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第三任哈里发奥斯曼时期，部分下层穆斯林组建了军事民主派，称为( )。
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古兰经的标准本的完成是在
阿布·伯克尔哈里发时期
欧麦尔哈里发时期
奥斯曼哈里发时期
阿里哈里发时期
什叶派一直主张由及其后裔来继任哈里发
奥斯曼
穆阿维亚
阿里
阿卜杜拉
下列说法中全部符合历史事实的是①阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝的首都是麦地那②穆罕默德死后他的继承人改称为哈里发第
①③④
①②⑤
②③
④⑤
1787年5月至9月在费城召开了制宪会议出席会议代表55人其中大部分是保守派只有三个是民主派代表与会
保守派和民主派一致认可__应该对地方政府行使绝对的控制
制宪会议讨论的内容包括赋予人民集会、出版、结社等基本的民主权利
__体现文官政府权力高于军权但文官政府不能控制军事大权的原则
__调和了保守派与民主派、大州与小州、南方与北方之间的矛盾
全世界穆斯林公认的古兰经标准版本汇编于
第一任哈里发柏克尔统治时期
第二任哈里发欧麦尔统治时期
第三任哈里发奥斯曼统治时期
第四任哈里发阿里统治时期
成吉思汗建立的大蒙古国第三任大汗是忽必烈
在第三任哈里发时期古兰经正式出版发行是由谁来主持发行的后来这种版本被定为什么版本
yī sī lán jiāo 中因拥护历代哈里发当权派的统治而得到历代哈里发支持发展很快人数最多称为正统派的zōng jiāo 派别是
逊尼派
什叶派
哈瓦利吉派
苏菲派
澳门特区第三任行政长官
追随阿里的人指的是
什叶派
逊尼派
哈瓦立派
军事民主派
下列说法中全部符合历史事实的是①阿拉伯阿拔斯王朝的首都是麦地那②穆罕默德死后他的继承人改称为哈里发第
①③④
①②⑤
②③
④⑤
穆罕默德之后是阿拉伯历史上的四大哈里发时期四大哈里发是阿卜·伯克尔欧麦尔奥斯曼和
亚里斯多德认为革命的主要原因是的冲突
民主派和寡头派
民主派和贵族派
寡头派和贵族派
18世纪的法国就政治思想的发展来看大致可以划分为以孟德斯鸠为代表的和以卢梭为代表的两派均从自然状态自
保守派/激进派
立宪派/改革派
__派/民主派
自由派/民主派
中国穆斯林大多属于
阿里派
逊尼派
哈里发派
什叶派
奥斯曼土耳其的国家机构分为两大系统即
行政与经济
行政与军事
行政与司法
行政与穆斯林
莫斯林派别之一的军事民主派是从分裂出来的
逊尼派
什叶派
哈瓦立及派
穆尔吉叶派
阿拉伯国家的扩张行动是从四大哈里发的哈里发开始的
第一任
第二任
第三任
第四任
什叶派一直主张由及其后裔来继任哈里发
奥斯曼
穆阿维亚
阿里
阿卜杜拉
澳门特别行政区第三任行政长官选举2009年7月26日举行当选为澳门特区第三任行政长官人选
崔世安
何厚铧
__
董建华
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Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Ifachildinheritssomethingfromhismothersuchasanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthevocalorganshewill
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Whichofthefollowingisanappropriatetitleforthepassage
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 44
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. `42
Text3Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides."Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning.Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult.Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared.Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects.AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. Whichofthefollowingisexcludedinasymptomoforganophosphatepoisoning
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates.
略述外部性外部经济对资源优化配置的影响
Text3Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides."Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning.Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult.Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared.Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects.AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. WhatisconsideredtobebadnewsforGulfWarveterans
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle
投机性需求
我国现行的增值税属于
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.
Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Accordingtothepassageachildmayinherit
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." ThewordschismLine3Para.1inthecontextprobablymeans
1.Thereareatleastthreemajoradvantagestolivinginasmalltown.Thefirstistheeasewithwhichapersoncangetaround. 2.Thesecondadvantagesisthelowcostofliving. 3.Thegreatestbenefitofsmall-townlifeisthefriendliness.
假定经济实现充分就业总供给曲线是垂直线减税将
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