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EveryspringmigratingsalmonreturntoBritishColumbia’sriverstospawn.Andeveryspringnewreportsdetailfreshdisastersthatbefallthem.Thisyearisnodifferent;ThefisheriescommitteeofCanada’sHouseofCommonsandaformerchiefjusticeofBritishColumbiaBryanWilliamshavejust.examinedseparatelywhy1.3msockeyesalmonmysteriouslydisappearedfromthefamedFraserriverfisheryin2004.TheirconclusionspointtoapoliticallyexplosiveconflictbetweenthesurvivalofsalmonandtherightsofFirstNationsasCanadianscallIndians.In2004onlyabout524000salmonarethoughttohavereturnedtothespawninggroundsbarelymorethanaquarterthenumberwhomadeitfouryearsearlier.Highwatertemperaturesmayhavekilledmany.TheHouseofCommonsalsolambastedthefederalDepartmentofFisheriesandOceansDFOforpoorscientificdataandforfailingtoenforcecatchlevels.Foursimilarreportssince1992havecalledforthedepartment’sreform.Invain:itsseniorofficialsareindenialaboutitsfailingssaidthecommittee.MrWilliams’reportaddedamoreshockingtwist.HeconcludedthatillegalfishingontheFraserriverisrampantandoutofcontrolwithno-gozoneswherefisheriesofficersare’toldnottoconfrontIndianpoachersforfearofviolence.ThejudgecomplainedthattheDFOwithheldareportbyoneofitsinvestigatorswhichdetailedextensivepoachingandsaleofsalmonbymembersoftheCheamFirstNationsomeofwhomwerearmed.SomeFirstNationsclaimanunrestrictedrighttofishandselltheircatch.Canada’sconstitutionacknowledgestheaboriginalrighttofishforfoodandforsocialandceremonialneedsbutnotageneralcommercialright.OntheFraserhowevertheDFOhasgrantedIndiansaspecialcommercialfishery.Tosome.Indianseventhatisnotenough.BothreportscalledformorefundsfortheDFOtoimprovedatacollectionandenforcement.TheyalsorecommendedreturningtoasinglelegalregimeforcommercialfishingapplyingtoallCanadians.OnApril14thGeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerrespondedtotwopreviousreportsfromayearago.OnefromaFirstNationsgroupsuggestedgivingnativesarisingshareofthecatch.Theotherproposedanewquotasystemforfishinglicencesandtheconclusionoflong-standingtalksontreatiesincludingfishingrightswithFirstNations.MrRegansaidhisdepartmentwouldspendthisyearconsultingstakeholdersnativescommercialandsportfishermen.ItwillalsolaunchpilotprojectsaimedatimprovingconservationenforcementandFirstNations’accesstofisheries.GeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerismostprobablygoingto______.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Asia’srealboat-rockerisagrowingChinanotJapanaseniorAmericaneconomistobserved.Thereissomuchnoisesurroundingandemanatingfromthe’world’smiracleeconomythatitisbecomingcacophonous.InWashingtonDCthelatestideaisthatChinaisbecomingtoosuccessfulperhapsevendangerouslyso:whileCapitolHillresoundswithcomplaintsoftradesurplusesandcurrencymanipulationthePentagonandsundrythink-tanksechotoanewdrumbeatofanalystsworryingaboutChina’s12.6%annumriseinmilitaryspendingandaboutwhetheritmightsoonhavetheabilitytotakepre-emptivemilitaryactiontoforceTaiwantorejoinit.SoitmaybenocoincidencethatforthreeconsecutiveweekendsthestreetsofbigChinesecitieshavebeenfilledwiththesoundsofdemonstratorsmarchingandrocksbeingthrownallseekingtosendadifferentmessage:thatJapanistheprobleminAsianotChinabecauseofitswantonfailuretofaceuptoitshistory;andthatbycosyinguptoJapaninsecuritymattersAmericaisallyingwithAsia’spariah.Deafnessisnottheonlyriskfromallthisnoise.ThepressuretowardsprotectionisminWashingtonisstrongandcouldputinfurtherdangernotonlytradewithChinabutalsothewiderclimatefortradeliberalizationintheD0haroundoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTO.SofarwordshavebeenthemainweaponsusedbetweenChinaandJapanbutthereisachancethatnationalismineitherorbothcountriescouldleadthegovernmentstostrikeconfrontationalposesovertheirterritorialdisputesintheseasthatdividethemeveninvolvingtheirnavies.AndthemorethatnationalistpositionsbecomeentrenchedinbothcountriesbutespeciallyChinathemorethatstreetprotestscouldbecomestirredupperhapstowardsmoreviolence.ArevaluationoftheyuanasdemandedinCongresswouldnotre-balancetradebetweenAmericaandChinathoughitmighthelpalittleinduecourse.AsincereapologybyJapanforitswartimeatrocitiesmightalsohelpalittlebutitwouldnotsuddenlyturnAsia’snaturalgreat-powerrivalsintobosom’buddies.Alltheseissuesarecomplexonesandasisoftenthecaseintradeandin.historicaldisputesfindingsolutionsislikelytobefarfromsimple.FromthefirstparagraphwemayseethatAmerica’sattitudetowardsChina’ssuccessis______.
