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Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educate...
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Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sstabilityandgrowthpactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheEuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby1.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministersknownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEurogroupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby1.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.TheEU’smidsizedcountriesalsohopetocapitalizeonthisressentiment.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.TheexpressionThisoutcomeParagraph3meansthat______
我国民法通则第92条规定没有合法根据取得不当利益造成他人损失的应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人分析该法律规定
Thepotentialofcomputersforincreasingthecontroloforganizationsorsocietyovertheirmembersandforinvadingtheprivacyofthosemembershascausedconsiderableconcern.Theprivacyissuehasbeenraisedmostinsistentlywithrespecttothecreationandmaintenanceofdatafilesthatassembleinformationaboutpersonsfromamultitudeofsources.Filesofthiskindwouldbehighlyvaluableformanykindsofeconomicandsocialresearchbuttheyareboughtattoohighapriceiftheyendangerhumanfreedomorseriouslyenhancetheopportunitiesofblackmailers.2Whilesuchdangersshouldnotbeignoreditshouldbenotedthatthelackofcomprehensivedatafileshasneverbeforebeenthelimitingbarriertothesuppressionofhumanfreedom.Makingthecomputerthevillainintheinvasionofprivacyorencroachmentoncivillibertiessimplydivertsattentionfromtherealdangers.Computerdatabankscanandmustbegiventhehighestdegreeofprotectionfromabuse.3Butwemustbecarefulalsothatwedonotemploysuchcrudemethodsofprotectionastodepriveoursocietyofimportantdataitneedstounderstanditsownsocialprocessesandtoanalyzeitsproblems.Perhapsthemostimportantquestionofallaboutthecomputeriswhatithasdoneandwilldotoman’sviewofhimselfandhisplaceintheuniverse.4Themostheatedattacksonthecomputerarenotfocusedonitspossibleeconomiceffectsitspresumeddestructionofjobsatisfactionoritsthreattoprivacyandlibertybutupontheclaimthatitcausespeopletobeviewedandtoviewthemselvesas’machines’.Whatthecomputerandtheprogressinartificialintelligencechallengeisanethicthatrestsonman’sapartnessfromtherestofnature.Analternativeethicofcourseviewsmanasapartofnaturegovernedbynaturallawsubjecttotheforcesofgravityandthedemandsofhisbody.5Thedebateaboutartificialintelligenceandthesimulationofman’sthinkingisinconsiderablepartaconfrontationofthesetwoviewsofman’splaceintheuniverse.
______itiswidelyusedinmakingflaresandfireworks.
NicholasChauvinaFrenchsoldierairedhisvenerationofNapoleonBonaparteso______andunceasinglythathebecamethelaughingstockofallpeopleinEurope.
Inpromisingtofusemediaasdiverseastelevisiontelephonecommunicationvideogamesmusicanddatatransmissiontheeraofdigitalconvergencegoesbetterthanyesterday’scelebratedinformationsuperhighway.Yetachievingthissingletechnologyisfarfromstraightforward.Therearecurrentlythreemajortelevisionbroadcaststandardsandtheyareallincompatiblewitheachother.ButthisisnothingcomparedtothemanytechnologiessupportingtheInterneteachwithadifferentbandwidthandphysicalmedia.Theproblemsfacedindesigningplatformsandcommunicationsystemsthatwillbeacceptedacrosstheworldcanappearinsuperable.Evenonceglobalstandardsareassuredhoweverafurtherobstacleliesinwait.TheInternetisplaguedbylongerraticresponsetimesbecauseitisapull-technologydrivenbypatternsofuserdemands.Pushtechnologyontheotherhandreversestherelationship:serverssimplysendinformationtopassiveusersasintelevisionandradio.Butifsomeformofcombinationbetweenone-waytelevisionflowandinteractiveInternetistobethebasisofourfuturemediaitishardtoseehowitcouldbeoperated.MoreovertheproblemoffusingInternetwithtelevisionisalsooneofdefiningtheservicesoffered.Informationentertainmentandrelaxationappearatfirsttobequitedifferentneeds.Seriousdoubtsremainoverwhetherconsumerswillbeinterestedinhavingtomakethesortofmentaleffortassociatedwithcomputingwhilealsosettlingdowninfrontofasitcom.Besidestheissueofconsumerhabitsinfrastructurecostsaresettobeimmenseandwillhavetobemetbynationalstatesortheprivatesectorbeforebeingpassedontousers.Platformsdonotnecessarilyhavetobeexpensive.Themobilephoneisagoodexampleofhowsomethingthatistechnologicallysophisticatedcanalmostbegivenawaywithitscostrecoveredthroughservicecharges.Usersarethencoercedthroughclevermarketingtoupgradetonewerphoneswithmorefeaturestoreinforcetheirdependence.Whatevertheoutcomeitisobviousthattechnologywillplayanincreasingpartinoureverydaylives.Beyondtechnologydigitalconvergenceembracestheservicesindustrialpracticesandsocialbehaviorthatformmodernsociety.Wehaveinourhandsthetechnologytoconstructthemostsophisticatedmachineseverbuiltbutiftheyareunusablesimplybecauseoftheiroperatinginstructionsthenrecentlessonshavetaughtustheywillnotsurvive.Whateverwedesignmustbesimplereliableanduseful.Perhapsthisiswhereartificialintelligencewillcomein.Inpointingouttheproblemsfacedindigitalconvergencetheauthormainlyemploysthetechniqueof______
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandcompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agoodold-fashionedspankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood.Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchildcaretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsofheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey’Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfine’indeed.Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessintheirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfailtomakeasuccessoflife.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatchildrenwhoenjoyall-importanthappinesswill______
Thepotentialofcomputersforincreasingthecontroloforganizationsorsocietyovertheirmembersandforinvadingtheprivacyofthosemembershascausedconsiderableconcern.Theprivacyissuehasbeenraisedmostinsistentlywithrespecttothecreationandmaintenanceofdatafilesthatassembleinformationaboutpersonsfromamultitudeofsources.Filesofthiskindwouldbehighlyvaluableformanykindsofeconomicandsocialresearchbuttheyareboughtattoohighapriceiftheyendangerhumanfreedomorseriouslyenhancetheopportunitiesofblackmailers.2Whilesuchdangersshouldnotbeignoreditshouldbenotedthatthelackofcomprehensivedatafileshasneverbeforebeenthelimitingbarriertothesuppressionofhumanfreedom.Makingthecomputerthevillainintheinvasionofprivacyorencroachmentoncivillibertiessimplydivertsattentionfromtherealdangers.Computerdatabankscanandmustbegiventhehighestdegreeofprotectionfromabuse.3Butwemustbecarefulalsothatwedonotemploysuchcrudemethodsofprotectionastodepriveoursocietyofimportantdataitneedstounderstanditsownsocialprocessesandtoanalyzeitsproblems.Perhapsthemostimportantquestionofallaboutthecomputeriswhatithasdoneandwilldotoman’sviewofhimselfandhisplaceintheuniverse.4Themostheatedattacksonthecomputerarenotfocusedonitspossibleeconomiceffectsitspresumeddestructionofjobsatisfactionoritsthreattoprivacyandlibertybutupontheclaimthatitcausespeopletobeviewedandtoviewthemselvesas’machines’.Whatthecomputerandtheprogressinartificialintelligencechallengeisanethicthatrestsonman’sapartnessfromtherestofnature.Analternativeethicofcourseviewsmanasapartofnaturegovernedbynaturallawsubjecttotheforcesofgravityandthedemandsofhisbody.5Thedebateaboutartificialintelligenceandthesimulationofman’sthinkingisinconsiderablepartaconfrontationofthesetwoviewsofman’splaceintheuniverse.
Iwouldhavegonetothelecturewithyou______Iwassobusy.
