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大柴胡汤主治

太阳阳明合病少阳阳明合病太阳少阳合病少阳太阴合病少阳厥阴合病

葛根黄芩黄连汤主治

太阳阳明合病少阳阳明合病太阳少阳合病少阳太阴合病少阳厥阴合病

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阳明厥阴合病太阳少阳合病少阳阳明合病太阳少阴合病太阳阳明合病

病人症见发热恶风汗出胸胁胀痛嘿嘿不欲饮食口苦欲呕眩晕舌苔白脉浮缓其证候是

太阳阳明合病太阳少阳合病少阳阳明合病太阳少阴合病太阳厥阴合病

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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andatextaboutnetworketiquette.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe listA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphs ofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’t needtouse.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemost intensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanis apparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficiently intelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfor differentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbe usedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicture languageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhis cavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch. 42______Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawn ofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthe humanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed. 43______44______Theseinventionsand discoveries—firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B. C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyears agotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislong periodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthe beliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcoursean immenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstithadbeenconfined totheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendofthe periodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.I donotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime. 45______A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsideby side.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsingle factorinthedevelopmentofman.B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvance waswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoon asithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.C. Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesat thattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithone another.D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganvery gradually.E.Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsof verygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneither ofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeech andwritingandagriculture.F.Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhich naturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolent resistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailed intheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.G.Butindustrywas astepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable untilourownmachineage.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonAnswerSheet1.Text1 Whenyoungpeoplewhowanttobe journalistsaskmewhatsubjecttheyshouldstudyafterleavingschoolI tellthem:Anythingexceptjournalismormediastudies.Mostveteransof mytradewouldsaythesame.Itispracticaladvice.Forobvious reasonsnewspapereditorsliketoemploypeoplewhocanbringsomething otherthanaknowledgeofthemediatothepartythatwecallour work.OnTheDailyTelegraphforexamplethe editorofLondonSpyisatheologianbyacademictraining.Theobituarieseditor isaphilosopher.TheeditorofourstudentmagazineJuicestudiedphysics.As formyselfIreadhistoryancientandmodernatthetaxpayer’s expense.IamnotsurewhatCharlesClarketheEducation Secretarywouldmakeofallthis.IfIunderstandhimcorrectlyhewouldthink thatthepublicmoneyspentonteachingthishugerangeofdisciplinestothe staffofTheDailyTelegraphwasprettymuchwasted.Theonlyacademic courseofwhichhewouldwholeheartedlyapproveinthelistabovewouldbe physics-butthenagainhewouldprobablythinkitaterriblewastethatSimon HoggchosetoeditJuiceinsteadofdesigningaeroplanesorbuildingnuclear reactors.Bythatheseemstomeanthateverythingtaughtatthepublic expenseshouldhaveadirectpracticalapplicationthatwillbenefitsociety andtheeconomy.Itisextremelyalarmingthatthemanincharge ofBritain’seducationsystemshouldthinkinthisnarrow-mindedhalf-witted way.Thetruthofcourseisthatallacademicdisciplinesbenefitsocietyand theeconomywhetherinadirectandobviouswayornot.Theyteach studentstothink--toprocessinformationandtodistinguishbetweenwhatis