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Directions: The date is January 18, 2005. You are a member of the student union of a university. Wr...
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IncomeTaxFormfortheYear2006 Name:______
Those who worked for an employer during 2006
Those who expect to receive a refund from the government
Those who did not have enough tax withheld from their pay
Those who are not sure how much they earned in 2006
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IncomeTaxFormfortheYear2006 Name:______
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Proof of employment
A separate instructional booklet
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IncomeTaxFormfortheYear2006 Name:______
Amount of money earned
Name of employer
Remittance method used
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Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 1
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat______.
1expressyourgratitude2showyourappreciationofthegooddaysyou’vehadtogether3andgiveheryourwishes.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethathippiescalledthemselveshippiesbecause______.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenowwhichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.Whatisimpliedinthepassageaboutthepublishers’practicenow
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 41
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 43
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.Canadianhealth-caresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.inthat______.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands.
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 45
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthehippiemovementisoneof______.
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.Peoplearemorelikelytobelieveinnewsreportsthanadsbecause______.
WritealettertoChinaTelecomtoshowyourpuzzleaboutyourtelephonefeesinthepastmonth.Inthedescriptionyoushouldincludethefollowingitems:1whatisyourpuzzleaboutthetelephonebills2yourexplanationsand3yourinquiries.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.Accordingtothepassagetheauthorimpliesthatpeopledon’thavetobuyinformationonNetbecause______.
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.Oneofthereasonswhyfeaturestoriesseemmorereliablethanadsisthat______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
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