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阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲该项涂黑。 A Race Against Death It was a cold Januar...
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D Twothingschangedmylife: mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonIcarrywithmetoday. Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildrenbutitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.LookingbackIhonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask.butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddidwe’dhearsomethinglike“Idon’tcarewhatso–and–sogotforhisbirthdayyouarenotgettingaTVinyourroomacarforyourbirthdayalsvishsweet16party.”Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHousewemadeourownbedsnooneleftthehouseunitilthatwasdoneandpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongingsandifsomethingwaslostitwasnotreplaced. Itwassummerandonedaymymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed---andthereitwasinthewindowWhiteshinyplasticanddecoratedwithflowersthebasketwinkedatmeandIknew----Iknew---Ihadtohaveit. “It’sbeautiful”mymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoher”Whataneatbasket.” ItriedtoholdoffatfirstIplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tatanditanylonger:“MonpleasecanIpleasepleasegetit?I‘lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousayI’lldoanythingbutIneedthatbasketIlovethatbasket.PleaseMom.Please?” Iwasdesperate. “Youknow”shesaidgentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelieveswasthecoolestthingever”Ifyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself.” “BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbugone!” “MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyou”shesmiledatRogerthebikeguy. “Hecan’tholditforthatlongMom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.PleaseMomPlease?” “Theremightbeanotherway”shesaid. Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIcould’tfind.EachweekIeagerlycountedmygrowingsavingincreasedbyextraworkhereandtherewashingthecarhelpingmymothermakedinnerdeliveringorcollevtingthingsonmybikethatalreadylookednaked withoutthebasketinfront.AndthenweekslaterIcountedre-countedandjumpedforjoy.Ohhappyday!Imadeit!Ifinallyhadtheexactamountwe’dagreedupon…. Dayslatertheunthinkablehappened.AneighborhoodgirlI’dplayedwithmillionsoftimesappearedwiththeexactsamebasketfixtedtohershinynewbikethatalreadyhadallthebellsandwhistles.Irodehardandfasthometotellmymotheraboutthisdisaster.Thishorribleturnofevents. Andthencamethelesson.I’vetakenwithmethroughmylife:”HoneyYourbasketisextra-special”Momsaidgentlywipingawaymyhottears.”Yourbasketisspecialbecauseyoupaidforityourself.” Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?
Whichbookwouldyourecommendtosomeoneinteresteninchildren’smentalimanges?
阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项ABC和D中选出最佳选项并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑 DuringthewarmyhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethereinordertobe21 him.Ihatedtheplace.Ihadnever 22 beensounhappy.Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalong-termdutyandIwasleftinatinyshack棚屋alone.Theheatwas 23 -almost1250Fevenintheshadeofacactus仙人掌24 asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnon-stopandallthefoodIateandtheevryairIbreathedwere 25 withsandsandsand! IwassosorryformyselfthatIwrotetomyparents.ItoldthemIwas 26 andcomingbackhome.IsaidIcouldn’tstanditoneminutelonger.I 27 beinprison!Myfatheransweredmy 28 withjusttwolines-twolinesthatwillalwayssinginmy 29 -twolinesthatcompletelychangedmylife: Twomenlookedoutfromprisonbars Onesawthemudtheothersawthestars Ireadthosetwolines 30 Iwasashamedofmyself.ImadeupmymindIwouldfindoutwhatwasgoodinmypresent 31 ;Iwouldlookforthestars Imadefriendswiththenativesandtheir 32 amazedme.Theygavemepresentsoftheirfavoriteartworkswhichtheyhad 33 toselltotoueists.Istudiedthedelightfulformsofthecactus.Iwatchedforthedesertsunsetsand 34 forseashellsthathadbeenlefttheremillionsofyearsagowhenthedeserthadbeenanocean 35 Whatbroughtaboutthis 36 changeinme?Thedeserthadn’tchanged37 Ihad.Ihadchangedmy 38 AndbydoingsoIchangedanunhappyexperienceintothemostamazing 39 ofmylife.IwasexcitedbythisnewworldthatIhaddicoveredIhadlookedoutofmyself-creatdedprisonand 40 thestars 35
WhenIwasaveryyoungchildrenmyfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslate.Everytimehearrivedhomeatendofthedaywe’dgreethetatthedoor.HewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowingusThenheandmymotherwouldhavehadadrinkwhilesheprepareddinnerandtheywouldtalkabouthisdayandhers.Whiletheychatmyfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.Itwasbothexcitedandfrighteningtobeupthere！ MysisterandIthoughthewassocoolforputtingusthere. 2
WhenwalkingdownthestreetIcameacrossDavidwhenIforyears.
阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项ABC和D中选出最佳选项并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑 DuringthewarmyhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethereinordertobe21 him.Ihatedtheplace.Ihadnever 22 beensounhappy.Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalong-termdutyandIwasleftinatinyshack棚屋alone.Theheatwas 23 -almost1250Fevenintheshadeofacactus仙人掌24 asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnon-stopandallthefoodIateandtheevryairIbreathedwere 25 withsandsandsand! IwassosorryformyselfthatIwrotetomyparents.ItoldthemIwas 26 andcomingbackhome.IsaidIcouldn’tstanditoneminutelonger.I 27 beinprison!Myfatheransweredmy 28 withjusttwolines-twolinesthatwillalwayssinginmy 29 -twolinesthatcompletelychangedmylife: Twomenlookedoutfromprisonbars Onesawthemudtheothersawthestars Ireadthosetwolines 30 Iwasashamedofmyself.ImadeupmymindIwouldfindoutwhatwasgoodinmypresent 31 ;Iwouldlookforthestars Imadefriendswiththenativesandtheir 32 amazedme.Theygavemepresentsoftheirfavoriteartworkswhichtheyhad 33 toselltotoueists.Istudiedthedelightfulformsofthecactus.Iwatchedforthedesertsunsetsand 34 forseashellsthathadbeenlefttheremillionsofyearsagowhenthedeserthadbeenanocean 35 Whatbroughtaboutthis 36 changeinme?Thedeserthadn’tchanged37 Ihad.Ihadchangedmy 38 AndbydoingsoIchangedanunhappyexperienceintothemostamazing 39 ofmylife.IwasexcitedbythisnewworldthatIhaddicoveredIhadlookedoutofmyself-creatdedprisonand 40 thestars 39
A “DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?”LindseywhiperstoTori. Withhereyesshiningtoribrags“YoubetIdidSeantoldmetwodaysago.” WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?ItjusthappenedtobeyourstrulyAdamFreedmamIcantellyouthatwhatthatwhattheyaresayingisanotniceandbnoteventrue.StillLindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHigtSchoolincludingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip闲话Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeopleitcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfactionanditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup. Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usuallygossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic-breakupstroubleathomeevendroppingout-thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretisthejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleofenthinkofgossipersasharmlessbutcruelliescancausepain. Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmfulthenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thtanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor传言canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarlyhearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe“ingroup.”Inotherwordsgossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority优越感. Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwrittenunspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.TranslatedintohighschooltermsthismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaidthenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook. Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnewsthingaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave. Theauthorusesaconversationatthebeginningofthepassaheto.
FiveThingsNobodyToldMeaboutCollege AsItypethisIaminmyuniversitydormroom.AyearagowhenIwasawaitingtoheartheresultsofmycollegeapplicationsIoftenwenttowebsitesforsometypeof insiderlookonwhatcollegewouldbelike.Howeverthere’sonlysomuchthatprepbookswebsitesandolderfriendscanteach.Herearethetop5thingsnobody toldmeaboutcollege: 61 Nobodyenteringauniversityknows exactlywhattheywanttostudy.Iftheytellyouotherwisethey’relyingandwillprobablychangewhattheywanttopurse withinthefirstquarterofattendance.DuringmyfirstquarteratUniversityofCaliforniaRiversideUCRI thoughtthatIwantedtostudyPoliticalSciencewithitsfocusonInternationalAffairssothat’swhatI appliedfor.HoweveronceIworkedwithstatewideandlocalgovernmentIrealizedthatabetterfitformewouldbePublicPolicyandnowIamintheprocessofchangingmyarea. 62 Incollegetherearesomanygoodchancesforyoutomeetyourexpectations.Howeverthereisaveryimportantdifferencebetweenwantingtodosomethingandapplyingforsomething.Inorderforyoutotakeadvantage oftheconferencesresearchinternshipsandfellowshipsthatyouruniversityoffersapply!Stepintoyouracademicadvisor’sofficeintroduceyourselfandbeginmakingthevaluableconnectionsthatarenecessarytohelpduringtherestofyourcollegecareer.Greatthingshappenwhenyoustepoutofyourcomfortzoneandyouwouldbesurprisedonhowmanychancesexistifyoujustask. 