importantandunimportanttrueanduntrue.Aboveallacountryinwhich academicresearchandintelligentideasareallowedtoflourishisclearlya muchmoreinterestingstimulatingandenjoyableplacethanonewithout ornamentsinwhichmoneyandusefulnessareallthatcount. Mr.Clarkecertainlyhasapointwhenhesaysthatmuchofwhatistaught inBritain’suniversitiesisuseless.Butitisuselessforafarmore seriousreasonthanthatitlacksanyobviouseconomicutility.Asthe extraordinarilyhighdrop-outratetestifiesitisuselessbecauseitfailsthe firsttestofuniversityteaching---thatitshouldstimulatetheinterestof thosebeingtaught.Whenstudentsthemselvesthinkthattheircoursesarea wasteoftimeandmoneythenawastetheyare.Theansweris nottocutoffstatefundingforthehumanities.Itistooffershortno nonsensevocationalcoursestothosewhowanttolearnatradeandreserve universityplacesforthosewhowanttopursueanacademicdiscipline.Bythis meansagreatdealofwastedmoneycouldbesavedandallstudentsthe academicandthenoso-academic--wouldbenefit.WhatMr.ClarkeSeemstobe proposinginsteadisanactofculturalvandalismthatwouldrobBritainofall claimtobecalledacivilisedcountry.ThatmanysubjectstaughtatBritishcollegesareuselessismainlyowingto______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Text2 Standard&Poor’smaintainsa cautiousstanceoncable-TVoperatorsinthewakeofVerizon’sVZannouncement inearlyMayofaggressivepricecutsforitsdigitalsubscriberlineDSL Internet-accessservice.OuroveralloutlookfortheS&PCable& Broadcastingindexwhichalsoincludessharesofover-the-airTVandradio broadcastersisneutraltomodestlypositive.Cableoperatorshavesofar ruledoutanovertpricewaronbroadbandservices.Howeverexpecttosee near-termresponseslikeincreasedbundlingofservicesextendedfreemonths moreaggressivemarketingandpromotionsevenmodestpricecutsfromcable outfitsthatoffermultipleservicessuchasbroadbandastheydefendtheir high-growthInternet-accessBusiness.Continuedrapidgrowthin digitalcableandhigh-speeddataserviceshelpedsupporttheindustry’songoing revenuegrowth.WeatS&Parewaryofpricepressuresonthelong-termand short-termeconomicsofcable’sbroadbandbusiness.That’sespeciallytrue asanotherBabyBellSBCCommunicationsSBCisalsoundercutting cable-serviceprovidersinmanycoremarkets.Intheir traditionalbusinesssegmentU.S.cableoperatorscontinuetobenefit fromamodestreboundinadvertisingspendingfollowingasignificantdownturn duringtheeconomicslumpthatstartedin2001.Theindustryhasactually increaseditsshareoftotalU.S.adspending.Thecablesectorposted uninterruptedrevenuegrowthduringtherecentdownturnasitsgreaterreliance onsubscriberrevenuesgivesitamoredefensiveposturethanbroadcasters. Subscriptionsremaintheindustry’sprimaryrevenuesource accountingforroughly65%ofthetotalwithadvertisingmakesupthe rest.Ournear-termoutlookforcableremainstemperedby heightenedlevelsofgeopoliticalanxietiesthoughtheIraqwar’sendhas alleviatedtheirimpactonadvertisingdemand.Meanwhilecoresubscription growthcontinuestobedrivenbyrobustratesofhigh-speeddatasign-upsandby improvedprospectsfordigital-videoancillaryofferingslikevideo-on-demand andhigh-definitionTV.Webelievethatsuccessfulmedia operatorswillcontinuetoanticipateratherthanreacttotheeverchanging dynamicsofanincreasinglycompetitivemediaenvironment.Evenwithincreased regulatorysurveillanceverticallyandhorizontallyintegratedmediaoperators shouldbegintowieldincreasingcompetitiveadvantagesastheyleverage operatingefficienciesandrealizesynergiesacrossmultipledelivery platforms.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.
Text2 Standard&Poor’smaintainsa cautiousstanceoncable-TVoperatorsinthewakeofVerizon’sVZannouncement inearlyMayofaggressivepricecutsforitsdigitalsubscriberlineDSL Internet-accessservice.OuroveralloutlookfortheS&PCable& Broadcastingindexwhichalsoincludessharesofover-the-airTVandradio broadcastersisneutraltomodestlypositive.Cableoperatorshavesofar ruledoutanovertpricewaronbroadbandservices.Howeverexpecttosee near-termresponseslikeincreasedbundlingofservicesextendedfreemonths moreaggressivemarketingandpromotionsevenmodestpricecutsfromcable outfitsthatoffermultipleservicessuchasbroadbandastheydefendtheir high-growthInternet-accessBusiness.Continuedrapidgrowthin digitalcableandhigh-speeddataserviceshelpedsupporttheindustry’songoing revenuegrowth.WeatS&Parewaryofpricepressuresonthelong-termand short-termeconomicsofcable’sbroadbandbusiness.That’sespeciallytrue asanotherBabyBellSBCCommunicationsSBCisalsoundercutting cable-serviceprovidersinmanycoremarkets.Intheir traditionalbusinesssegmentU.S.cableoperatorscontinuetobenefit fromamodestreboundinadvertisingspendingfollowingasignificantdownturn