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建设有中国特色的社会主义经济是
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theauthorconcludesthat
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheSurrealistsmadeeveryendeavor
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. ManyAmericanshavetakentotreadmillforyearsbyvirtueof
三个代表重要思想坚持解放思想实事求是与时俱进运用马克思主义基本理论研究现实中的重大问题不断深化了
CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
资本周转速度与
战后一些资本主义国家的企业使用机器人使劳动生产率大大提高因此剩余价值不一定是由雇佣工人创造的谈谈你对这一观点的看法
承认一切事物都是可以转化的观点是
TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.WritealettertoyourbossMr.Wangtellinghimyourdecisionstatingyourreasonsandmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
分析下列材料并回答问题 材料1 说市场经济只存在于资本主义社会只有资本主义的市场经济这肯定是不正确的社会主义为什么不可以搞市场经济这个不能说是资本主义我们是计划经济为主也结合市场经济但这是社会主义的市场经济虽然方法上基本上和资本主义社会的相似但也有不同 社会主义也可以搞市场经济1979年11月26日 __文选第二卷第236页 材料2 社会主义和市场经济之间不存在根本矛盾问题是用什么方法才能更有力地发展社会生产力我们过去一直搞计划经济但多年的实践证明在某种意义上说只搞计划经济会束缚生产力的发展把计划经济和市场经济结合起来就更能解放生产力加速经济发展 社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾1985年10月23日 __文选第三卷第148～149页 材料3 我们必须从理论上搞懂资本主义与社会主义的区分不在于是计划还是市场这样的问题社会主义也有市场经济资本主义也有计划控制资本主义就没有控制就那么自由最惠国待遇也是控制嘛!不要以为搞点市场经济就是走资本主义路没有那么回事计划和市场都得要不搞市场连世界上的信息都不知道是自甘落后 善于利用时机解决发展问题1990年12月24日 __文选第三卷第364页 材料4 计划多一点还是市场多一点不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别计划经济不等于社会主义资本主义也有计划市场经济不等于资本主义社会主义也有市场计划和市场都是经济手段社会主义的本质是解放生产力发展生产力消灭剥削消除两级分化最终达到共同富裕就是要对大家讲这个道理 在武昌深圳珠海上海等地的谈话要点 __文选第三卷第373页 请回答 1__关于建立社会主义市场经济思想的基本内容是什么 2怎样理解__下列论断“社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾” 3根据__关于社会主义市场经济的思想说明计划与市场两种调节手段相结合是建立社会主义市场经济体制的内在要求
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Welearnfromthetextthatartisticcreations
CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979―80whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. TheauthorquotesCartier-Bressoninorderto
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
社会主义的根本任务是解放和发展生产力确立这一根本任务的依据包括
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. Slowweightliftersarerequiredtomakeeachrep
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheportraitureexperienceasviewedbyAvedon
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases________thetrialofRosemaryWest. Inasignificant________oflegalcontrolsoverthepressLordIrvinetheLordChancellorwillintroducea________billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses________andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof________thatcanbegiventoacase________atrialbegins. InalettertoGeraldKaufmanchairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommitteeLordIrvinesaidhe________withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot________sufficientcontrol. ________ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda________ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe________ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges________toParliament. TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBillwhich________theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally________inBritainlaiddownthateverybodywas________toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies. Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands________ourBritishjudgeshesaid. Witnesspaymentsbecamean________afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere________tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised________witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto________guiltyverdicts.
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. ThephrasetobreakevenLine7Par.3mostprobablymeans
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