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 7
EveryspringmigratingsalmonreturntoBritishColumbia’sriverstospawn.Andeveryspringnewreportsdetailfreshdisastersthatbefallthem.Thisyearisnodifferent;ThefisheriescommitteeofCanada’sHouseofCommonsandaformerchiefjusticeofBritishColumbiaBryanWilliamshavejust.examinedseparatelywhy1.3msockeyesalmonmysteriouslydisappearedfromthefamedFraserriverfisheryin2004.TheirconclusionspointtoapoliticallyexplosiveconflictbetweenthesurvivalofsalmonandtherightsofFirstNationsasCanadianscallIndians.In2004onlyabout524000salmonarethoughttohavereturnedtothespawninggroundsbarelymorethanaquarterthenumberwhomadeitfouryearsearlier.Highwatertemperaturesmayhavekilledmany.TheHouseofCommonsalsolambastedthefederalDepartmentofFisheriesandOceansDFOforpoorscientificdataandforfailingtoenforcecatchlevels.Foursimilarreportssince1992havecalledforthedepartment’sreform.Invain:itsseniorofficialsareindenialaboutitsfailingssaidthecommittee.MrWilliams’reportaddedamoreshockingtwist.HeconcludedthatillegalfishingontheFraserriverisrampantandoutofcontrolwithno-gozoneswherefisheriesofficersare’toldnottoconfrontIndianpoachersforfearofviolence.ThejudgecomplainedthattheDFOwithheldareportbyoneofitsinvestigatorswhichdetailedextensivepoachingandsaleofsalmonbymembersoftheCheamFirstNationsomeofwhomwerearmed.SomeFirstNationsclaimanunrestrictedrighttofishandselltheircatch.Canada’sconstitutionacknowledgestheaboriginalrighttofishforfoodandforsocialandceremonialneedsbutnotageneralcommercialright.OntheFraserhowevertheDFOhasgrantedIndiansaspecialcommercialfishery.Tosome.Indianseventhatisnotenough.BothreportscalledformorefundsfortheDFOtoimprovedatacollectionandenforcement.TheyalsorecommendedreturningtoasinglelegalregimeforcommercialfishingapplyingtoallCanadians.OnApril14thGeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerrespondedtotwopreviousreportsfromayearago.OnefromaFirstNationsgroupsuggestedgivingnativesarisingshareofthecatch.Theotherproposedanewquotasystemforfishinglicencesandtheconclusionoflong-standingtalksontreatiesincludingfishingrightswithFirstNations.MrRegansaidhisdepartmentwouldspendthisyearconsultingstakeholdersnativescommercialandsportfishermen.ItwillalsolaunchpilotprojectsaimedatimprovingconservationenforcementandFirstNations’accesstofisheries.ThenumberofsalmoneveryspringinBritishColumbia’sriversfouryearsearlieris______.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 9
Pricesaresky-highwithprofitstomatch.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysanexpertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoilandevencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.ThatwasthegloomyforecastdeliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacotohundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.ThefollowingmonthVenezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworldshouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofaneweraofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailedscepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessinwhichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.EvensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoiningMessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewpricefloorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosignsthathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburstquitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:whydidtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomakemattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoilprice:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferentprices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftworeferencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI.ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudeswhichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.AlloilpricesmentionedinthissurveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesisonlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.AlthoughatfirstsightBigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywillarguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththeriseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoilreserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhicharerapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentstodealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Togetherthesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoilmajors.AccordingtothepassageWestTexasIntermediatePar
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 3
Pricesaresky-highwithprofitstomatch.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysanexpertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoilandevencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.ThatwasthegloomyforecastdeliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacotohundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.ThefollowingmonthVenezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworldshouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofaneweraofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailedscepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessinwhichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.EvensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoiningMessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewpricefloorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosignsthathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburstquitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:whydidtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomakemattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoilprice:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferentprices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftworeferencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI.ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudeswhichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.AlloilpricesmentionedinthissurveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesisonlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.AlthoughatfirstsightBigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywillarguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththeriseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoilreserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhicharerapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentstodealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Togetherthesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoilmajors.DaveO’ReillyandHugoChavezbehavethat______.
Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimesofcoursethe"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysoundthenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview. 41___________________.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpretedwhenitwasfirstpublishedin2000asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowingandinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedaminigenreoftrendstoriesallpeopledbypaleexhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschoolchildren12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.42___________________. SowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwiseOneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981forinstanceone-thirdof6-to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90’s.43___________________. Sincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay--weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoonsevenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoingintheabsenceofhomeworkiswatchingTV-homeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavy-handedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood. 44___________________.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausetheyortheirparentsaresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesaculturalalmost a.moralidealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballetandsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.45___________________.A.Moreover20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades.B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnotinfactsignificantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades.C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheanti-homeworkbacklashinotherwordsistherealityofsocialclass.D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparentsoversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteacherscounselorsandintimecollegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive.E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnew-in1901forexampleCaliforniapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheight-buttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeoplewhichistosayelites.F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchildtheearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload.G.ButthebiggeranswerIsuspectisthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepressatschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroupstheparentswithelaborateddevelopmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculumsareparentswhosechildrenreallyareexperiencingatimecrunc 43
Asia’srealboat-rockerisagrowingChinanotJapanaseniorAmericaneconomistobserved.Thereissomuchnoisesurroundingandemanatingfromthe’world’smiracleeconomythatitisbecomingcacophonous.InWashingtonDCthelatestideaisthatChinaisbecomingtoosuccessfulperhapsevendangerouslyso:whileCapitolHillresoundswithcomplaintsoftradesurplusesandcurrencymanipulationthePentagonandsundrythink-tanksechotoanewdrumbeatofanalystsworryingaboutChina’s12.6%annumriseinmilitaryspendingandaboutwhetheritmightsoonhavetheabilitytotakepre-emptivemilitaryactiontoforceTaiwantorejoinit.SoitmaybenocoincidencethatforthreeconsecutiveweekendsthestreetsofbigChinesecitieshavebeenfilledwiththesoundsofdemonstratorsmarchingandrocksbeingthrownallseekingtosendadifferentmessage:thatJapanistheprobleminAsianotChinabecauseofitswantonfailuretofaceuptoitshistory;andthatbycosyinguptoJapaninsecuritymattersAmericaisallyingwithAsia’spariah.Deafnessisnottheonlyriskfromallthisnoise.ThepressuretowardsprotectionisminWashingtonisstrongandcouldputinfurtherdangernotonlytradewithChinabutalsothewiderclimatefortradeliberalizationintheD0haroundoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTO.SofarwordshavebeenthemainweaponsusedbetweenChinaandJapanbutthereisachancethatnationalismineitherorbothcountriescouldleadthegovernmentstostrikeconfrontationalposesovertheirterritorialdisputesintheseasthatdividethemeveninvolvingtheirnavies.AndthemorethatnationalistpositionsbecomeentrenchedinbothcountriesbutespeciallyChinathemorethatstreetprotestscouldbecomestirredupperhapstowardsmoreviolence.ArevaluationoftheyuanasdemandedinCongresswouldnotre-balancetradebetweenAmericaandChinathoughitmighthelpalittleinduecourse.AsincereapologybyJapanforitswartimeatrocitiesmightalsohelpalittlebutitwouldnotsuddenlyturnAsia’snaturalgreat-powerrivalsintobosom’buddies.Alltheseissuesarecomplexonesandasisoftenthecaseintradeandin.historicaldisputesfindingsolutionsislikelytobefarfromsimple.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsAsianmatters
Directions:Yourareaskedtowritearecommendationforastudent.Pleasegiveyoursuggestionsandexpressyouropinionsclearlyabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.