duringtheeconomicslumpthatstartedin2001.Theindustryhasactually increaseditsshareoftotalU.S.adspending.Thecablesectorposted uninterruptedrevenuegrowthduringtherecentdownturnasitsgreaterreliance onsubscriberrevenuesgivesitamoredefensiveposturethanbroadcasters. Subscriptionsremaintheindustry’sprimaryrevenuesource accountingforroughly65%ofthetotalwithadvertisingmakesupthe rest.Ournear-termoutlookforcableremainstemperedby heightenedlevelsofgeopoliticalanxietiesthoughtheIraqwar’sendhas alleviatedtheirimpactonadvertisingdemand.Meanwhilecoresubscription growthcontinuestobedrivenbyrobustratesofhigh-speeddatasign-upsandby improvedprospectsfordigital-videoancillaryofferingslikevideo-on-demand andhigh-definitionTV.Webelievethatsuccessfulmedia operatorswillcontinuetoanticipateratherthanreacttotheeverchanging dynamicsofanincreasinglycompetitivemediaenvironment.Evenwithincreased regulatorysurveillanceverticallyandhorizontallyintegratedmediaoperators shouldbegintowieldincreasingcompetitiveadvantagesastheyleverage operatingefficienciesandrealizesynergiesacrossmultipledelivery platforms.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheeconomicslump______.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. WashingtonJune22--Morethanthreedecadesafterthe EndangeredSpeciesActgavethefederalgovernmenttoolsandamandateto protectanimalsinsectsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctionthelandmarklaw isfacingthemostintenseeffortseverbytheWhiteHouseCongresslandowners andindustrytolimititsreach.46Morethananytimein thelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentand indirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedinthe agenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress. InsomecasesthechallengesarebroadandsweepingaswhentheBush administrationinalegalbattleoverthebestwaytoprotectendangered salmondeclaredWesterndamstobeasmuch.apartofthelandscapeasthe riverstheycontrol.47Inotherstheactionsaredeepintherealmof regulatorybureaucracyaswhenaWhiteHouseappointeeattheInterior Departmentsoughttoinfluencescientificrecommendationsinvolvingthesage grouse松鸡abirdwhosehabitatincludesareasoflikelyoilandgas deposits.Someenvironmentalistsreadilyconcedethatthe lawhaslongoveremphasizedthestick处罚andprovidedfewercarrots奖励for privateintereststhanitmight.Butsomeofthemalsofearthatthelaw’s defectswillbeusedasajustificationforawholesale evisceration修改法案使之失去效力.There’sanalignmentoftheplanets ofpeopleagainsttheEndangeredSpeciesActinCongressintheWhiteHouseand intheagenciessaidJamieRappaportClarkexecutivevicepresidentof DefendersofWildlifealobbyinggroupbasedinWashington. 48OntheoppositesideRobertD.Thorntonalawyerfordevelopers andIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthe governmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’s abilitytousetheirownland.I’veraisedachildandsent himthroughcollegewaitingforCongresstoamendtheEndangeredSpeciesAct hesaid.ButIdothinkthatalotofforcesarejoiningnow. 49TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973setoutagoalthatpolls showisstillwidelyadmired:ensuringthatspeciesfacingextinctionbesaved androbustpopulationsberestored.Currently1264species areconsideredthreatenedorendangered.Somelikethebighornsheepofthe SouthernCaliforniamountainshaveobviouspopularappealandaconstituency whileothersliketheKretschmarrCavemoldbeetleinSouthTexasarean acquiredtaste.Butinthepast30yearslawsuitsfromallsides haveproliferated.50AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthas beendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingitto federalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingand otheractivities.Acriticalhabitatdesignation givesthefederalgovernmentnodirectauthoritytoregulateprivatelanduse butitdoesrequirefederalagenciestotaketheissueintoaccountwhenmaking regulatorydecisionsaboutprivatedevelopment.Theconflicts arebecomingsharperastheneedsofnewlyrecognizedendangeredspeciesare interferingmoreoftenwiththedemandsofexurbandevelopment.