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid.Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblytoabandonpupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy.Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours.Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.oneimportantreasonwhyteachersareleavingtheirprofessionisthattheyare______
For36thebloodshedandtragedyofD-DaythebeachesofNormandywillalwaysevokeacertain37:ayearningforatimewhennationsinthecivilizedworldburiedtheirdifferencesandcombinedtoopposeabsoluteevilwhenvaluesseemedclearerandtheterribleconsequencesofwarstopped38oftheannihilationofhumanity.ButoverhalfacenturyaftertheallieshitthosewavebatteredsandflatsandtoweringcliffstheNormandyinvasionstandsasafeat39toberepeated.Therewillneverbe40D-Day.TechnologyhaschangedtheconditionsofwarfareinwaysthatnoneoftheD-Dayparticipantscouldhave41.All-outwarinthebeginningsofthiscenturywouldsurelyspellall-out42forthebelligerentsandpossiblyfortheentirehumanrace.Nocrediblescenarioforafutureworldwarwouldallowtimeforthemassivebuildupofconventionalforcesthatoccurredinthe1940s.ThemoralequivalentoftheNormandyinvasioninthenuclearagewouldinvolveapresidentialdecisiontoputteasofmillionsofAmericanlivesat.43.Andthepossiblebenefitsfortheallieswouldbeuncertainatbest.EuropeandefenseexpertsoftenaskwhethertheU.S.wouldbewillingtotradePittsburghforDusseldorf.Inpracticethequestionmaywellbewhetheritisworth44AmericancitiestoavengeaEuropealready45torubble.
Inpromisingtofusemediaasdiverseastelevisiontelephonecommunicationvideogamesmusicanddatatransmissiontheeraofdigitalconvergencegoesbetterthanyesterday’scelebratedinformationsuperhighway.Yetachievingthissingletechnologyisfarfromstraightforward.Therearecurrentlythreemajortelevisionbroadcaststandardsandtheyareallincompatiblewitheachother.ButthisisnothingcomparedtothemanytechnologiessupportingtheInterneteachwithadifferentbandwidthandphysicalmedia.Theproblemsfacedindesigningplatformsandcommunicationsystemsthatwillbeacceptedacrosstheworldcanappearinsuperable.Evenonceglobalstandardsareassuredhoweverafurtherobstacleliesinwait.TheInternetisplaguedbylongerraticresponsetimesbecauseitisapull-technologydrivenbypatternsofuserdemands.Pushtechnologyontheotherhandreversestherelationship:serverssimplysendinformationtopassiveusersasintelevisionandradio.Butifsomeformofcombinationbetweenone-waytelevisionflowandinteractiveInternetistobethebasisofourfuturemediaitishardtoseehowitcouldbeoperated.MoreovertheproblemoffusingInternetwithtelevisionisalsooneofdefiningtheservicesoffered.Informationentertainmentandrelaxationappearatfirsttobequitedifferentneeds.Seriousdoubtsremainoverwhetherconsumerswillbeinterestedinhavingtomakethesortofmentaleffortassociatedwithcomputingwhilealsosettlingdowninfrontofasitcom.Besidestheissueofconsumerhabitsinfrastructurecostsaresettobeimmenseandwillhavetobemetbynationalstatesortheprivatesectorbeforebeingpassedontousers.Platformsdonotnecessarilyhavetobeexpensive.Themobilephoneisagoodexampleofhowsomethingthatistechnologicallysophisticatedcanalmostbegivenawaywithitscostrecoveredthroughservicecharges.Usersarethencoercedthroughclevermarketingtoupgradetonewerphoneswithmorefeaturestoreinforcetheirdependence.Whatevertheoutcomeitisobviousthattechnologywillplayanincreasingpartinoureverydaylives.Beyondtechnologydigitalconvergenceembracestheservicesindustrialpracticesandsocialbehaviorthatformmodernsociety.Wehaveinourhandsthetechnologytoconstructthemostsophisticatedmachineseverbuiltbutiftheyareunusablesimplybecauseoftheiroperatinginstructionsthenrecentlessonshavetaughtustheywillnotsurvive.Whateverwedesignmustbesimplereliableanduseful.Perhapsthisiswhereartificialintelligencewillcomein.Theauthorassertsthatthesuccessofdigitalconvergencewillultimatelydependupon______
Wheneverworkisbeingdoneenergy______fromoneformintoanother.
Allnormalhumanbeingsare______atleasttoadegree-theygetafeelingofwarmthandkinshipfromengagingingroupactivities.
Thechildis______alltheevidenceforhisopinion.
