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In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordo...
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Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemest
Directions:YouaregoingtostudyattheUniversityofCard
下列程序段的执行结果为a=95Ifa＞60Thendegree=1Ifa＞70Thendegree=
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
短文填词共10小题每小题1分满分10分Thirtyyearsagothesalesstaffatde
Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethisseme
Java语言由下列哪个公司发布的
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHindus
pessimistic.
objective.
scared.
biased.
第二节短文填词共10小题每小题1分满分10分Thirtyyearsagothesalesstaffa
下列程序段的执行结果为 a=95 Ifa＞60Thendegree=1 Ifa＞70Thend
8 9
9 8
程序有错误
9 9
AmericanUniversitiesandCollegesHighereducationisgi
Right
Wrong
Not mentioned
下列程序段的执行结果为a=95Ifa＞60Thendegree=1Ifa＞70Thendegree=
degree=1
degree=2
degree=3
degree=4
Thecenterlineconditionofthetransmissionshaftcanbec
the border flange ’s excursion and flection
the both end shafts line ’s accordance
the border flange ’s flection and the both end shafts line ’s accordance
the border flange ’s accordance and both end shafts flection degree
Youwillbereceivingyourbachelor’’sdegreeinMarketi
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Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.Theworddefunctinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire.ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem.Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment.IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches.TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. Weknowfromtheauthor'ssuggestionsthat
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. AccordingtoDr.WalterWillettforgoodhealthpeoplecoulddrink
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ItcanbeinferredfromPara3that
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince.ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring.Theauthorimpliesthat______.
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen.ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand.Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid.Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain.Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory.Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob.IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm.Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee.Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor.Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose.OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen.Asecretaryinthefuturewill
Roughly30mpeopleareinfectedwithHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.Thevastmajorityliveinthepoorerpartsoftheplanet.Oftheseanestimated6.5mareinurgentneedofanti-retroviralmedicines--thecocktailsofdrugsthathaveinrichcountriestransformedAIDSfromanacutelethalconditiontoachroniccomplaint.46Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the"3by5"campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit. ThisweektheWHOandUNAIDSanotherUnitedNationsbodywithresponsibilityfordealingwiththediseasereportedonprogresssofar.47Thegoodnewsisthatthenumberofpeoplenowgettingthedragsstandsatroughly1m--morethandoublewhatitwasattheendof2003.Thebadnewsisthatthisachievementis600000patientsshortofthemid-2005targetsetbytheWHOwhichmeansthat"3by5’looksliketurninginto"3by6"instead. 48ProgressbasbeenslowerthanexpectedsaysJimKimheadoftheWHO’sHIV/AIDSdepartmentinpartbecauseofbottlenecksinsettingupprocurementandsupply-chainmanagementinpoorcountries.Therehavealsobeenproblemstrainingenoughnursesandotherhealth-careworkers--theunglamorousbitsofimprovinghealth-caresystems. Whiletheshortfallisdisappointingtherearesomeencouragingsigns.Fouryearsagoabasiccocktailofanti-retroviralmedicinescost$10000ayear.Todaythatpricehasfallentoaround$150inmanycountries.49ThedramaticdeclineisthankslargelytotheintroductionofcheapgenericmedicinesfromIndianmanufacturersandothersaswellasdiscountingbymultinationaldruggiants.Thatisnottosaythatdrugpricesandpatentsarenolongercontroversial.LastweektheBraziliangovernmentsaiditwouldbreakthepatentonananti-retroviraldrugproducedbyAbbottLaboratoriesanAmericancompanyunlessthatfirmagreedtomatchthemuchlowerpriceoflocal.manufacturers. Astheever-optimisticDrKimpointsoutthereareotherpositivedevelopmentstoo.50ForexamplemorepoorcountriesaremakingAIDSanationalprioritysettingtreatmenttargetsandconcreteplansforhowtoreachthem.AstreatmentbecomesavailablemorepeoplearealsoturningupforcounsellingandtestingwhichinturnhelpswithAIDSprevention.Anddespiteinitialfearsthatwomenmighthaveproblemsgainingaccesstotreatmentthereareasyetnosignsofthemlosingout. Twoyearsagoaconcertedinternationaleffortwaslaunchedtoget3mofthesepeopleontoanti-retroviraltherapybytheendof2005--the3by5campaignastheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOdubbedit.
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. WhatcanbeinferredfromthewordsofDaveForney
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcommentonit.
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 44
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire.ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem.Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment.IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches.TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped.ThereasonwhysomanyAmericansdieinfiresisthat______.
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire.ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem.Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment.IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches.TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped.TonarrowthegapbetweenthefiredeathrateintheUnitedStatesandthatinothercountriestheauthorsuggests______.
