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第一个系统论述教育心理学并被称为“现代教育心理学之父”的心理学家是( )
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被称为美国运动心理学之父的在美国伊利诺斯大学开设了世界上第一个运动心理学课程他建立了世界上第一个运动
______创立了世界上第一个心理学实验室将实验法引入心理学研究对教育心理学的产生和发展产生了重要的
弗洛伊德建立了现代心理学史上第一个系统的人格心理学体系
是第一个系统论述教育心理学的心理学家被称为现代教育心理学之父
斯金纳
桑代克
布鲁纳
加涅
冯特被看做是心理学之父因为
他发展了内省的方法研究心理内容
他写了现代心理学家依然在用的许多著作
他建立了第一个心理学实验室，并宣布了心理学是一门科学
他运用了亚里士多德理解行为的观点
冯特被看做是心理学之父因为
他发展了内省的方法研究心理内容
他写了现代心理学家依然在用的许多著作
他建立了第一个心理学实验室，并宣布了心理学是一门科学
他主张将心理学作为一个整体进行研究
西方教育史上第一个提出教育心理学化并在教育实践上提出以心理学为基础发展人的能力的方法的教育家是
1879年独立的心理学诞生为把心理学的知识应用于工业企业开辟了道路 其中的代表人物是德国心理学家闵
教育心理学的开山鼻祖有教育心理学之父之称的美国心理学家是
第一个系统论述教育心理学的心理学家是
桑代克
巴甫洛夫
斯金纳
班杜拉
科学心理学诞生的标志是
第一个心理学实验室的建立
第一本心理学著作的问世
第一个心理学流派的形成
心理学名词的产生
是科学教育心理学的开创者是第一个系统论述教育心理学的心理学家被称为现代教育心理学之父
加涅
奥苏贝尔
桑代克
巴甫洛夫
斯金纳
现代心理学与教育的结合产生直接为教育服务的分支学科是
学习心理学、学校心理学、教育社会心理学、教育心理学
学习心理学、学校心理学、教育社会心理学、教学心理学
认知心理学、学校心理学、教育社会心理学、教育心理学
学习心理学、学校心理学、社会心理学、教育心理学
在苏联被称为教育心理学之父的心理学家是
卡普杰列夫
桑代克
乌申斯基
维果斯基
1980年初主编的教育心理学正式出版该书反映了中国教育心理学界的一般观点和研究成果也反映了现代教育心
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Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Theauthorwarnsthatoverweighthas
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare
ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplacedclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours. Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcarewedemandeyed’’thingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified. In1950theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$I540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’’Connorisinher7OsandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave. Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AsaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyamddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcarehaveachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanwehave.Asanationwemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’’slives. IncontrasttotheU.S.JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare
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在下列各项目中属于商业银行主动性负债的有
ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplacedclinicaldepressioncontrolledcataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours. Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperishevenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevelyetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcarewedemandeyed’’thingthatcanpossiblybedoneforusevenifit’’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified. In1950theU.S.spent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2002thecostwillbe$I540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirmhaveadutytodieandgetoutofthewaysothatyoungerhealthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential. Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyondandremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’’Connorisinher7OsandformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-oldIwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave. Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.AsaphysicianIknowthemostcostlyamddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSwedencountriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcarehaveachievedlongerhealthierlivesthanwehave.Asanationwemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’’slives. Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry. ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfusedandone’’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoplestheirculturesandnationalidentifies.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47InEurope.aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevisionradionewspapersmagazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind. Clearlyonlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein.afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989. MoreovertheintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution. 49CreatingaEuropeanidentitythatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice―thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarketwhoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown Inordertoachievetheseobjectiveswemustconcentratemoreonco-productionstheexchangeofnewsdocumentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhichonthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBankwillhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascaleitisnoexaggerationtosay.Unitedwestanddividedwefall―andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnityinourdiversityAunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat___________.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
当实际总支出为3万亿元充分就业时计划的总支出水平为3.5万亿元时紧缩性缺口为
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Thewordpervasive’’Line1Paragraph2mightmean___________.
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Fatcrisisseemstoresultchieflyfrom
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. AllofthefollowingdirectlyaccountforobesityEXCLUDING
下列不属于资本市场中介机构的是
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeedifhehasareputationforslackingyoumightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedasalltoohumanwiththeunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlantaGeorgiawhichhasjustbeenpublishedinNaturesuggeststhatitisalltoomonkeyaswell. Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-naturedco-operativecreaturesandtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveallliketheirfemalehumancounterpartstheytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueofgoodsandservicesthanmales. SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’’sandDr.deWaal’’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normallythemonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.Howeverwhentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchamberssothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrocktheirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent. Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoodsandmuchpreferabletocucumbers.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertokenthesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatalltheothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamberorrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeedthemerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamberwithoutanactualmonkeytoeatitwasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin. Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeyslikehumansareguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewildtheyareaco-operativegroup-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousndignationitseemsarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.Howeverwhethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumansorwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsagoisasyetanunansweredquestion. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
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