63 Collegeiswhereyoumeetyourbirdesmaids neighborsandpotentialbosses.Therelationshipsyoudevelopnowwillprobablybelinkedtotheonesyouvaluelatersohewiseaboutthepeoplewhoyouinvestyourselfin.Youareonlyonepersonandyoudonothavetimetowasteonpeoplewhowouldrathercausedramaormessupwithyourpurpose.Surroundyourselfwithupliftingindividualswhochallengeyoutobebetterwhilelovingyouforwhoyouareandbepatient tothepeoplewhoarethecompleteoppositeofthatdescription. 64 Asafirst-yearIwasafraidtomakeanynoisetowardscampusissuesthatInoticed.ItwasnotuntilIbecameinvolvedinstudentgovernmentthatIgainedtheconfidencetohandleprojectsthatIcreatedwiththehelpofASUCROfficeofthePresident.DuringmyfirstquarterIspokedirectlytotheChancelloraskinghimforsupporttowardsmyinitiavivesmetwiththeViveChancellorsandcooreratedwithmyteachingassistancestobeginmyundergraduateresearchprotect.Nothinggoodwillhappenwhenyouaresilent. 65 Atmyhighschooltherewereaboutonlyfouractiveclubandorganizationsthatstudentscouldbeapartof.ImaginemysurprisewhenIsteppedfootontoUCR’scapuswhereover400organizationsexistrangingfrompoliticalorganizationstokarateclub.Youarenotpayingalloryourtuition学费tomerelygotoclassstudypasstestsandgraduate.Makesomethingworthyoutofyourexperience.Createthatyouwillwanttotellyourgrandchildrenoneday.Itallbeginsherebysigninguptojoinanorganization. 61
阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项ABC和D中选出最佳选项并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑 DuringthewarmyhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethereinordertobe21 him.Ihatedtheplace.Ihadnever 22 beensounhappy.Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalong-termdutyandIwasleftinatinyshack棚屋alone.Theheatwas 23 -almost1250Fevenintheshadeofacactus仙人掌24 asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnon-stopandallthefoodIateandtheevryairIbreathedwere 25 withsandsandsand! IwassosorryformyselfthatIwrotetomyparents.ItoldthemIwas 26 andcomingbackhome.IsaidIcouldn’tstanditoneminutelonger.I 27 beinprison!Myfatheransweredmy 28 withjusttwolines-twolinesthatwillalwayssinginmy 29 -twolinesthatcompletelychangedmylife: Twomenlookedoutfromprisonbars Onesawthemudtheothersawthestars Ireadthosetwolines 30 Iwasashamedofmyself.ImadeupmymindIwouldfindoutwhatwasgoodinmypresent 31 ;Iwouldlookforthestars Imadefriendswiththenativesandtheir 32 amazedme.Theygavemepresentsoftheirfavoriteartworkswhichtheyhad 33 toselltotoueists.Istudiedthedelightfulformsofthecactus.Iwatchedforthedesertsunsetsand 34 forseashellsthathadbeenlefttheremillionsofyearsagowhenthedeserthadbeenanocean 35 Whatbroughtaboutthis 36 changeinme?Thedeserthadn’tchanged37 Ihad.Ihadchangedmy 38 AndbydoingsoIchangedanunhappyexperienceintothemostamazing 39 ofmylife.IwasexcitedbythisnewworldthatIhaddicoveredIhadlookedoutofmyself-creatdedprisonand 40 thestars 37
C Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterallthescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworldandthebabyiswelljustplayingright?Perhapsbutsomedevelopmentalpsychologistshavearguedthatthisplayis morelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink. Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedgeit fallsintheground---andintheprocessitbelongsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract;bowlsofricedonotfloodinmid-sitbutrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthebasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Insteadbabiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdifferthebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaimtolearnaboutthenaturalworldoverallapproachgatheringdirectevidencefromtheworldandlogicaremyobservationswhatIexpected?. Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway---thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguage usingsimilarmeans.ForexampleitmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperimentsevidencegatheringandfinallyoverturningatheorythatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehasforexampleunlikethechildMommyactuallydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate. Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowsonhowchildrenlearnbutitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort---thedesiretoexploreexplainandunderstandourworld---issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolutionprovidedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworldsandadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitivesystemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.AssomepsychologistsputitItisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren. Accordingtosomedevelopmentalpsychologists
