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The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated (1) an ongoi...
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Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection--whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample--have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 3
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"besays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 1
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 17
AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Intermsofmakingdecisionsthehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 11
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 3
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’s"StabilityandGrowthPact"wassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams. Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted. Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownasthe"Eurogroup."Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytothe"Franco-Germansteamroller"asLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit. ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem. TheEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketismentionedtoshow
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 5
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Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 19
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sStabilityandGrowthPactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.AccordingtothetextwhatannoystheEuroareaisthatFranceandGermanyrefuseto
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 9
Neverhasastraitjacketseemedsoill-fittingorsoinsecure.TheEuroarea’sStabilityandGrowthPactwassupposedtostopirresponsiblememberstatesrunningexcessivebudgetdeficitsdefinedas3%ofGDPormore.Chiefamongtherestraintswasthethreatoflargefinesifmembergovernmentsbreachedthelimitforthreeyearsinarow.Forsometimenownoonehasseriouslybelievedthoserestraintswouldhold.IntheearlyhoursofTuesdayNovember25ththeEuro’sfiscalstraitjacketfinallycameapartattheseams.Thepact’sfatewassealedoveranextendeddinnermeetingoftheeuroarea’s12financeministers.TheychewedoverthesorryfiscalrecordoftheEuro’stwolargestmembersFranceandGermany.Bothgovernmentsrandeficitsofmorethan3%ofGDPlastyearandwilldosoagainthisyear.Bothexpecttobreachthelimitforthethirdtimein2004.EarlierthisyeartheEuropeanCommissionwhichpolicesthepactagreedtogivebothcountriesanextrayearuntil2005tobringtheirdeficitsbackintoline.Butitalsoinstructedthemtorevisittheirbudgetplansfor2004andmakeextracuts.Francewasaskedtocutitsunderlyingcyclicallyadjusteddeficitbyafull1%ofGDPGermanyby0.8%.Bothresisted.Underthepact’shalesthecommission’sprescriptionshavenoforceuntilformallyendorsedinavotebytheEuroarea’sfinanceministers’knownastheEurogroup.Andthevotesweresimplynotthere.InsteadtheEuro-groupagreedonasetofproposalsofitsowndrawnupbytheItalianfinanceministerGiulioTremonti.Francewillcutitsstructuraldeficitby0.8%ofGDPnextyearGermanyby0.6%.In2005bothwillbringtheirdeficitsbelow3%economicgrowthpermitting.NothingwillenforceorguaranteethisagreementexceptFranceandGermany’sword.TheEuropeanCentralBankECBwasalarmedatthisoutcomethecommissionwasdismayedandthesmallerEuro-areacountrieswhoopposedthedealwereapoplectic:treatylawwasgivingwaytotheFranco-GermansteamrollerasLeFigaroaFrenchnewspaperputit.ThisseethingangerwillsourEuropeanpoliticsandmayspilloverintonegotiationsonaproposedEUconstitution.HavingthrowntheirweightaroundthisweekFranceandGermanymayfindothersmallermembersmorereluctantthanevertogivegroundinthenegotiationsonthedocument.Spainopposesthedraftconstitutionbecauseitwillgiveitsubstantiallylessvotingweightthanitcurrentlyenjoys.ItsidedagainstFranceandGermanyonTuesdayandwillpointtotheirfiscaltransgressionstoshowthattheEU’sbigcountriesdonotdeservetheextrapowertheproposedconstitutionwillgivethem.ItcanbesafelyconcludedfromthetextthatsmallermembersoftheEuroareawouldbecomemore
Directions:WritealettertoMr.TerryThompsonrecommendingaChineseuniversityforhimtostudyinChina.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 13
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection--whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample--have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 7
RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate.46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum.Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart.47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum.TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict.Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum.Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎.I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum.49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw.ThereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountryEmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters.Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying.50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope.
Theemptyhouseinamiddle-classcornerofsouthernCaliforniaistwostoreyshighandboastsathree-cargarage.Rosesbloomaroundakidney-shapedswimmingpoolwhichisgreenwithalgae.BillBobbittacountyinspectordipsaladleintothewaterandbringsuphalfadozenwrigglinglarvae.MosquitoesandtheWestNilevirusthatsomeofthemcarryarethrivinginCalifornia’splungingpropertymarket.WestNilevirusarrivedinAmericain1999andmadeittoCaliforniathreeyearslater.Sincethenitisknowntohaveinfected2300peopleinthestateofwhom76havedied.InOrangeCountythisistheworstsummeryet.BythispointlastyearofficialstherehaddiscoveredninebirdsthathadbeenkilledbyWestNilevirusandnotoneinfectedmosquito.Sofarthisyeartheyhavefound219infectedbirdsand75infectedmosquitoes.Someofthisriseisduetobettertestingandco-operationwiththeanimalservicesdepartmentwhichreceivesmostreportsofdyingbirds.Butamuchbiggercauseisthehousingcrunch.Fully63000homeswereforeclosedinCaliforniabetweenAprilandJuneaccordingtoDataQuickapropertydataservicesoutfit.InthepastyearthenumberofOrangeCountyhomeownerswhohavedefaultedontheirmortgageshasmorethandoubled.Emptyhousesmeanuntendedpools.Untendedpoolsquicklybreedmosquitoes.DeadbirdsarealsopilingupinneighbouringcountieslikeLosAngelesSanDiegoandSanBernardinowhichalsohavehighforeclosurerates.Lastweek170infectedmosquitoeswerediscoveredinthestateasawhole-thehighesttallyever.Sofarthisyeari3humaninfectionshavebeenreportedinCaliforniabutthenumbersareexpectedtogrowrapidlyasthesummermoveson.JohnRusmiselpresident-electoftheboardresponsibleforkillingthecritterssaysapeakininfectedmosquitoesisgenerallyfollowedtwoorthreeweekslaterbyapeakinhumancases.Intheoryownersaresupposedtokeeptheirpropertiesindecentshapewhethertheylivethereornot.Californiahasevenpassedabillfiningbanksandmortgagecompaniesthatseizepropertiesandthenallowpoolstofester.ButMrBobbittisn’twaitingforthelawyers.HehastreatedthepoolinSantaAnawithoilandsyntheticgrowthhormoneswhichwillkeepthemosquitoesadolescentpreventingbreeding.ThenhetipsinafewdozenmosquitofishGambusiaaffiniswhichbeginhappilylaunchinglarvae.Youcanbuyalotofthefishforwhatalawyerchargesperhourandsomeauthoritieswithcommendablecreativityevenprovidethemfreetohelpcontrolthepests.Whichiscorrectaccordingtothesecondparagraph
Theemptyhouseinamiddle-classcornerofsouthernCaliforniaistwostoreyshighandboastsathree-cargarage.Rosesbloomaroundakidney-shapedswimmingpoolwhichisgreenwithalgae.BillBobbittacountyinspectordipsaladleintothewaterandbringsuphalfadozenwrigglinglarvae.MosquitoesandtheWestNilevirusthatsomeofthemcarryarethrivinginCalifornia’splungingpropertymarket.WestNilevirusarrivedinAmericain1999andmadeittoCaliforniathreeyearslater.Sincethenitisknowntohaveinfected2300peopleinthestateofwhom76havedied.InOrangeCountythisistheworstsummeryet.BythispointlastyearofficialstherehaddiscoveredninebirdsthathadbeenkilledbyWestNilevirusandnotoneinfectedmosquito.Sofarthisyeartheyhavefound219infectedbirdsand75infectedmosquitoes.Someofthisriseisduetobettertestingandco-operationwiththeanimalservicesdepartmentwhichreceivesmostreportsofdyingbirds.Butamuchbiggercauseisthehousingcrunch.Fully63000homeswereforeclosedinCaliforniabetweenAprilandJuneaccordingtoDataQuickapropertydataservicesoutfit.InthepastyearthenumberofOrangeCountyhomeownerswhohavedefaultedontheirmortgageshasmorethandoubled.Emptyhousesmeanuntendedpools.Untendedpoolsquicklybreedmosquitoes.DeadbirdsarealsopilingupinneighbouringcountieslikeLosAngelesSanDiegoandSanBernardinowhichalsohavehighforeclosurerates.Lastweek170infectedmosquitoeswerediscoveredinthestateasawhole-thehighesttallyever.Sofarthisyeari3humaninfectionshavebeenreportedinCaliforniabutthenumbersareexpectedtogrowrapidlyasthesummermoveson.JohnRusmiselpresident-electoftheboardresponsibleforkillingthecritterssaysapeakininfectedmosquitoesisgenerallyfollowedtwoorthreeweekslaterbyapeakinhumancases.Intheoryownersaresupposedtokeeptheirpropertiesindecentshapewhethertheylivethereornot.Californiahasevenpassedabillfiningbanksandmortgagecompaniesthatseizepropertiesandthenallowpoolstofester.ButMrBobbittisn’twaitingforthelawyers.HehastreatedthepoolinSantaAnawithoilandsyntheticgrowthhormoneswhichwillkeepthemosquitoesadolescentpreventingbreeding.ThenhetipsinafewdozenmosquitofishGambusiaaffiniswhichbeginhappilylaunchinglarvae.Youcanbuyalotofthefishforwhatalawyerchargesperhourandsomeauthoritieswithcommendablecreativityevenprovidethemfreetohelpcontrolthepests.Whatdoeswrigglinglarvaerefertointhefirstparagraph
RomeJune13—AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate.46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurch—includingthenewpopeBenedictXVI—urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum.Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncountedinitsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart.47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum.TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts’saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict.Italianswantademocracywithvalues—atvalueshumanlife—andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum.Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎.I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople’CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum.49Concedingaheavydefeat.thepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewallsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw.ThereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountryEmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters.Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying.50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope.