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyand thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe writtenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. WashingtonJune22--Morethanthreedecadesafterthe EndangeredSpeciesActgavethefederalgovernmenttoolsandamandateto protectanimalsinsectsandplantsthreatenedwithextinctionthelandmarklaw isfacingthemostintenseeffortseverbytheWhiteHouseCongresslandowners andindustrytolimititsreach.46Morethananytimein thelaw’s32-yearhistorytheobligationsitimposesongovernmentand indirectlyonlandownersarebeingchallengedinthecourtsreworkedinthe agenciesresponsibleforenforcingitandre-examinedinCongress. InsomecasesthechallengesarebroadandsweepingaswhentheBush administrationinalegalbattleoverthebestwaytoprotectendangered salmondeclaredWesterndamstobeasmuch.apartofthelandscapeasthe riverstheycontrol.47Inotherstheactionsaredeepintherealmof regulatorybureaucracyaswhenaWhiteHouseappointeeattheInterior Departmentsoughttoinfluencescientificrecommendationsinvolvingthesage grouse松鸡abirdwhosehabitatincludesareasoflikelyoilandgas deposits.Someenvironmentalistsreadilyconcedethatthe lawhaslongoveremphasizedthestick处罚andprovidedfewercarrots奖励for privateintereststhanitmight.Butsomeofthemalsofearthatthelaw’s defectswillbeusedasajustificationforawholesale evisceration修改法案使之失去效力.There’sanalignmentoftheplanets ofpeopleagainsttheEndangeredSpeciesActinCongressintheWhiteHouseand intheagenciessaidJamieRappaportClarkexecutivevicepresidentof DefendersofWildlifealobbyinggroupbasedinWashington. 48OntheoppositesideRobertD.Thorntonalawyerfordevelopers andIndiantribesinSouthernCaliforniahasarguedforyearsthatthe governmentgoestoofartoprotectthreatenedspeciesandcurtails剥夺people’s abilitytousetheirownland.I’veraisedachildandsent himthroughcollegewaitingforCongresstoamendtheEndangeredSpeciesAct hesaid.ButIdothinkthatalotofforcesarejoiningnow. 49TheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973setoutagoalthatpolls showisstillwidelyadmired:ensuringthatspeciesfacingextinctionbesaved androbustpopulationsberestored.Currently1264species areconsideredthreatenedorendangered.Somelikethebighornsheepofthe SouthernCaliforniamountainshaveobviouspopularappealandaconstituency whileothersliketheKretschmarrCavemoldbeetleinSouthTexasarean acquiredtaste.Butinthepast30yearslawsuitsfromallsides haveproliferated.50AndmoreprivatelandparticularlyintheWesthas beendesignatedcriticalhabitatforspeciespotentiallysubjectingitto federalcontrolsthatcouldlimitconstructionloggingfishingand otheractivities.Acriticalhabitatdesignation givesthefederalgovernmentnodirectauthoritytoregulateprivatelanduse butitdoesrequirefederalagenciestotaketheissueintoaccountwhenmaking regulatorydecisionsaboutprivatedevelopment.Theconflicts arebecomingsharperastheneedsofnewlyrecognizedendangeredspeciesare interferingmoreoftenwiththedemandsofexurbandevelopment.
Text4 TheNetsuccessofLazySunday representsadefiningmomentforthefilmandtelevisionbusiness.Advancesin digitalvideoandbroadbandhavevastlyloweredthecostofproductionand distribution.Filmmakersarenowfollowingthepathblazedbybloggersand musicianscheaplycreatinganduploadingtheirworktotheWeb.Ifitappeals toanyoftheNet’snichesmillionsofuserswillpassalongtheirfilms throughe-maildownloadsorlinks.It’sthedawnofthedemocratizationofthe TVandfilmbusiness--evenunknownpersonalitiesarebeingpropelledbythe enthusiasmoftheirfansintopop-cultureprominencesometimeswithouteven traditionalintermediariesliketalentagentsorfilmfestivals. Thisislikebypasssurgery’saysDanHarmonafilmmakerwhosemonthly L.A.-basedfilmclubandWebsiteChannel101letsmemberssubmitshort videossuchastherecent70s’musicmockumentaryYachtRockandvoteon whichtheylikebest.Finallywehaveanewgoldenagewheretheartisthasa directconnectiontotheaudience;ThedirectorsbehindLazy Sundayembodythephenomenon.Whentheshaggy-hairedSamberg27graduated fromNYUFilmSchoolin2001hefacedtheconventionalchallengeorcrashing thegatesOfHollywood.WithhistwochildhoodfriendsAkivaSchafferandJorma Tacconehecameupwithanunconventionalsolution:theystartedrecording musicparodiesandcomicvideosandpostingthemtotheirWebsite TheLonelyisland.com.Thematerialgottheattentionof producersattheoldABCsitcomSpinCitywhereSambergandTacconeworkedas low-levelassistants;theproducerssentacompilationtoatalentagency.The friendsgotanagentmadeacoupleofpilotTVsketchshowsforComedyCentral andFoxfeaturingthemselveshammingitupinnearlyalltherolesandwrote jokesfortheMTVMovieAwards.Evenwhenthenetworkspassedontheirpilots Sambergandhisfriendssimplypostedtheepisodesonlineandtheirfanbase--at 40000uniquevisitorsamonthearlierthisyear--grewlarger.LastAugust SambergjoinedtheSNLcastandSchafferandTacconebecamewriters.Nowthey shareanofficeinRockefellerCenterandarealittletoocuteforeveryone SambergsaysWearefriendslivingourdream.Shortfunny videoslikeLazySundayhappentotranslateonlinebutnoteverythingworks aswell.Bite-sizefilmsaremorepracticalthanlongerones;comedyplays betterthandrama.Butalmosteverythingisworthtryingsincethetools tocreateandpostvideoarenowsocheapandadhocaudiencescanformaround anysensibilityhowevereccentric.Itisimpliedinthetextthat______.