D Twothingschangedmylife: mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonIcarrywithmetoday. Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildrenbutitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.LookingbackIhonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask.butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddidwe’dhearsomethinglikeIdon’tcarewhatso–and–sogotforhisbirthdayyouarenotgettingaTVinyourroomacarforyourbirthdayalsvishsweet16party.Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHousewemadeourownbedsnooneleftthehouseunitilthatwasdoneandpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongingsandifsomethingwaslostitwasnotreplaced. Itwassummerandonedaymymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed---andthereitwasinthewindowWhiteshinyplasticanddecoratedwithflowersthebasketwinkedatmeandIknew----Iknew---Ihadtohaveit. It’sbeautifulmymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoherWhataneatbasket. ItriedtoholdoffatfirstIplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tatanditanylonger:MonpleasecanIpleasepleasegetit?I‘lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousayI’lldoanythingbutIneedthatbasketIlovethatbasket.PleaseMom.Please? Iwasdesperate. YouknowshesaidgentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelieveswasthecoolestthingeverIfyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself. BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbugone! MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyoushesmiledatRogerthebikeguy. Hecan’tholditforthatlongMom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.PleaseMomPlease? Theremightbeanotherwayshesaid. Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIcould’tfind.EachweekIeagerlycountedmygrowingsavingincreasedbyextraworkhereandtherewashingthecarhelpingmymothermakedinnerdeliveringorcollevtingthingsonmybikethatalreadylookednaked withoutthebasketinfront.AndthenweekslaterIcountedre-countedandjumpedforjoy.Ohhappyday!Imadeit!Ifinallyhadtheexactamountwe’dagreedupon. Dayslatertheunthinkablehappened.AneighborhoodgirlI’dplayedwithmillionsoftimesappearedwiththeexactsamebasketfixtedtohershinynewbikethatalreadyhadallthebellsandwhistles.Irodehardandfasthometotellmymotheraboutthisdisaster.Thishorribleturnofevents. Andthencamethelesson.I’vetakenwithmethroughmylife:HoneyYourbasketisextra-specialMomsaidgentlywipingawaymyhottears.Yourbasketisspecialbecauseyoupaidforityourself. Totheauthoritseemedtobeahorribleturnofeventsthat
阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项ABC和D中选出最佳选项并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑 DuringthewarmyhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethereinordertobe21 him.Ihatedtheplace.Ihadnever 22 beensounhappy.Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalong-termdutyandIwasleftinatinyshack棚屋alone.Theheatwas 23 -almost1250Fevenintheshadeofacactus仙人掌24 asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnon-stopandallthefoodIateandtheevryairIbreathedwere 25 withsandsandsand! IwassosorryformyselfthatIwrotetomyparents.ItoldthemIwas 26 andcomingbackhome.IsaidIcouldn’tstanditoneminutelonger.I 27 beinprison!Myfatheransweredmy 28 withjusttwolines-twolinesthatwillalwayssinginmy 29 -twolinesthatcompletelychangedmylife: Twomenlookedoutfromprisonbars Onesawthemudtheothersawthestars Ireadthosetwolines 30 Iwasashamedofmyself.ImadeupmymindIwouldfindoutwhatwasgoodinmypresent 31 ;Iwouldlookforthestars Imadefriendswiththenativesandtheir 32 amazedme.Theygavemepresentsoftheirfavoriteartworkswhichtheyhad 33 toselltotoueists.Istudiedthedelightfulformsofthecactus.Iwatchedforthedesertsunsetsand 34 forseashellsthathadbeenlefttheremillionsofyearsagowhenthedeserthadbeenanocean 35 Whatbroughtaboutthis 36 changeinme?Thedeserthadn’tchanged37 Ihad.Ihadchangedmy 38 AndbydoingsoIchangedanunhappyexperienceintothemostamazing 39 ofmylife.IwasexcitedbythisnewworldthatIhaddicoveredIhadlookedoutofmyself-creatdedprisonand 40 thestars 33
Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweektheweathermaybebetter.
theaverageageofthepopulationincreasestherearemoreandmoreoldpeopletocarefor.
C Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterallthescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworldandthebabyiswelljustplayingright?Perhapsbutsomedevelopmentalpsychologistshavearguedthatthisplayis morelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink. Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedgeit fallsintheground---andintheprocessitbelongsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract;bowlsofricedonotfloodinmid-sitbutrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthebasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Insteadbabiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdifferthebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaimtolearnaboutthenaturalworldoverallapproachgatheringdirectevidencefromtheworldandlogicaremyobservationswhatIexpected?. Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway---thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguage usingsimilarmeans.ForexampleitmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperimentsevidencegatheringandfinallyoverturningatheorythatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehasforexampleunlikethechildMommyactuallydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate. Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowsonhowchildrenlearnbutitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort---thedesiretoexploreexplainandunderstandourworld---issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolutionprovidedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworldsandadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitivesystemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.AssomepsychologistsputitItisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren. Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?
WhenIwasaveryyoungchildrenmyfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslate.Everytimehearrivedhomeatendofthedaywe’dgreethetatthedoor.HewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowingusThenheandmymotherwouldhavehadadrinkwhilesheprepareddinnerandtheywouldtalkabouthisdayandhers.Whiletheychatmyfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.Itwasbothexcitedandfrighteningtobeupthere！ MysisterandIthoughthewassocoolforputtingusthere. 4
阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从21—40各题所给的四个选项ABC和D中选出最佳选项并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑 DuringthewarmyhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethereinordertobe21 him.Ihatedtheplace.Ihadnever 22 beensounhappy.Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalong-termdutyandIwasleftinatinyshack棚屋alone.Theheatwas 23 -almost1250Fevenintheshadeofacactus仙人掌24 asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnon-stopandallthefoodIateandtheevryairIbreathedwere 25 withsandsandsand! IwassosorryformyselfthatIwrotetomyparents.ItoldthemIwas 26 andcomingbackhome.IsaidIcouldn’tstanditoneminutelonger.I 27 beinprison!Myfatheransweredmy 28 withjusttwolines-twolinesthatwillalwayssinginmy 29 -twolinesthatcompletelychangedmylife: Twomenlookedoutfromprisonbars Onesawthemudtheothersawthestars Ireadthosetwolines 30 Iwasashamedofmyself.ImadeupmymindIwouldfindoutwhatwasgoodinmypresent 31 ;Iwouldlookforthestars Imadefriendswiththenativesandtheir 32 amazedme.Theygavemepresentsoftheirfavoriteartworkswhichtheyhad 33 toselltotoueists.Istudiedthedelightfulformsofthecactus.Iwatchedforthedesertsunsetsand 34 forseashellsthathadbeenlefttheremillionsofyearsagowhenthedeserthadbeenanocean 35 Whatbroughtaboutthis 36 changeinme?Thedeserthadn’tchanged37 Ihad.Ihadchangedmy 38 AndbydoingsoIchangedanunhappyexperienceintothemostamazing 39 ofmylife.IwasexcitedbythisnewworldthatIhaddicoveredIhadlookedoutofmyself-creatdedprisonand 40 thestars 31
A DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?LindseywhiperstoTori. WithhereyesshiningtoribragsYoubetIdidSeantoldmetwodaysago. WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?ItjusthappenedtobeyourstrulyAdamFreedmamIcantellyouthatwhatthatwhattheyaresayingisanotniceandbnoteventrue.StillLindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHigtSchoolincludingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip闲话Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeopleitcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfactionanditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup. Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usuallygossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic-breakupstroubleathomeevendroppingout-thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretisthejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleofenthinkofgossipersasharmlessbutcruelliescancausepain. Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmfulthenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thtanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor传言canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarlyhearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartoftheingroup.Inotherwordsgossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority优越感. Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwrittenunspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.TranslatedintohighschooltermsthismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaidthenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook. Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnewsthingaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyourjuicystorymighthave. Intheauther’sopinionmanypeopleliketogossipbecauseit.
ChildrenwithSchoolProblems:APhsysician’sManualismostlikelyintendedfor.