For36thebloodshedandtragedyofD-DaythebeachesofNormandywillalwaysevokeacertain37:ayearningforatimewhennationsinthecivilizedworldburiedtheirdifferencesandcombinedtoopposeabsoluteevilwhenvaluesseemedclearerandtheterribleconsequencesofwarstopped38oftheannihilationofhumanity.ButoverhalfacenturyaftertheallieshitthosewavebatteredsandflatsandtoweringcliffstheNormandyinvasionstandsasafeat39toberepeated.Therewillneverbe40D-Day.TechnologyhaschangedtheconditionsofwarfareinwaysthatnoneoftheD-Dayparticipantscouldhave41.All-outwarinthebeginningsofthiscenturywouldsurelyspellall-out42forthebelligerentsandpossiblyfortheentirehumanrace.Nocrediblescenarioforafutureworldwarwouldallowtimeforthemassivebuildupofconventionalforcesthatoccurredinthe1940s.ThemoralequivalentoftheNormandyinvasioninthenuclearagewouldinvolveapresidentialdecisiontoputteasofmillionsofAmericanlivesat.43.Andthepossiblebenefitsfortheallieswouldbeuncertainatbest.EuropeandefenseexpertsoftenaskwhethertheU.S.wouldbewillingtotradePittsburghforDusseldorf.Inpracticethequestionmaywellbewhetheritisworth44AmericancitiestoavengeaEuropealready45torubble.
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sstabilityandgrowthpactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheEuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby1.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministersknownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEurogroupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby1.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.TheEU’smidsizedcountriesalsohopetocapitalizeonthisressentiment.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.Thetextismainlyabout______
______springsnotoutoftrueanddeepadmirationbutmoreoftenoutofaself-seekingwishtoidentifywithsomeoneimportantorfamous.
FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildrenbutifyouwereaparentinthosedaysatleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandcompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeenbewilderedeversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-importantthepsychologistssaybutwhatabouttheparents’happinessParentssuffercontinuallyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildrengailyrompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agoodold-fashionedspankingisoutofthequestion:nomodernchild-rearingmanualwouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowedeventoshout.WhoknowswhatdeeppsychologicalwoundsyoumightinflictThepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumaticexperience.Soitisthatparentsbendoverbackwardstoavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexeswhichahundredyearsagohadn’tevenbeenheardof.Certainlyachildneedsloveandalotofit.Buttheexcessivepermissivenessofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood.Psychologistshavesucceededinunderminingparents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.Inadditiontothegreatmodernclassicsonchildcaretherearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicitedadviceflyingaboutmumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheendtheydonothingatall.Sofromearlychildhoodthekidsareinchargeandparents’livesareregulatedaccordingtotheneedsofheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopintoteenagerstheytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescentrebellionagainstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveapartyforinstanceparentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerelyspoilsthefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobutobey’Childrenarehardycreaturesfarhardierthanthepsychologistswouldhaveusbelieveandmostofthemsurvivetheharmfulinfluenceofextremepermissivenesswhichisthenormalconditioninthemodernhousehold.Butagreatmanydonot.Thespreadofjuveniledelinquencyinourownageislargelyduetoparentallaxity.MotherbelievingthatlittleJohnnycanlookafterhimselfisnotathomewhenhereturnsfromschoolsolittleJohnnyroamsthestreets.Thedividing-linebetweenpermissivenessandsheernegligenceisveryfine’indeed.Thepsychologistshavemuchtoanswerfor.Theyshouldkeeptheirmouthsshutandletparentsgetonwiththejob.Andifchildrenareknockedaboutalittlebitintheprocessitmaynotreallymattertoomuch.Atleastthiswillhelpthemtodevelopvigorousviewsoftheirownandgivethemsomethingpositivetoreactagainst.Perhapsthere’ssometruthintheideathatchildrenwhohavehadasurfeitofhappinessintheirchildhoodappearlikestodgypuddingsandfailtomakeasuccessoflife.Theauthorsaysthattoday’sparents______
