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Eric Hansen writes about travel as a participating enthusiast rather than a mere ob server. (46) ...
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EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenth
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Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent.
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuehanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.ThewordderangedPara.1denotes
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional＄2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to＄274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof＄43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Whatistheattitudeofthegovernmenttowardsthecurrentsituationinwhichcommercialbanksarecaught
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional＄2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to＄274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof＄43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Accordingtothetextwhatsurprisesthewriteristhatcommercialbanksfailto
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
1ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 3 41.______________ 4KnowingthiswasspursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 5 42.______________ 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 7 43.______________ 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 10 44.______________ 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow”theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 13 45.______________ [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuirjokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 45
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Theauthorassertsthatremedyingtheearthatmospherewilldependuponothermeasuresthan
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Towardsthesolutiontotheworseningproblemthewriterseemstobe
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.TheviewsofVasariandHomeonBotticelli’sproductsare
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Directions:YouareWangLingato-begraduatefromNanJingUniversitymajoringinEnglish.Writealettertoacompanyapplyingforapositionyourlettershouldinclude: 1anintroductionofyourself; 2yourqualificationfortheposition; 3aninterviewrequest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsOnANSWERSHEET Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.10points
1ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 3 41.______________ 4KnowingthiswasspursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 5 42.______________ 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 7 43.______________ 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 10 44.______________ 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow”theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 13 45.______________ [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuirjokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 41
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
1ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 3 41.______________ 4KnowingthiswasspursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 5 42.______________ 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 7 43.______________ 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 10 44.______________ 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow”theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 13 45.______________ [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuirjokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 43
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea.
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuehanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheeventualnomineeoftheRepublicPartyoftheelection
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions:YouhavejustlearnedthatyourfriendJoehadhisanklesinjuredandwasinhospitalnow.Writealettertohimandyourlettershouldincludethefollowingdetails:1yourconcernabouthisinjury2andyourbestwishesforhisrecovery.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.ThewordrecuperatePara.5mostprobablymeans
EveryyearFortunemagazinecelebrateswomeninthetopechelonsofcorporateAmericabypublishingalistOfthe50MostPowerfulWomeninBusiness.Theirtitlesareimpressive--CEOchairmanpresident--andphotosportraythemaspolishedandconfident.Whataninspirationtheycouldbetotheyoungwomenfollowingthem. 41Butwhatifthoseyoungwomendon’taspiretoacomerofficeAweekaftertheFortunelistappearedonnewsstandsamajornationalstudyofteenagersrevealedasurprisingfinding-while97percentofgirlspolledexpecttoworktosupportthemselvesortheirfamiliesonly9percentwantcareersinbusiness.Amongboysthefigureis15percent."Girlsofthisgenerationarequiteambitiouswhichisexciting"saysFionaWilsonaprofessor’*atSimmonsCollegeSchoolofManagementandanauthorofthestudywhichpolledmorethan3000girlsand1200boysinmiddleschoolandhighschool.Shefindsitencouragingthathalfthegirlspreferprofessionssuchasdoctorslawyersandarchitects."We’renotgoingbacktothestereotypeoftheirmothers-generationwherewomenwerethinkingaboutbeingnursesandteachers." 42ButwhydogirlsshyawayfrombusinessThenumberofwomenapplyingtobusinessschoolshasdroppedoff.Bycontrastwomenmakeuphalfthestudentsinmedicalandlawschools. 43Unlikeboysinthestudywhosaytheywanttoearnalotofmoneygirlsplacegreatimportanceonhelpingothersandimprovingsociety.Buttheydon’tseeconnectionsbetweenthosegoalsandbusinesswhichtheyequatewithfinanceandnumbers.Andthey’relessconfidentthanboysabouttheirbusinessrelatedskills.Teengirlsalsoplaceahighvalueonhavingenoughtimetospendwithfamilyandfriends. 44IndescribingbusinessProfessorWilsonsays"theyusedmanyimagesinvolvingstress-imagesaboutdadshavingtomakeconferencecallsonvacationandmomsalwaysbeingtiredwhentheygothomeorcomplainingabouttheirbadbosses." 45Asithappensmothersaretheprimarysourceofcareeradvicefordaughters.Butparentsgoalsareoftenlesswelldefinedforgirlsthanforboys."Mothersexpresstheirhopeandaspirationfordaughtersintermsofwantingthemtobehappyandhavealotofoptionsbuttheydon’ttranslatethatdirectlyintobusinessopportunities"saysConnieDuckworthheadofTheCommitteeof200anationalwomen’sbusinessleadershipgroupthatcommissionedthestudy. WilsonCallsthelackofwomenatthetop"alarming’addingthatthestudydoesn’tofferalotofhopethatfuturegenerationswillswelltheranksofwomeninleadershippositions. [A]Titlesoftheechelon [B]Imagesusedindescribingbusiness [C]Womenstudentinschools [D]Mothersplayanimportantrole [E]Whywomenarenotwillingtochoosebusinesscarrier [F]Asurprisingpoll 45
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBotticelli’srepresentationskills
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
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