsoftheWarMemorialChapeltowardthedrillfield.Clustersoftwoandthreestudentsstoodtogetherinsilence.Slowlytheybegantolineuptosigntheboard."I’mstillreallyindisbelief"saysStiltner.Theshockoftheday’sshootingssankinHesssaidashecarriedthesignacrosscampusforthevigil."Ithitme"Hesssaid"toknowthatitwasinthesebuildings."ThemediacrewsthatswarmedcampuswerealsosurrealtoHessandStiltner."Wecouldlookoutourwindowandseeexactlywhat’sonTV"Stiltnersays.HewatchedhissigncrowdedwithinitialsandprayersawaitingthenamesofthevictimsHeshuddered."IhopeIdon’thaveanynastysurprises. WhichwordcantakeplaceofsurrealLine1Para.3;Line5Para.4inthepassage
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号