Eversincethisgovernment’stermbegantheattitudetoteachershasbeenovershadowedbythemantrathatgoodteacherscannotberewardedifitmeansbadteachersarerewardedtoo.That’swhydespitetheobviousneedforthembigpayriseshavenotbeenawardedtoteachersacrosstheboard.Thelatestpayrisewas3.6percent--madinthepresentsituation.That’swhyaswellthelongbattleoverperformance-relatedpaywasfoughtasteachernumbersslid.Theideaisthatsomekindofyearzerocaneventuallybeachievedwherebyallthebadteachersaregoneandonlythegoodteachersremain.ThatiswhytheGovernment’sattemptstorelievetheteachershortagehavebeensofocusedonofferingincentivestogetanewgenerationofteachersintotraining.Theassumptionisthatsomanyoftheteacherswehavealreadyarebadthatonlybystartingagaincanstandardsberaised.Buttheteachershortageisnotcausedonlybecauseofalackofnewteacherscomingintotheprofession.Itisalsobecauseteachinghasaretentionproblemwithmanyleavingtheprofession.Thesepeoplehavetheirreasonsfordoingsowhichcannotbepurelyaboutwantingirresponsiblytoabandonpupilsmorepermanently.Suchanexodussuggeststhatevenbeyondthehateduniongrandstandingteachersarenothappy.Unionsandgovernmentappeartobeinbroadagreementthattheshortageofteachersisaparlousstateofaffairs.Oddlythoughtheydon’tseementirelytoagreethatthereasonsforthismaylieinfeaturesoftheprofessionitselfandthewayitisrun.InsteadtheGovernmentissosuspiciousoftheideathatteachersmaybeabletorepresentthemselvesthattheyhavesetuptheGeneralTeachingCouncilabodythatwillrepresentteacherswhethertheywantittoornotandtowhichtheyhavetopay￡25ayearwhethertheywanttoornot.Theattitudesofbothsidespromisetoexacerbateratherthansolvetheproblem.Teachersarecertainlyexacerbatingtheproblembystressingjusthowbadthingsare.Quiteafewpotentialteachersmustbeputoff.AndwhiletheGovernmenthasmadequiteasuccessofconvincingthepublicthatbadeducationisalmostexclusivelylinkedtobadteachersrepresentedbydestructiveunionsitalsoseemsappallingthatinasurveylastyearworkinghoursforprimaryteachersaveraged53hoursperweekwhilesecondaryteachersclockedup51hours.Attheirspringconferencesthefourmajorteachingunionsintendtoballottheirmembersondemandingfromgovernmentanindependentinquiryintoworkingconditions.ThisfollowstheMcCronereportinScotlandwhichproducedanagreementtolimithoursto35perweekwithamaximumclasscontact-timeof22andahalfhours.Thatsoundsmostattractive.Itseemsthattheauthorbelievesthatthegovernment’sperceptionofthepresentsituationis______
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrewaround.It’siniquitoustheysaythatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesarcmaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopays.Thepooroldconsumer.Hewouldhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itisjustbecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargefromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo]Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwayby-lawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingweshouldn’tforgetisthelittleadswhichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forexampleyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthehatchmatchanddispatchcolumns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonaloragonycolumn.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!Theauthormentionstheexampleofawashing-machinetojustify______
Toomuch______canpossiblyleadtounhappinesseventothoughtsofsuicideasfewpeoplehavethecouragetoanalyzethemselvesobjectivelyandminutely.
For36thebloodshedandtragedyofD-DaythebeachesofNormandywillalwaysevokeacertain37:ayearningforatimewhennationsinthecivilizedworldburiedtheirdifferencesandcombinedtoopposeabsoluteevilwhenvaluesseemedclearerandtheterribleconsequencesofwarstopped38oftheannihilationofhumanity.ButoverhalfacenturyaftertheallieshitthosewavebatteredsandflatsandtoweringcliffstheNormandyinvasionstandsasafeat39toberepeated.Therewillneverbe40D-Day.TechnologyhaschangedtheconditionsofwarfareinwaysthatnoneoftheD-Dayparticipantscouldhave41.All-outwarinthebeginningsofthiscenturywouldsurelyspellall-out42forthebelligerentsandpossiblyfortheentirehumanrace.Nocrediblescenarioforafutureworldwarwouldallowtimeforthemassivebuildupofconventionalforcesthatoccurredinthe1940s.ThemoralequivalentoftheNormandyinvasioninthenuclearagewouldinvolveapresidentialdecisiontoputteasofmillionsofAmericanlivesat.43.Andthepossiblebenefitsfortheallieswouldbeuncertainatbest.EuropeandefenseexpertsoftenaskwhethertheU.S.wouldbewillingtotradePittsburghforDusseldorf.Inpracticethequestionmaywellbewhetheritisworth44AmericancitiestoavengeaEuropealready45torubble.