FiveThingsNobodyToldMeaboutCollege AsItypethisIaminmyuniversitydormroom.AyearagowhenIwasawaitingtoheartheresultsofmycollegeapplicationsIoftenwenttowebsitesforsometypeof insiderlookonwhatcollegewouldbelike.Howeverthere’sonlysomuchthatprepbookswebsitesandolderfriendscanteach.Herearethetop5thingsnobody toldmeaboutcollege: 61 Nobodyenteringauniversityknows exactlywhattheywanttostudy.Iftheytellyouotherwisethey’relyingandwillprobablychangewhattheywanttopurse withinthefirstquarterofattendance.DuringmyfirstquarteratUniversityofCaliforniaRiversideUCRI thoughtthatIwantedtostudyPoliticalSciencewithitsfocusonInternationalAffairssothat’swhatI appliedfor.HoweveronceIworkedwithstatewideandlocalgovernmentIrealizedthatabetterfitformewouldbePublicPolicyandnowIamintheprocessofchangingmyarea. 62 Incollegetherearesomanygoodchancesforyoutomeetyourexpectations.Howeverthereisaveryimportantdifferencebetweenwantingtodosomethingandapplyingforsomething.Inorderforyoutotakeadvantage oftheconferencesresearchinternshipsandfellowshipsthatyouruniversityoffersapply!Stepintoyouracademicadvisor’sofficeintroduceyourselfandbeginmakingthevaluableconnectionsthatarenecessarytohelpduringtherestofyourcollegecareer.Greatthingshappenwhenyoustepoutofyourcomfortzoneandyouwouldbesurprisedonhowmanychancesexistifyoujustask. 63 Collegeiswhereyoumeetyourbirdesmaids neighborsandpotentialbosses.Therelationshipsyoudevelopnowwillprobablybelinkedtotheonesyouvaluelatersohewiseaboutthepeoplewhoyouinvestyourselfin.Youareonlyonepersonandyoudonothavetimetowasteonpeoplewhowouldrathercausedramaormessupwithyourpurpose.Surroundyourselfwithupliftingindividualswhochallengeyoutobebetterwhilelovingyouforwhoyouareandbepatient tothepeoplewhoarethecompleteoppositeofthatdescription. 64 Asafirst-yearIwasafraidtomakeanynoisetowardscampusissuesthatInoticed.ItwasnotuntilIbecameinvolvedinstudentgovernmentthatIgainedtheconfidencetohandleprojectsthatIcreatedwiththehelpofASUCROfficeofthePresident.DuringmyfirstquarterIspokedirectlytotheChancelloraskinghimforsupporttowardsmyinitiavivesmetwiththeViveChancellorsandcooreratedwithmyteachingassistancestobeginmyundergraduateresearchprotect.Nothinggoodwillhappenwhenyouaresilent. 65 Atmyhighschooltherewereaboutonlyfouractiveclubandorganizationsthatstudentscouldbeapartof.ImaginemysurprisewhenIsteppedfootontoUCR’scapuswhereover400organizationsexistrangingfrompoliticalorganizationstokarateclub.Youarenotpayingalloryourtuition学费tomerelygotoclassstudypasstestsandgraduate.Makesomethingworthyoutofyourexperience.Createthatyouwillwanttotellyourgrandchildrenoneday.Itallbeginsherebysigninguptojoinanorganization. 63
WhenIwasaveryyoungchildrenmyfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslate.Everytimehearrivedhomeatendofthedaywe’dgreethetatthedoor.HewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowingusThenheandmymotherwouldhavehadadrinkwhilesheprepareddinnerandtheywouldtalkabouthisdayandhers.Whiletheychatmyfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.Itwasbothexcitedandfrighteningtobeupthere！ MysisterandIthoughthewassocoolforputtingusthere. 8
WhenIwasaveryyoungchildrenmyfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslate.Everytimehearrivedhomeatendofthedaywe’dgreethetatthedoor.HewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowingusThenheandmymotherwouldhavehadadrinkwhilesheprepareddinnerandtheywouldtalkabouthisdayandhers.Whiletheychatmyfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.Itwasbothexcitedandfrighteningtobeupthere！ MysisterandIthoughthewassocoolforputtingusthere. 10
FiveThingsNobodyToldMeaboutCollege AsItypethisIaminmyuniversitydormroom.AyearagowhenIwasawaitingtoheartheresultsofmycollegeapplicationsIoftenwenttowebsitesforsometypeof insiderlookonwhatcollegewouldbelike.Howeverthere’sonlysomuchthatprepbookswebsitesandolderfriendscanteach.Herearethetop5thingsnobody toldmeaboutcollege: 61 Nobodyenteringauniversityknows exactlywhattheywanttostudy.Iftheytellyouotherwisethey’relyingandwillprobablychangewhattheywanttopurse withinthefirstquarterofattendance.DuringmyfirstquarteratUniversityofCaliforniaRiversideUCRI thoughtthatIwantedtostudyPoliticalSciencewithitsfocusonInternationalAffairssothat’swhatI appliedfor.HoweveronceIworkedwithstatewideandlocalgovernmentIrealizedthatabetterfitformewouldbePublicPolicyandnowIamintheprocessofchangingmyarea. 