Directions:YouarearesidentlivinginanurbandistrictWritealettertothedirectorwhoisinchargeoftheestatemanagementcomplainingthatsomepeoplelettheirdogsruninthelawncaulkingdangerandnoisetothedwellersintheneighborhoocLAskhimtohelpstoppingthispractice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginsteadYoudonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. 47
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 5
Thetermauthorityreferstotherightsinherentinamanagerialpositiontogiveordersandexpecttheorderstobefollowed.Authoritywasamajorconceptfortheclassicalmanagementwriters;they1itasthegluethatheldanorganizationtogether.Itwastobedelegated2tosubordinatemanagers3themcertainrightswhileprovidingcertainspecifiedlimits4whichtooperate.Eachmanagementpositionhascertainrightsthatthepositionholder5justbemusetheyholdthatposition.Authority6toone’spositionwithinanorganizationandignoresthepersonal7oftheindividualmanager.Ithasnothingdirectly8theindividual9flowsfromthepositionthattheindividualholds.Whenaperson10apositionofauthorityheorshenolongerhasanyauthority.Theauthorityremainswiththepositionand11newholder.Whenmanagersdelegateauthoritycommensurateresponsibilitymustbegiven12.Thatiswhenoneisgiventherighttodosomethingonealso13acorrespondingobligationto14.Allocatingauthority15responsibilitycancreate16forapersonandnooneshouldbe17responsibleforsomething18whichheorshehasnoauthority.Classicalwritersrecognizedthe19ofequatingauthorityandresponsibility.In20theystatedthatonlyauthoritycouldbedelegated.Theysupportedthiscontentionbynotingthatthedelegatewasheldresponsiblefortheactionsofthepeopletowhomworkhadbeendelegated.
Asia’srealboat-rockerisagrowingChinanotJapanaseniorAmericaneconomistobserved.Thereissomuchnoisesurroundingandemanatingfromthe’world’smiracleeconomythatitisbecomingcacophonous.InWashingtonDCthelatestideaisthatChinaisbecomingtoosuccessfulperhapsevendangerouslyso:whileCapitolHillresoundswithcomplaintsoftradesurplusesandcurrencymanipulationthePentagonandsundrythink-tanksechotoanewdrumbeatofanalystsworryingaboutChina’s12.6%annumriseinmilitaryspendingandaboutwhetheritmightsoonhavetheabilitytotakepre-emptivemilitaryactiontoforceTaiwantorejoinit.SoitmaybenocoincidencethatforthreeconsecutiveweekendsthestreetsofbigChinesecitieshavebeenfilledwiththesoundsofdemonstratorsmarchingandrocksbeingthrownallseekingtosendadifferentmessage:thatJapanistheprobleminAsianotChinabecauseofitswantonfailuretofaceuptoitshistory;andthatbycosyinguptoJapaninsecuritymattersAmericaisallyingwithAsia’spariah.Deafnessisnottheonlyriskfromallthisnoise.ThepressuretowardsprotectionisminWashingtonisstrongandcouldputinfurtherdangernotonlytradewithChinabutalsothewiderclimatefortradeliberalizationintheD0haroundoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTO.SofarwordshavebeenthemainweaponsusedbetweenChinaandJapanbutthereisachancethatnationalismineitherorbothcountriescouldleadthegovernmentstostrikeconfrontationalposesovertheirterritorialdisputesintheseasthatdividethemeveninvolvingtheirnavies.AndthemorethatnationalistpositionsbecomeentrenchedinbothcountriesbutespeciallyChinathemorethatstreetprotestscouldbecomestirredupperhapstowardsmoreviolence.ArevaluationoftheyuanasdemandedinCongresswouldnotre-balancetradebetweenAmericaandChinathoughitmighthelpalittleinduecourse.AsincereapologybyJapanforitswartimeatrocitiesmightalsohelpalittlebutitwouldnotsuddenlyturnAsia’snaturalgreat-powerrivalsintobosom’buddies.Alltheseissuesarecomplexonesandasisoftenthecaseintradeandin.historicaldisputesfindingsolutionsislikelytobefarfromsimple.WhatisthereasonforthedemonstrationsinthestreetsofbigChinesecities
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. 49
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 1
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 17
Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimesofcoursethe"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysoundthenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview. 41___________________.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpretedwhenitwasfirstpublishedin2000asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowingandinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedaminigenreoftrendstoriesallpeopledbypaleexhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschoolchildren12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.42___________________. SowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwiseOneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981forinstanceone-thirdof6-to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90’s.43___________________. Sincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay--weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoonsevenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoingintheabsenceofhomeworkiswatchingTV-homeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavy-handedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood. 44___________________.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausetheyortheirparentsaresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesaculturalalmost a.moralidealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballetandsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.45___________________.A.Moreover20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades.B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnotinfactsignificantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades.C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheanti-homeworkbacklashinotherwordsistherealityofsocialclass.D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparentsoversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteacherscounselorsandintimecollegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive.E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnew-in1901forexampleCaliforniapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheight-buttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeoplewhichistosayelites.F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchildtheearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload.G.ButthebiggeranswerIsuspectisthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepressatschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroupstheparentswithelaborateddevelopmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculumsareparentswhosechildrenreallyareexperiencingatimecrunc 41
IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’s.celebritybosses.AIG’sMauriceGreenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackedforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CarlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorldComcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges.Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewooisasisofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance.AttheveryleastthebeardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingbeardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment-andinparticularofcriminalprosecutorsinholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmaynotbeknownforyears.EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergeticlawenforcementapproach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifsomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:ThehourcedeamongCEOsdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Ser-regulationwasacompletefailure.AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscriticsletalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm.Fromthepassagewegettoknowthat______.
IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’s.celebritybosses.AIG’sMauriceGreenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackedforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CarlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorldComcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges.Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewooisasisofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance.AttheveryleastthebeardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingbeardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment-andinparticularofcriminalprosecutorsinholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmaynotbeknownforyears.EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergeticlawenforcementapproach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifsomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:ThehourcedeamongCEOsdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Ser-regulationwasacompletefailure.AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscriticsletalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm.WhatdoestheauthormeanbyamixedblessingLine6Par
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 19
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 15
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 13
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. 11
Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimesofcoursethe"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysoundthenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview. 41___________________.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpretedwhenitwasfirstpublishedin2000asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowingandinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedaminigenreoftrendstoriesallpeopledbypaleexhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschoolchildren12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.42___________________. SowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwiseOneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981forinstanceone-thirdof6-to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90’s.43___________________. Sincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay--weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoonsevenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoingintheabsenceofhomeworkiswatchingTV-homeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavy-handedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood. 44___________________.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausetheyortheirparentsaresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesaculturalalmost a.moralidealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballetandsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.45___________________.A.Moreover20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades.B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnotinfactsignificantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades.C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheanti-homeworkbacklashinotherwordsistherealityofsocialclass.D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparentsoversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteacherscounselorsandintimecollegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive.E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnew-in1901forexampleCaliforniapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheight-buttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeoplewhichistosayelites.F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchildtheearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload.G.ButthebiggeranswerIsuspectisthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepressatschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroupstheparentswithelaborateddevelopmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculumsareparentswhosechildrenreallyareexperiencingatimecrunc 45
Pricesaresky-highwithprofitstomatch.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysanexpertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoilandevencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.ThatwasthegloomyforecastdeliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacotohundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.ThefollowingmonthVenezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworldshouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofaneweraofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailedscepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessinwhichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.EvensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoiningMessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewpricefloorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosignsthathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburstquitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:whydidtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomakemattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoilprice:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferentprices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftworeferencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI.ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudeswhichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.AlloilpricesmentionedinthissurveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesisonlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.AlthoughatfirstsightBigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywillarguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththeriseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoilreserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhicharerapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentstodealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Togetherthesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoilmajors.Whatisthetoneofthepassage
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