Text4 TheNetsuccessofLazySunday representsadefiningmomentforthefilmandtelevisionbusiness.Advancesin digitalvideoandbroadbandhavevastlyloweredthecostofproductionand distribution.Filmmakersarenowfollowingthepathblazedbybloggersand musicianscheaplycreatinganduploadingtheirworktotheWeb.Ifitappeals toanyoftheNet’snichesmillionsofuserswillpassalongtheirfilms throughe-maildownloadsorlinks.It’sthedawnofthedemocratizationofthe TVandfilmbusiness--evenunknownpersonalitiesarebeingpropelledbythe enthusiasmoftheirfansintopop-cultureprominencesometimeswithouteven traditionalintermediariesliketalentagentsorfilmfestivals. Thisislikebypasssurgery’saysDanHarmonafilmmakerwhosemonthly L.A.-basedfilmclubandWebsiteChannel101letsmemberssubmitshort videossuchastherecent70s’musicmockumentaryYachtRockandvoteon whichtheylikebest.Finallywehaveanewgoldenagewheretheartisthasa directconnectiontotheaudience;ThedirectorsbehindLazy Sundayembodythephenomenon.Whentheshaggy-hairedSamberg27graduated fromNYUFilmSchoolin2001hefacedtheconventionalchallengeorcrashing thegatesOfHollywood.WithhistwochildhoodfriendsAkivaSchafferandJorma Tacconehecameupwithanunconventionalsolution:theystartedrecording musicparodiesandcomicvideosandpostingthemtotheirWebsite TheLonelyisland.com.Thematerialgottheattentionof producersattheoldABCsitcomSpinCitywhereSambergandTacconeworkedas low-levelassistants;theproducerssentacompilationtoatalentagency.The friendsgotanagentmadeacoupleofpilotTVsketchshowsforComedyCentral andFoxfeaturingthemselveshammingitupinnearlyalltherolesandwrote jokesfortheMTVMovieAwards.Evenwhenthenetworkspassedontheirpilots Sambergandhisfriendssimplypostedtheepisodesonlineandtheirfanbase--at 40000uniquevisitorsamonthearlierthisyear--grewlarger.LastAugust SambergjoinedtheSNLcastandSchafferandTacconebecamewriters.Nowthey shareanofficeinRockefellerCenterandarealittletoocuteforeveryone SambergsaysWearefriendslivingourdream.Shortfunny videoslikeLazySundayhappentotranslateonlinebutnoteverythingworks aswell.Bite-sizefilmsaremorepracticalthanlongerones;comedyplays betterthandrama.Butalmosteverythingisworthtryingsincethetools tocreateandpostvideoarenowsocheapandadhocaudiencescanformaround anysensibilityhowevereccentric.WhichofthefollowingcontributedmosttotheNetsuccessofLazySunday
Text3 Thislineofinquirydidnotbegin untilearlierthismonth--morethanthreemonthsaftertheaccident--because thereweretoomanyemotionstoomanyegossaidretiredAdm.HaroldGehman chairmanoftheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoard. TestifyingbeforetheSenateCommerceCommitteeGehmansaidthispartof hisinquiryWasinitsearlieststagesstartingjust10daysago.ButGehman saidhealreadyhasconcludeditisinconceivablethatNASAwouldhavebeen unableorunwillingtoattemptarescueforastronautsinorbitifsenior shuttlemanagersandadministratorshadknowntherewasfataldamageto Columbia’sleftwing.Gehmantoldreportersafterthehearing thatanswerstotheseimportantquestionscouldhaveenormousimpactsincethey couldplaceinadifferentcontextNASA’sdecisionsagainstmoreaggressively checkingpossiblewingdamageinthedaysbeforeColumbia’sfatal return.Investigatorsbelievebreakawayinsulatingfoamdamaged partofColumbia’swingShortlyafterliftoffallowingsuperheatedairto penetratethewingduringitsfieryre-entryonFeb.1andmeltitfromthe inside.AmongthosedecisionswasthechoicebyNASA’ssenior shuttlemanagersandadministratorstorejectoffersofsatelliteimagesof possibledamagetoColumbia’sleftwingbeforetheaccident.Thesubject dominatedtheearlypartofWednesday’shearing.Gehmancomplained thatmanagersandadministratorsmissedsignalswhentheyrejectedthose offersforimagesapointedlyharshassessmentofthespaceagency’sinaction duringthe16dayshuttlemission.Wewillattempttopinthis issuedowninourreportbuttherewereanumberofbureaucraticand administrativemissedsignalshereGehmantoldsenators.We’renotquiteso happywiththeprocess.Theinvestigativeboardalreadyhad recommendedthatNASApushforbettercoordinationbetweenthespaceagencyand militaryofficesinchargeofsatellitesandtelescopes.TheU.S.National ImageryandMappingAgencyinMarchagreedtoregularlycapturedetailed satelliteimagesofspaceshuttlesinorbit.StillGehmansaid itwasunclearwhetherevenimagesfromAmerica’smostsophisticatedspy satellitesmighthavedetectedonColumbia’swinganydamagewhichGehmansaid couldhavebeenassmallastwoinchessquare.Theprecisecapabilitiesof suchsatelliteswasasensitivetopicduringtheSenate hearing.WhatdoesthewordtheyPara.’3Line2referto