62 Incollegetherearesomanygoodchancesforyoutomeetyourexpectations.Howeverthereisaveryimportantdifferencebetweenwantingtodosomethingandapplyingforsomething.Inorderforyoutotakeadvantage oftheconferencesresearchinternshipsandfellowshipsthatyouruniversityoffersapply!Stepintoyouracademicadvisor’sofficeintroduceyourselfandbeginmakingthevaluableconnectionsthatarenecessarytohelpduringtherestofyourcollegecareer.Greatthingshappenwhenyoustepoutofyourcomfortzoneandyouwouldbesurprisedonhowmanychancesexistifyoujustask. 63 Collegeiswhereyoumeetyourbirdesmaids neighborsandpotentialbosses.Therelationshipsyoudevelopnowwillprobablybelinkedtotheonesyouvaluelatersohewiseaboutthepeoplewhoyouinvestyourselfin.Youareonlyonepersonandyoudonothavetimetowasteonpeoplewhowouldrathercausedramaormessupwithyourpurpose.Surroundyourselfwithupliftingindividualswhochallengeyoutobebetterwhilelovingyouforwhoyouareandbepatient tothepeoplewhoarethecompleteoppositeofthatdescription. 64 Asafirst-yearIwasafraidtomakeanynoisetowardscampusissuesthatInoticed.ItwasnotuntilIbecameinvolvedinstudentgovernmentthatIgainedtheconfidencetohandleprojectsthatIcreatedwiththehelpofASUCROfficeofthePresident.DuringmyfirstquarterIspokedirectlytotheChancelloraskinghimforsupporttowardsmyinitiavivesmetwiththeViveChancellorsandcooreratedwithmyteachingassistancestobeginmyundergraduateresearchprotect.Nothinggoodwillhappenwhenyouaresilent. 65 Atmyhighschooltherewereaboutonlyfouractiveclubandorganizationsthatstudentscouldbeapartof.ImaginemysurprisewhenIsteppedfootontoUCR’scapuswhereover400organizationsexistrangingfrompoliticalorganizationstokarateclub.Youarenotpayingalloryourtuition学费tomerelygotoclassstudypasstestsandgraduate.Makesomethingworthyoutofyourexperience.Createthatyouwillwanttotellyourgrandchildrenoneday.Itallbeginsherebysigninguptojoinanorganization. 65
WhenIwasaveryyoungchildrenmyfathercreatedaregularpracticeIrememberwellyearslate.Everytimehearrivedhomeatendofthedaywe’dgreethetatthedoor.HewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowingusThenheandmymotherwouldhavehadadrinkwhilesheprepareddinnerandtheywouldtalkabouthisdayandhers.Whiletheychatmyfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.Itwasbothexcitedandfrighteningtobeupthere！ MysisterandIthoughthewassocoolforputtingusthere. 6
Itwasreallyannoying;Igetaccesstothedatabankyouhadrecommended.
A DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamLastFriday?LindseywhiperstoTori. WithhereyesshiningtoribragsYoubetIdidSeantoldmetwodaysago. WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?ItjusthappenedtobeyourstrulyAdamFreedmamIcantellyouthatwhatthatwhattheyaresayingisanotniceandbnoteventrue.StillLindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHigtSchoolincludingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip闲话Ihavenoticedthreeeffectsofgossip:itcanhurtpeopleitcangivegossipersastrangekindofsatisfactionanditcancausesocialpressuresinagroup. Animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usuallygossipspreadsinformationaboutatopic-breakupstroubleathomeevendroppingout-thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretisthejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleofenthinkofgossipersasharmlessbutcruelliescancausepain. Ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmfulthenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thtanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgivesus.Sharingthelatestrumor传言canmakeapersonfeelimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarlyhearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartoftheingroup.Inotherwordsgossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelongingorevensuperiority优越感. Gossipalsocanhaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwrittenunspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.TranslatedintohighschooltermsthismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaidthenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook. Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnewsthingaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyourjuicystorymighthave. Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?
