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Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 15
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities--aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacksHispanicsandotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackofaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongressinapparentagreementhasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeedsomefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover$3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinessesthisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthemtoo.Firstminorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinanciallysincemostaresmallconcernsandunlikelargebusinessestheyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentinnewplantsstaffequipmentandthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.Ifthereaftertheirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreducedsuchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresourcesandasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinordersorboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourseinmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearlyWhiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupasfrontswithWhitebackingratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.Thirdaminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstancesfiercecompetitionfromlargermoreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactortheymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 19
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices-forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemofshopstewardsinmanyunionsshopstewardsbeingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.Becauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto
Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtoward"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsensethelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch. Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell. 49
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.Inparagraph6theauthorimpliesthat
Directions:ProfessorRodgerEadeisplanningtovisitChinaasavisitingscholar.NowMr.LiMingHeadofChineseLanguageDepartmentBeijingUniversityiswritingaletterto1expresswarmwelcomeand2formallyinvitehimtobeavisitingscholardiscussingthemattersrelatedtoresearchfieldfinancialsupportdurationofthevisitetc.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
[A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace’ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople. Order: 41
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 11
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelytobeoneoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesmentionedbytheauthor
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 9
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 3
AnindustrialsocietyespeciallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritainisheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices-forinstanceelectricitysupplywaterrailandroadtransportandharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbishhospitalandambulanceservicesandastheeconomydevelopscentralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperatethewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries’economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountriesinpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounionscomparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.ForhistoricalreasonsBritain’sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallinesratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasiswhichmakesawagespolicydemocracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovementsomeofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunionswhichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologiesunionscanfightfortheirmembers’disappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdoproblemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelectedorevenappointedforlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemofshopstewardsinmanyunionsshopstewardsbeingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.Whatbasicproblemarewetoldmosttradeunionsface
Achemicalplantshouldberesponsibleforthewaterpollutioninanearbyriver.WritealettertotheCityEnvironmentProtectionAgencyto 1statethepresentsituation 2suggestwaystodealwiththeproblemand 3expressyoursincerehope. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebankercustomerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim.Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16.Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17onethebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.TheauthorspecificallymentionsallofthefollowingasdifficultiesthatparticularlyaffectwomenwhoaretheoreticiansoffeministliterarycriticismEXCEPTthe
Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtoward"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsensethelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch. Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell. 47