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfour texts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyour answersonAnswerSheet1.Text1 Whenyoungpeoplewhowanttobe journalistsaskmewhatsubjecttheyshouldstudyafterleavingschoolI tellthem:Anythingexceptjournalismormediastudies.Mostveteransof mytradewouldsaythesame.Itispracticaladvice.Forobvious reasonsnewspapereditorsliketoemploypeoplewhocanbringsomething otherthanaknowledgeofthemediatothepartythatwecallour work.OnTheDailyTelegraphforexamplethe editorofLondonSpyisatheologianbyacademictraining.Theobituarieseditor isaphilosopher.TheeditorofourstudentmagazineJuicestudiedphysics.As formyselfIreadhistoryancientandmodernatthetaxpayer’s expense.IamnotsurewhatCharlesClarketheEducation Secretarywouldmakeofallthis.IfIunderstandhimcorrectlyhewouldthink thatthepublicmoneyspentonteachingthishugerangeofdisciplinestothe staffofTheDailyTelegraphwasprettymuchwasted.Theonlyacademic courseofwhichhewouldwholeheartedlyapproveinthelistabovewouldbe physics-butthenagainhewouldprobablythinkitaterriblewastethatSimon HoggchosetoeditJuiceinsteadofdesigningaeroplanesorbuildingnuclear reactors.Bythatheseemstomeanthateverythingtaughtatthepublic expenseshouldhaveadirectpracticalapplicationthatwillbenefitsociety andtheeconomy.Itisextremelyalarmingthatthemanincharge ofBritain’seducationsystemshouldthinkinthisnarrow-mindedhalf-witted way.Thetruthofcourseisthatallacademicdisciplinesbenefitsocietyand theeconomywhetherinadirectandobviouswayornot.Theyteach studentstothink--toprocessinformationandtodistinguishbetweenwhatis importantandunimportanttrueanduntrue.Aboveallacountryinwhich academicresearchandintelligentideasareallowedtoflourishisclearlya muchmoreinterestingstimulatingandenjoyableplacethanonewithout ornamentsinwhichmoneyandusefulnessareallthatcount. Mr.Clarkecertainlyhasapointwhenhesaysthatmuchofwhatistaught inBritain’suniversitiesisuseless.Butitisuselessforafarmore seriousreasonthanthatitlacksanyobviouseconomicutility.Asthe extraordinarilyhighdrop-outratetestifiesitisuselessbecauseitfailsthe firsttestofuniversityteaching---thatitshouldstimulatetheinterestof thosebeingtaught.Whenstudentsthemselvesthinkthattheircoursesarea wasteoftimeandmoneythenawastetheyare.Theansweris nottocutoffstatefundingforthehumanities.Itistooffershortno nonsensevocationalcoursestothosewhowanttolearnatradeandreserve universityplacesforthosewhowanttopursueanacademicdiscipline.Bythis meansagreatdealofwastedmoneycouldbesavedandallstudentsthe academicandthenoso-academic--wouldbenefit.WhatMr.ClarkeSeemstobe proposinginsteadisanactofculturalvandalismthatwouldrobBritainofall claimtobecalledacivilisedcountry.CharlesClarkeasdescribedinthepassagewouldprobablyagreethat______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Text2 Standard&Poor’smaintainsa cautiousstanceoncable-TVoperatorsinthewakeofVerizon’sVZannouncement inearlyMayofaggressivepricecutsforitsdigitalsubscriberlineDSL Internet-accessservice.OuroveralloutlookfortheS&PCable& Broadcastingindexwhichalsoincludessharesofover-the-airTVandradio broadcastersisneutraltomodestlypositive.Cableoperatorshavesofar ruledoutanovertpricewaronbroadbandservices.Howeverexpecttosee near-termresponseslikeincreasedbundlingofservicesextendedfreemonths moreaggressivemarketingandpromotionsevenmodestpricecutsfromcable outfitsthatoffermultipleservicessuchasbroadbandastheydefendtheir high-growthInternet-accessBusiness.Continuedrapidgrowthin digitalcableandhigh-speeddataserviceshelpedsupporttheindustry’songoing revenuegrowth.WeatS&Parewaryofpricepressuresonthelong-termand short-termeconomicsofcable’sbroadbandbusiness.That’sespeciallytrue asanotherBabyBellSBCCommunicationsSBCisalsoundercutting cable-serviceprovidersinmanycoremarkets.Intheir traditionalbusinesssegmentU.S.cableoperatorscontinuetobenefit fromamodestreboundinadvertisingspendingfollowingasignificantdownturn duringtheeconomicslumpthatstartedin2001.Theindustryhasactually