[A]Inanycaseomnipresentchippingisyearsaway.UndauntedPFIIDchipmakerVeriChipislookingforbigbanksandcredit-cardfirmsinterestedinofferingRFID-basede-wallets.Ifsuccessfultheywouldtrulygiveshoulderinguptothebarforadrinkawholenewmeaning. [B]AstheBajaBeachClubtrialshowsRFIDcantagpeopleaswellasgoods.SomehospitalsateusingRFIDbraceletsonnewbornbabiesandelderlypatientswithdementia.ChildreninoneJapaneseschoolwaveRFIDcardstoalerttheirparentsthatthey’vearrived. [C]ForsomeretailersRFIDisawaytoprovideamoreseamlessshoppingexperience.BritishretailgiantMarks&Spenceriscurrentlytaggingmen’ssuitsinseveralLondonstoresaspartofatest.Whenyoubuyasize42thestockroom--alertedbythetag--sendsupanother.InPrada’sNewYorkstoreifyouholdadressnearamonitoryou’llseemodelswearingitonarunway. [D]AntoineHazelaarhasachiponhisshoulder--orratherjustbeneaththeskinofhisleftarm.It’sapieceofsiliconthesizeofagrainofriceanditemitswirelesssignalsthatarepickedupbyscannersnearby.Eversincethe34-year-oldWeb-siteproducerhadthechipimplantedinhisarmhe’senjoyedVIPstatusatBarcelona’sBajaBeachClub.InsteadofqueuingupbehindvelvetropesHazelaarallowstheguardtoscanhisarmandstrollsrightin.Ifhewantsadrinkthebartenderwavesanelectronicwandthatdeductsfromthe100EurotabonHazelaar’schip. [E]Suchsci-ficlubbingismadepossiblebyRadioFrequencyIdentificationorRFIDtechnology--tinydigitalchipsthatbroadcastwirelesssignals.RFIDtagsarecheapandsmallenoughtobedisposableandthey’regettingcheaperandsmallerbytheday.RetailstoresarebeginningtousethemasglorifiedbarcodesputtingthemoncasesofbananasorCokesotheycankeeptrackoftheirinventory.Thetechnologyhasthepotentialtotransformourrelationshiptotheobjectsaroundus.Theprospectisexcitingbutitraisestroublingquestionsabouttheinvasionofprivacy. [F]Fornowbusinessesseeitasawaytosavemoneyandimproveservice.BiggroceriesdepartmentstoresandotherretailersaroundtheworldareaskingsupplierstoputRFIDtagsonshipmentsofgoods.Staffwillknowexactlywhereitemsareandwhentheycamein.Customerswillneverhavetoleavethestoreempty-handedbecauseitemswillneverrunout--wirelesssignalswillalertstafferstodwindlingsuppliesofsoap.What’smoreRFIDwillhelpcombattheftorforgingproblemsthatcostbusinesses$500billionayear. [G]Privacyimplicationsremainabigobstacle.Thefearisthatcompaniesorgovernmentscouldusethetagsasameansofmonitoring.ProponentscounterthatRFIDtagstransmitforonlyafewmetersandthedatacanbedeactivatedonceaproductleavesthestore.NeverthelessCASPLANandotherwatchdoggroupshavewonconcessionsfromretailers.Wal-MartandBenettonwillonlyusethetagsonpalletsnotonindividualitemsandMetrohasgottenridofRFID-enabledloyaltycards. Order: 42
Text3 IssittingintrafficasinevitableasdeathandtaxesPerhapsnot.Manycountriesnowhavededicatedtraffic-monitoringcentreslinkedtonetworksofcamerasandsensors.Throwintraffic-spottingaircraftaccidentreportsandtheknownpositionsofbusesfittedwithsatellite-positioninggearanditispossibletoseeexactlywhatishappeningontheroads.Driverscouldswitchfrombusytoquietroutesandavoidcongestion-ifonlytheyhadaccesstothisinformation. Andnowtheydo.SystemssuchastheTrafficMessageChannelandtheVehicleInformationandCommunicationSystemVICSinEuropeandJapanrespectivelypipe.datafromtrafficcentresintoin-carnavigationsystemsviaFMradiosignals.Driverscanseewherethetrafficisandtrytoavoidit.HondaaJapanesecarmakerevencombinesVICSdatawithpositiondatafrom150000vehiclesbelongingtomembersofitsPremiumClubsothattheycanchoosethefastestlaneonacongestedroadsaysDavidSchrierofABIResearchaconsultancy. MeanwhileITISaBritishcompanyisoneofseveralfirmsexperimentingwithmobile-phonesignalstomonitortrafficonroadsthatlacksensorsorcameras.Itssoftwarehooksintoamobileoperator’snetworkandusesastatisticalapproachtodeducetrafficspeedsasphonesare"handedoff"fromonecelltowertoanother.ThedatamustbecleaneduptoexcludepedestriansandcyclistsbutthisideahasgreatpotentialsaysMrSchrier. Anotherwaytododgetrafficistopredictwhereandwhenitwillform.InRedmondWashingtonattheheadquartersofMicrosoftemployeeshavebeentestingatraffic-predictionsystemcalledJamBayes.Usersregistertheirroutepreferencesandthenreceivealertsbye-mailortextmessagewarningthemofimpendingtrafficjam.JamBayesusesatechniquecalledBayesianmodelingtocombinereal-timetrafficdatawithhistoricaltrendsweatherinformationandalistofcalendareventssuchasholidays.EricHorvitzofMicrosoftwhodevelopedthesystemsaysitisaccurate75%ofthetimeand3000employeesuseitdaily. AsystemcalledBeat-the-TrafficdevelopedbyTriangleSoftwareofCampbellCaliforniawithfundingfromtheNationalScienceFoundationgoesfurther.Itnotonlywarnsdriversofimpendingtrafficbutalsosuggestsanalternativerouteviae-mailortextmessage.AndreGueziecthefirm’sbossthinkstrafficforecastswillbecomeasprevalentasweatherforecasts.IndeedinJuneKXTVNews10aTVstationinSacramentoCaliforniabeganshowingTriangle’strafficforecastsforthecomingweek. JamBayesisdifferentfromthepreviouslymentionedtechnologiesasit
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text4 Thescourgethat’splaguingcruiselines--andcausingthousandsoftouriststorethinktheirholidaytravelplans--didn’tstartthisyearnordiditevenstartonaship.ItbeganasfarastheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCcantellinNorwalkU.S.inOctober1968when116elementaryschoolchildrenandteacherssuddenlybecameiii.TheCDCinvestigatedandthecausewasdiscoveredtobeasmallsphericalpreviouslyunclassifiedvirusthatscientistsnamedappropriatelyenoughtheNorwalkvirus. Flashforward34yearsandNorwalk-likevirusesthere’sawholefamilyofthemarealloverthenewsasoneoceanlinerafteranotherlimpsintoportwithpassengerscomplainingofnauseaandvomiting.TheCDCwhichgetscalledinwhenevermorethan2%ofavessel’spassengerscomedownwiththesamediseaseidentifiedNorwalkastheinfectiousagentandoversawthoroughshipcleaning--whichtothedismayoftheownersofthecruiselineshaven’tmadetheproblemgoaway. SoareweinthemiddleofanoceangoingepidemicNotaccordingtoDaveForneychiefoftheCDC’svessel-sanitationprogram.Heseesthiskindofthingallthetime;asimilaroutbreakonseveralshipsinAlaskalastyeargotalmostnopress.Infacthesaysasfarasgastrointestinalillnessgoesfewerpeoplemaybegettingsickthisyearthanlast. Norwalk-likevirusesitturnsoutareextremelycommon--perhapssecondonlytocoldviruses-andtheytendtobreakoutwheneverpeoplecongregateinclosequartersformorethantwoorthreedays.Oceangoingpleasureshipsprovideexcellentbreedinggroundsbutsodoschoolshotelscampsnursinghomesandhospitals."Wheneverwelookforthisvirus"saysDr.MarcWiddowsonaCDCepidemiologist"wefindit."Justlastweek100studentsof500attheVarsityAcresElementarySchoolinCalgaryCanadastayedhomesick.SchooltrickHardly.TheNorwalkvirushadstruckagain. Ifoceancruisesareyourideaoffundon’tdespair.Thismightevenbeagreattimetogoshippingforabargain.Theshipshavebeencleaned.Thefoodandwaterhavebeenexaminedandfoundvirusfree.AccordingtotheCDCitwasprobablythepassengerswhobroughtthevirusaboard. Ofcourseifyouareiiiorrecoveringfromastomachbugyoumightdoeverybodyafavorandputoffyourtraveluntiltheinfectiousperiodhaspasseditcantakeacoupleofweeks.Toreduceyourchancesofgettingsickthebestthingtodoiswashyourhands--frequentlyandthoroughly--andkeepthemoutof’yourmouth. Onemorething:iflikemeyouarepronetomotionsicknessdon’tforgettopackyourDramamine. Wecanlearnfromthefourthparagraphthat
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ByalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHydetheauthormeans
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