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 13
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 17
IstheliterarycriticlikethepoetrespondingcreativelyintuitivelysubjectivelytothewrittenwordasthepoetrespondstohumanexperienceOristhecriticmorelikeascientistfollowingaseriesofdemonstrableverifiablestepsusinganobjectivemethodofanalysisForthewomanwhoisapractitioneroffeministliterarycriticismthesubjectivityversusobjectivityorcritic-as-artist-or-scientistdebatehasspecialsignificance;forherthequestionisnotonlyacademicbutpoliticalaswellandherdefinitionwillprovokespecialriskswhicheversideoftheissueitfavors.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismasobjectiveandscientific--avalidverifiableintellectualmethodthatanyonewhethermanorwomancanperform--thedefinitionnotonlymakesthecritic-as-artistapproachimpossiblebutmayalsohinderaccomplishmentoftheutilitarianpoliticalobjectivesofthosewhoseektochangetheacademicestablishmentanditsthinkingespeciallyaboutsexroles.Ifshedefinesfeministcriticismascreativeandintuitiveprivilegedasartthenherworkbecomesvulnerabletotheprejudicesofstereotypicideasaboutthewaysinwhichwomenthinkandwillbedismissedbymuchoftheacademicestablishment.Becauseoftheseprejudiceswomenwhouseanintuitiveapproachintheircriticismmayfindthemselveschargedwithinabilitytobeanalyticaltobeobjectiveortothinkcritically.Whereasmenmaybefreetoclaimtheroleofcritic-as-artistwomenrundifferentprofessionalriskswhentheychooseintuitionandprivateexperienceascriticalmethodanddefense.Thesequestionsarepoliticalinthesensethatthedebateoverthemwillinevitablybelessanexplorationofabstractmattersinaspiritofdisinterestedinquirythananacademicpowerstruggleinwhichthecareersandprofessionalfortunesofmanywomenscholarsonlynowenteringtheacademicprofessioninsubstantialnumberswillbeatstakeandwiththemthechancesforadistinctivecontributiontohumanisticunderstandingacontributionthatmightbeanimportantinfluenceagainstsexisminoursociety.Aslongastheacademicestablishmentcontinuestoregardobjectiveanalysisasmasculineandanintuitiveapproachasfemininethetheoreticianmuststeeradelicatephilosophicalcoursebetweenthetwo.Ifshewishestoconstructatheoryoffeministcriticismshewouldbewelladvisedtoplaceitwithintheframeworkofageneraltheoryofthecriticalprocessthatisneitherpurelyobjectivenorpurelyintuitive.Hertheoryisthenmorelikelytobecomparedandcontrastedwithothertheoriesofcriticismwithsomedegreeofdispassionatedistance.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentofthetext
[A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace’ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople. Order: 45
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 1
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 7
Twomodesofargumentationhavebeenusedonbehalfofwomen’semancipationinWesternsocieties.46Argumentsinwhatcouldbecalledthe"relational"feministtraditionmaintainthedoctrineof"equalityindifference"orequityasdistinctfromequality.Theycontendthatbiologicaldistinctionsbetweenthesexesresultinanecessarysexualdivisionoflaborinthefamilyandthroughoutsocietyandthatwomen’sprocreativelaboriscurrentlyundervaluedbysocietytothedisadvantageofwomen.47Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.Beforethelatenineteenthcenturytheseviewscoexistedwithinthefeministmovementoftenwithinthewritingsofthesameindividual.48Between1890and1920howeverrelationalfeminismwhichhadbeenthedominantstraininfeministthoughtandwhichstillpredominatesamongEuropeanandnon-WesternfeministslostgroundinEnglandandtheUnitedStates.BecausetheconceptofindividualrightswasalreadywellestablishedintheAnglo-SaxonlegalandpoliticaltraditionindividualistfeminismcametopredominateinEnglish-speakingcountries.Atthesametimethegoalsofthetwoapproachesbegantoseemincreasinglyirreconcilable.Individualistfeministsbegantoadvocateatotallygender-blindsystemwithequalrightsforall.49Relationalfeministswhileagreeingthatequaleducationalandeconomicopportunitiesoutsidethehomeshouldbeavailableforallwomencontinuedtoemphasizewomen’sspecialcontributionstosocietyashomemakersandmothers.Theydemandedspecialtreatmentforwomenincludingprotectivelegislationforwomenworkersstate-sponsoredmaternitybenefitsandpaidcompensationforhousework. Relationalargumentshaveamajorpitfall:becausetheyunderlinewomen’sphysiologicalandpsychologicaldistinctivenesstheyareoftenappropriatedbypoliticaladversariesandusedtoendorsemaleprivilege.50Buttheindividualistapproachbyattackinggenderrolesdenyingthesignificanceofphysiologicaldifferenceandcondemningexistingfamilialinstitutionsashopelesslypatriarchalhasoftensimplytreatedasirrelevantthefamilyrolesimportanttomanywomen.Iftheindividualistframeworkwithitsclaimforwomen’sautonomycouldbeharmonizedwiththefamily-orientedconcernsofrelationalfeministsamorefruitfulmodelforcontemporaryfeministpoliticscouldemerge. Bycontrasttheindividualistfeministtraditionemphasizesindividualhumanrightsandcerebrateswomen’squestforpersonalautonomywhiledownplayingtheimportanceofgenderrolesandminimizingdiscussionofchildbearinganditsattendantresponsibilities.
ItisgenerallyrecognizedintheworldthatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedweb.FordecadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanewcommunication2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWarItothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulfWar. Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdadasuddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomeacentraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections.Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonlinemedia8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialtheyfindthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuadedmillionsto10tocableduringthelastwarinIraq. 11byasteadyriseoverthelast18monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatesthewebsitesofmanyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembledanovelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotographycollectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsandothernewdigitalreportage. TheseInternetservicesare16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadandjournaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20theircomputersduringtheearlycombat. 5
[A]Bycontrastsomewhatmorethan25percentoftheearth’spopulationcanbefoundintheindustrializedsocieties.Theyleadmodernlives.Theyareproductsofthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturymoldedbymechanizationandmasseducationbroughtupwithlingeringmemoriesoftheirowncountry’sagriculturalpast.Theyareineffectthepeopleofthepresent. [B]Theremaining2or3percentoftheworld’spopulationhoweverarenolongerpeopleofeitherthepastorthepresent.ForwithinthemaincentersoftechnologicalandculturalchangeinSantaMonicaCaliforniaandCambridgeMassachusettsinNewYorkandLondonandTokyoaremillionsofmenandwomenwhocanalreadybesaidtobelivingthewayoflifeofthefuture.Trend-makersoftenwithoutbeingawareofitlivetodayasmillionswilllivetomorrow.Andwhiletheyaccountforonlyafewpercentoftheglobalpopulationtodaytheyarealreadyfromaninternationalnationofthefutureinourmidst.Theyaretheadvancedagentsofmantheearliestcitizensoftheworldwidesuper-industrialsocietynowinthethroesofbirth. [C]ItisinfactnottoomuchtosaythatthepaceoflifedrawsalinethroughhumanitydividingusintocampstriggeringbittermisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildbetweenMadisonAvenueandMainStreetbetweenmenandwomenbetweenAmericanandEuropeanbetweenEastandWest. [D]WhatmakesthemdifferentfromtherestofmankindCertainlytheyarericherbettereducatedmoremobilethanthemajorityofthehumanrace.Theyalsolivelonger.Butwhatspecificallymarksthepeopleofthefutureisthefactthattheyarealreadycaughtupinanewstepped-uppaceoflife.They"livefaster"thanthepeoplearoundthem. [E]Theinhabitantsoftheeartharedividednotonlybyracenationreligionorideologybutalsoinasensebytheirpositionintime.Examiningthepresentpopulationoftheglobewefindatinygroupwhostilllivehuntingandfood-foragingasmendidmillenniaago.Othersthevastmajorityofmankinddependnotonbear-huntingorberry-pickingbutonagriculture.Theyliveinmanyrespectsastheirancestorsdidcenturiesago.Thesetwogroupstakentogethercomposeperhaps70percentofalllivinghumanbeings.Theyarethepeopleofthepast. [F]Somepeoplearedeeplyattractedtothishighlyacceleratedpaceoflife--goingfaroutoftheirwaytobringitaboutandfeelinganxioustenseoruncomfortablewhenthepaceslows.Theywantdesperatelytobe"wheretheactionis."JamesA.Wilsonhasfoundforexamplethattheattractionforafastpaceoflifeisoneofthehiddenmotivatingforcesbehindthemuch-publicized"brain-drainthemassmigrationofEuropeanscientistsandengineerswhomigratedtotheU.S.andCanada.Heconcludedthatitwasnohighersalariesorbetterresearchfacilitiesalonebutalsothequickertempothatlurethem.Themigrantshewrites"arenotputoffbywhattheyindicatedasthe’fasterpace’ofNorthAmerica;ifanythingtheyappeartopreferthispacetoothers." [G]Thepaceoflifeisfrequentlycommentedonbyordinarypeople.Yetoddlyenoughithasreceivedalmostnoattentionfromeitherpsychologistsorsociologists.Thisisagapinginadequacyinthebehavioralsciencesforthepaceoflifeprofoundlyinfluencesbehaviorevokingstrongandcontrastingreactionsfromdifferentpeople. Order: 43
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities--aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacksHispanicsandotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackofaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongressinapparentagreementhasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeedsomefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover$3billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinessesthisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthemtoo.Firstminorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinanciallysincemostaresmallconcernsandunlikelargebusinessestheyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentinnewplantsstaffequipmentandthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.Ifthereaftertheirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreducedsuchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresourcesandasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinordersorboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourseinmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearlyWhiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupasfrontswithWhitebackingratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.Thirdaminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecomingandremainingdependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstancesfiercecompetitionfromlargermoreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactortheymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.Accordingtothetextcivilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.Theburntchildfearsthefireisoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.Thetextspeciallystatesthat
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