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection--whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample--have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 1
AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. WhatdoyousupposewastheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 7
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D]QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]MarketResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers.Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery--CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42.______Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions:--Whoareyourcustomers--Wherearetheylocated--Whataretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationsoractivities--Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct--Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea44.______Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwii1serveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin:--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies.--Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarketarea.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
[A]MarketData[B]MarketProsperity[C]SecretofSuccess[D]QuestionstoAsk[E]UnderstandingYourMarket[F]MarketResearchSuccessfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity.InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs.41.______Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers.Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:--Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand--Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct--CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice--CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery--CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofitOnceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch.42.______Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit:--Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket.--Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions.--Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities.--Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals.--Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries.Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded.43.______Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions:--Whoareyourcustomers--Wherearetheylocated--Whataretheirneedsandresources--Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationsoractivities--Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct--Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct--Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing--Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea44.______Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwii1serveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead.Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin:--Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals.--Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends.--Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies.--Competitors.--Customersurveysinyourmarketarea.Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness.45.______Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou.
AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
Advancesincomputersanddatanetworksinspirevisionsofafuture"informationeconomy"inwhicheveryonewillhave1togigabytesofallkindsofinformationanywhereandanytime.2informationhasalwaysbeena3difficultcommoditytodealwithandinsomewayscomputersandhigh-speednetworksmaketheproblemsofbuying4anddistributinginformationgoodsworse5better.TheevolutionoftheInternetitself6seriousproblems.7theInternethasbeenprivatizedseveralcompaniesare8toprovidethebackbonesthatwillcarrytraffic9localnetworksbut10businessmodelsforinterconnection--whopayshowmuchforeachpacket11forexample--have12tobedeveloped.13interconnectionstandardsaredevelopedthatmake14cheapandeasytotransmitinformationacrossindependentnetworkscompetitionwill15.Iftechnicaloreconomic16makeinterconnectiondifficult17transmittingdataacrossmultiplenetworksisexpensiveortooslowthe18supplierscanofferasignificantperformance19;theymaybeabletousethisedgetodriveoutcompetitorsand20themarket. 5
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 15
Multifunctionsuperpillsaren’tnearlyasfarfetchedastheymaysound.Andreducingsuchseriousriskstohearthealthassoaringcholesteroldiabetesandhighbloodpressurepotentiallycouldsavemanylivesandbehighlylucrativefordrugcompanies.AcombopillfromPfizerPFEofitshypertensiondrugNorvascandcholesterol-loweringagentLipitor"couldhavehugepotential"saysShaojingTonganalystatMehtaPartners."Offeringtwofunctionsinonepillitselfisahugeconvenience." Ifsuchpillscatchontheycouldgeneratesignificantrevenuesfordrugcompanies.InPfizer’seasethegoalistotransferasmanyqualifiedpatientsaspossibletothecombopill.Norvasc’spatentsexpirein2007butPfizercouldavoidlosingallitsrevenuesfromthedrugatonceifitwerepartofasuperpill.SenaLundananalystatCathayFinancialseesPfizerselling$4.2billionworthofNorvasc-Lipitorby2007.ThatwouldhelptakeuptheslackforfallingsalesofLipitorwhichheprojectswilldropto$5billionin2007downfrom$8billionlastyear. Pfizerarguesthataddressingtwodistinctandseriouscardiovascularriskfactorsinonepillhasadvantages.PeoplewithbothhypertensionandhighLDLcholesterolthe"bad"kindnumberaround27millionintheU.S.notesCraigHopkinsonmedicaldirectorfordualtherapyatPfizerandonly2%ofthatpopulationreachesadequatetreatmentgoals.Takingtwotreatmentsinonewillincreasethenumberofpatientswhotakethemedicationsproperlyand"assistingettingpatientstogoal"besays. DoctorsalsomaybequicktoadoptNorvasc-LipitorPfizerfiguresbecauseit’smadeupoftwowell-studieddrugswhichmanyphysiciansarealreadyfamiliarwith.ButDr.StanleyRocksonchiefofconsultativecardiologyatStanfordUniversityMedicalCentersaysfixed-dosecombinationpillsrepresent"aninterestingcrossroads"forphysicianswhoaretypicallytrainedto"approacheachindividualproblemwithcare."Combiningtreatmentswouldchallengedoctorstoapproachheartdiseasedifferently.ButbetterpatientcomplianceisimportantenoughsaysRocksonthatheexpectsdoctorstoBeopentotryingthecombinedpill. Someotherphysiciansaremoreskeptical."Ifyouwanttochangedosageononeofthenewpill’stwodrugsyou’restuck"fearsDr.IreneGavrisprofessorofmedicineatBostonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Shesaysshewouldfeelmostcomfortabletryingthecombinationpillonpatientswho"havebeenonthedrugsforawhile"andarethusunlikelytoneedchangesindosage. Asusualeconomicscouldtipthescales.PatientsnowtakingbothLipitorandNorvasc"couldcuttheirinsurancecopayinhalf"byswitchingtothecombodrugGavrisnotes.That’sakeyadvantage.Controllinghypertensionforinstancecanrequirethreeormoredrugsandthefinancialburdenonpatientsmountsquickly.Ifpatientsalsobenefit--asPfizerandotherdrugcompaniescontend--makingtheswitchtosuperpillscouldbeadvantageousforeveryone. WhichofthefollowingisNotoneoftheadvantagesofsuperpills
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