increaseditsshareoftotalU.S.adspending.Thecablesectorposted uninterruptedrevenuegrowthduringtherecentdownturnasitsgreaterreliance onsubscriberrevenuesgivesitamoredefensiveposturethanbroadcasters. Subscriptionsremaintheindustry’sprimaryrevenuesource accountingforroughly65%ofthetotalwithadvertisingmakesupthe rest.Ournear-termoutlookforcableremainstemperedby heightenedlevelsofgeopoliticalanxietiesthoughtheIraqwar’sendhas alleviatedtheirimpactonadvertisingdemand.Meanwhilecoresubscription growthcontinuestobedrivenbyrobustratesofhigh-speeddatasign-upsandby improvedprospectsfordigital-videoancillaryofferingslikevideo-on-demand andhigh-definitionTV.Webelievethatsuccessfulmedia operatorswillcontinuetoanticipateratherthanreacttotheeverchanging dynamicsofanincreasinglycompetitivemediaenvironment.Evenwithincreased regulatorysurveillanceverticallyandhorizontallyintegratedmediaoperators shouldbegintowieldincreasingcompetitiveadvantagesastheyleverage operatingefficienciesandrealizesynergiesacrossmultipledelivery platforms.FromthefirstparagraphwecanseethatVerizon’sannouncementofpricecuts______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andatextaboutnetworketiquette.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe listA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphs ofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’t needtouse.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemost intensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanis apparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficiently intelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfor differentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbe usedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicture languageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhis cavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch. 42______Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawn ofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthe humanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed. 43______44______Theseinventionsand discoveries—firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B. C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyears agotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislong periodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthe beliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcoursean immenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstithadbeenconfined totheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendofthe periodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.I donotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime. 45______A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsideby side.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsingle factorinthedevelopmentofman.B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvance waswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoon asithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.C. Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesat thattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithone another.D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganvery gradually.E.Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsof verygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneither ofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeech andwritingandagriculture.F.Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhich naturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolent resistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailed intheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.G.Butindustrywas astepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable untilourownmachineage.
Directions: YouarerequiredtowriteamemorandumonbehalfoftheStudents’Unionencouragingallthestudentsandteachersonyourcampustomakedonationsforpeopleinfloodedregionsofourcountry.Inyourwritingyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1difficultiesconfrontingpeopleinfloodedareas 2appealstothereadersand 3timeandplacetocollectthedonations. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.