Allthestudentsinthisuniversityarerequestedtocomplywiththeregulations.
Thedoctor’s______isthatshe’llsoonbeasgoodasnewifshetakesinsulinandwatchesherdiet.
Hecouldhardly______histemperwhenhesawthestateofhisoffice.
简述善意占有与恶意占有
For36thebloodshedandtragedyofD-DaythebeachesofNormandywillalwaysevokeacertain37:ayearningforatimewhennationsinthecivilizedworldburiedtheirdifferencesandcombinedtoopposeabsoluteevilwhenvaluesseemedclearerandtheterribleconsequencesofwarstopped38oftheannihilationofhumanity.ButoverhalfacenturyaftertheallieshitthosewavebatteredsandflatsandtoweringcliffstheNormandyinvasionstandsasafeat39toberepeated.Therewillneverbe40D-Day.TechnologyhaschangedtheconditionsofwarfareinwaysthatnoneoftheD-Dayparticipantscouldhave41.All-outwarinthebeginningsofthiscenturywouldsurelyspellall-out42forthebelligerentsandpossiblyfortheentirehumanrace.Nocrediblescenarioforafutureworldwarwouldallowtimeforthemassivebuildupofconventionalforcesthatoccurredinthe1940s.ThemoralequivalentoftheNormandyinvasioninthenuclearagewouldinvolveapresidentialdecisiontoputteasofmillionsofAmericanlivesat.43.Andthepossiblebenefitsfortheallieswouldbeuncertainatbest.EuropeandefenseexpertsoftenaskwhethertheU.S.wouldbewillingtotradePittsburghforDusseldorf.Inpracticethequestionmaywellbewhetheritisworth44AmericancitiestoavengeaEuropealready45torubble.
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrewaround.It’siniquitoustheysaythatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesarcmaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopays.Thepooroldconsumer.Hewouldhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itisjustbecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargefromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo]Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwayby-lawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingweshouldn’tforgetisthelittleadswhichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forexampleyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthehatchmatchanddispatchcolumns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonaloragonycolumn.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!TheworddrabParagraph3mightmean______
For36thebloodshedandtragedyofD-DaythebeachesofNormandywillalwaysevokeacertain37:ayearningforatimewhennationsinthecivilizedworldburiedtheirdifferencesandcombinedtoopposeabsoluteevilwhenvaluesseemedclearerandtheterribleconsequencesofwarstopped38oftheannihilationofhumanity.ButoverhalfacenturyaftertheallieshitthosewavebatteredsandflatsandtoweringcliffstheNormandyinvasionstandsasafeat39toberepeated.Therewillneverbe40D-Day.TechnologyhaschangedtheconditionsofwarfareinwaysthatnoneoftheD-Dayparticipantscouldhave41.All-outwarinthebeginningsofthiscenturywouldsurelyspellall-out42forthebelligerentsandpossiblyfortheentirehumanrace.Nocrediblescenarioforafutureworldwarwouldallowtimeforthemassivebuildupofconventionalforcesthatoccurredinthe1940s.ThemoralequivalentoftheNormandyinvasioninthenuclearagewouldinvolveapresidentialdecisiontoputteasofmillionsofAmericanlivesat.43.Andthepossiblebenefitsfortheallieswouldbeuncertainatbest.EuropeandefenseexpertsoftenaskwhethertheU.S.wouldbewillingtotradePittsburghforDusseldorf.Inpracticethequestionmaywellbewhetheritisworth44AmericancitiestoavengeaEuropealready45torubble.
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