D Twothingschangedmylife: mymotherandawhiteplasticbikebasket.Ihavethoughtlongandhardaboutitandit’strue.Iwouldbeadifferentpersonifmymomhadn’tturnedasillybicycleaccessoryintoalifelessonIcarrywithmetoday. Mymotherandfatherwereunitedintheirwayofraisingchildrenbutitmostlyfelltomymothertoactuallycarryitout.LookingbackIhonestlydon’tknowhowshedidit.Managingthefamilybudgetmusthavebeenaveryhardtask.butshemadeitlookeffortless.Ifwecomplainedaboutnothavingwhatanotherkiddidwe’dhearsomethinglikeIdon’tcarewhatso–and–sogotforhisbirthdayyouarenotgettingaTVinyourroomacarforyourbirthdayalsvishsweet16party.Wehadtoearnourallowancebydoingchoresaroundthehouse.Icanstillrememberhowlongittooktopolishthelegsofourcoffeetable.Mybrotherscannodoubtrememberhoursspentcleaningthehouse.LikethetwolittlegirlsgrowingupattheWhiteHousewemadeourownbedsnooneleftthehouseunitilthatwasdoneandpickedupafterourselves.Wehadtokeeptrackofourbelongingsandifsomethingwaslostitwasnotreplaced. Itwassummerandonedaymymotherdrovemetothebikeshoptogetatirefixed---andthereitwasinthewindowWhiteshinyplasticanddecoratedwithflowersthebasketwinkedatmeandIknew----Iknew---Ihadtohaveit. It’sbeautifulmymothersaidwhenIpointeditouttoherWhataneatbasket. ItriedtoholdoffatfirstIplayeditcoolforashortwhile.ButthenIguessIcouldn’tatanditanylonger:MonpleasecanIpleasepleasegetit?I‘lldoextrachoresforaslongasyousayI’lldoanythingbutIneedthatbasketIlovethatbasket.PleaseMom.Please? Iwasdesperate. YouknowshesaidgentlyrubbingmybackwhilewebothstaredatwhatIbelieveswasthecoolestthingeverIfyousaveupyoucouldbuythisyourself. BythetimeImakeenoughit’llbugone! MaybeRogerherecouldholditforyoushesmiledatRogerthebikeguy. Hecan’tholditforthatlongMom.Someoneelsewillbuyit.PleaseMomPlease? Theremightbeanotherwayshesaid. Andsoourpayingplanunfolded.MymotherboughtthebeautifulbasketandputitsafelyinsomehidingplaceIcould’tfind.EachweekIeagerlycountedmygrowingsavingincreasedbyextraworkhereandtherewashingthecarhelpingmymothermakedinnerdeliveringorcollevtingthingsonmybikethatalreadylookednaked withoutthebasketinfront.AndthenweekslaterIcountedre-countedandjumpedforjoy.Ohhappyday!Imadeit!Ifinallyhadtheexactamountwe’dagreedupon. Dayslatertheunthinkablehappened.AneighborhoodgirlI’dplayedwithmillionsoftimesappearedwiththeexactsamebasketfixtedtohershinynewbikethatalreadyhadallthebellsandwhistles.Irodehardandfasthometotellmymotheraboutthisdisaster.Thishorribleturnofevents. Andthencamethelesson.I’vetakenwithmethroughmylife:HoneyYourbasketisextra-specialMomsaidgentlywipingawaymyhottears.Yourbasketisspecialbecauseyoupaidforityourself. Whydidtheauthorsaymanypleasetohermother?
Itwasawonderfultrip.SowhichcitydidyoulikebetterParisorRome? ---.Thereweregoodthingsandbadthingsaboutthem.
Youarewaitingatawrongplace.Itisatthehotelthecoachpicksuptourists.
Themanagerputforwardasuggestionweshouldhaveanassistant.Thereistoomuchworktodo.
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