Text3 Thislineofinquirydidnotbegin untilearlierthismonth--morethanthreemonthsaftertheaccident--because thereweretoomanyemotionstoomanyegossaidretiredAdm.HaroldGehman chairmanoftheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoard. TestifyingbeforetheSenateCommerceCommitteeGehmansaidthispartof hisinquiryWasinitsearlieststagesstartingjust10daysago.ButGehman saidhealreadyhasconcludeditisinconceivablethatNASAwouldhavebeen unableorunwillingtoattemptarescueforastronautsinorbitifsenior shuttlemanagersandadministratorshadknowntherewasfataldamageto Columbia’sleftwing.Gehmantoldreportersafterthehearing thatanswerstotheseimportantquestionscouldhaveenormousimpactsincethey couldplaceinadifferentcontextNASA’sdecisionsagainstmoreaggressively checkingpossiblewingdamageinthedaysbeforeColumbia’sfatal return.Investigatorsbelievebreakawayinsulatingfoamdamaged partofColumbia’swingShortlyafterliftoffallowingsuperheatedairto penetratethewingduringitsfieryre-entryonFeb.1andmeltitfromthe inside.AmongthosedecisionswasthechoicebyNASA’ssenior shuttlemanagersandadministratorstorejectoffersofsatelliteimagesof possibledamagetoColumbia’sleftwingbeforetheaccident.Thesubject dominatedtheearlypartofWednesday’shearing.Gehmancomplained thatmanagersandadministratorsmissedsignalswhentheyrejectedthose offersforimagesapointedlyharshassessmentofthespaceagency’sinaction duringthe16dayshuttlemission.Wewillattempttopinthis issuedowninourreportbuttherewereanumberofbureaucraticand administrativemissedsignalshereGehmantoldsenators.We’renotquiteso happywiththeprocess.Theinvestigativeboardalreadyhad recommendedthatNASApushforbettercoordinationbetweenthespaceagencyand militaryofficesinchargeofsatellitesandtelescopes.TheU.S.National ImageryandMappingAgencyinMarchagreedtoregularlycapturedetailed satelliteimagesofspaceshuttlesinorbit.StillGehmansaid itwasunclearwhetherevenimagesfromAmerica’smostsophisticatedspy satellitesmighthavedetectedonColumbia’swinganydamagewhichGehmansaid couldhavebeenassmallastwoinchessquare.Theprecisecapabilitiesof suchsatelliteswasasensitivetopicduringtheSenate hearing.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe______.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebest wordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1. GregFockerplayedbyBenStiller representsagenerationofAmericankids1inthe1980son thephilosophythatanyachievementhoweverslight2a ribbon.3replacedpunishment;criticismbecameadirty word.InTexasteacherswereadvisedto4usingred inkthecolourof5.InCaliforniaataskforcewasset upto6theconceptofselfworthintotheeducation system.Swathingyoungstersina7shieldofself-esteem wentthephilosophywouldprotectthemfromthenastythingsinlifesuchas badschoolgradesunderagesexdrugabusedead-endjobsand criminality.8thattheninth-place ribbonsareindangerofstranglingthe9childrenthey weresupposedtohelp.America’s10withself-esteem--like alldevelopmentsinpsychologyitgradually11itswayto Britain--hasturnedchildrenwhowere12with13 intoadultswho14ateventhemildestbrickbats. Manybelievethatthefeel-goodculturehasrisenatthe15 oftraditionaleducationanopinionespousedinanewbook DumbingDownOurKids:WhyAmericanChildrenFeelGoodAboutThemselves ButCan’tReadWriteorAddbytheconservativecommentatorCharles Sykes.Notonlythatbutthefoundations16 whichtheself-esteemindustryisbuiltarebeing17 asdecidedlyshaky.RoyBaumeisterprofessorofpsychologyatFlorida StateUniversityandonceaself-esteementhusiastisnow 18arevisionofthepopulistorthodoxy.Afterall theseyearsI’msorrytosaymyrecommendationisthis:forgetabout self-esteemand19moreonself-controland self-dlsciplinehewroterecently.Recentworksuggeststhiswouldbe goodfortheindividualandgoodforsociety--andmightevenbeableto 20someofthosepromisesthatself-esteemoncemadebutcould notkeep.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andatextaboutnetworketiquette.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthe listA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphs ofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’t needtouse.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemost intensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanis apparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficiently intelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfor differentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbe usedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicture languageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhis cavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch. 42______Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawn ofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthe humanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed. 43______44______Theseinventionsand discoveries—firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B. C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyears agotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislong periodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthe beliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcoursean immenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstithadbeenconfined totheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendofthe periodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.I donotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime. 45______A.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsideby side.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsingle factorinthedevelopmentofman.B.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvance waswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoon asithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.C. Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesat thattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithone another.D.Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganvery gradually.E.Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsof verygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneither ofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeech andwritingandagriculture.F.Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhich naturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolent resistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailed intheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.G.Butindustrywas astepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable untilourownmachineage.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

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