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强化金属材料的方法有 (13) 强化、 (14) 强化、 (15) 强化、 (16) 强化。 （16）
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金属材料的强化机制主要有哪些对强度和塑性有什么影响
固溶强化是提高金属材料力学性能的重要途径之一
强化金属材料的方法有13强化14强化15强化16强化 13
形变织构是金属材料塑性变形过程中产生的它对金属材料有着明显的强化作用
金属材料有哪些强化方法并说明其强化机理
强化金属材料的方法有______强化______强化______强化和______强化
下列强化金属材料的方法中既能使金属材料强度增加又能使材料的韧性增加
细化晶粒
固溶处理
加工硬化
实效强化
强化金属材料的方法有13强化14强化15强化16强化 15
下列强化金属材料的方法中既能使金属材料的强度增加又能使材料的韧性增加
细化晶粒
固溶处理
加工硬化
实效强化
强化金属材料的方法有______强化______强化______强化______强化
金属强化方法有细化晶粒第二相强化形变强化等
金属材料的强化抵抗永久形变可以通过多种途径以下哪一种是错误的
提高结晶度强化；
晶粒减小强化；
固溶体强化；
应变强化
金属材料常用的强化手段有__________________和______
具有一定沉淀强化的金属材料最易于产生再热裂纹
普通碳素钢和固溶强化的金属材料一般都不产生再热裂纹
分析加工硬化对金属材料的强化作用
强化金属材料的基本方法有和
热处理是强化金属材料和的主要途径之一
强化金属材料的方法有13强化14强化15强化16强化 14
常用的强化金属材料的方法有和
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Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthimAsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganizationButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
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Text2 WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugusthisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.RatherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuseshecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopursuemygoalofrunningacompanyBroadcastinghisambitionwasverymuchmydecisionMcGeesays.WithintwoweekshewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroupwhichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29. McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressureexecutiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakeholddeputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.InthethirdquarterCEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhadaccordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksupopportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeagesayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouarebutthat’sbeenfundamentallyinvertedsaysoneheadhunter.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
WithitsthemethatMindisthemasterweavercreatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstancesthebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting 46Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatterwethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.HoweverAllenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmindand47whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindaloneinrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat SincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesireAllenconcluded:WedonotattractwhatwewantbutwhatweareAchievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’tgetsuccessbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthatCircumstancesdonotmakeapersontheyrevealhim48Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneedandarationalizationofexploitationofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom Thishoweverwouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstanceshoweverbadoffersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeoplethenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat49circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeenwrongedthenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Neverthelessasanybiographerknowsaperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.50Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitationsnowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.
WithitsthemethatMindisthemasterweavercreatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstancesthebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting 46Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatterwethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.HoweverAllenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmindand47whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindaloneinrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat SincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesireAllenconcluded:WedonotattractwhatwewantbutwhatweareAchievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’tgetsuccessbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthatCircumstancesdonotmakeapersontheyrevealhim48Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneedandarationalizationofexploitationofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom Thishoweverwouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstanceshoweverbadoffersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeoplethenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat49circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeenwrongedthenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Neverthelessasanybiographerknowsaperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.50Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitationsnowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitationsnowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
WithitsthemethatMindisthemasterweavercreatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstancesthebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting 46Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatterwethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.HoweverAllenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmindand47whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindaloneinrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat SincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesireAllenconcluded:WedonotattractwhatwewantbutwhatweareAchievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’tgetsuccessbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthatCircumstancesdonotmakeapersontheyrevealhim48Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneedandarationalizationofexploitationofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom Thishoweverwouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstanceshoweverbadoffersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeoplethenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat49circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeenwrongedthenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Neverthelessasanybiographerknowsaperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.50Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitationsnowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneedandarationalizationofexploitationofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom
分析及评述蒂利希下面的一段话作为终极关怀的zōng jiāo 是赋予文化意义的本体而文化则是zōng jiāo 的基本关切表达自身的形式总和简言之zōng jiāo 是文化的本体文化是zōng jiāo 的形式
Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthimAsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganizationButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonictheauthorfeels
Text4 It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston AccordingtoParagraph4themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
Text2 WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugusthisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.RatherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuseshecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopursuemygoalofrunningacompanyBroadcastinghisambitionwasverymuchmydecisionMcGeesays.WithintwoweekshewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroupwhichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29. McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressureexecutiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakeholddeputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.InthethirdquarterCEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhadaccordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksupopportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeagesayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouarebutthat’sbeenfundamentallyinvertedsaysoneheadhunter.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong AccordingtoParagraph2seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurredby
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
Text3 Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditionalpaidmedia–suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrolecompaniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreateownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmediasuchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecasesonemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstancewhenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrendwhichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancyeffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&JohnsonforexamplehascreatedBabyCenterastand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincomethepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjectivegivescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketingandmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmoreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickermorevisibleandmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumersotherstakeholdersoractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworksforinstancearelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem Ifthathappenspassionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproductsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacasethecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtfulandthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotorforexamplealleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaignwhichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia
zōng jiāo 行为包括哪两个方面
Text1 ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostparttheresponsehasbeenfavorabletosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasiniasober-sidedclassical-musiccritic OneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprisehoweveristhatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniwhohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimescallshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthimAsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulezthatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise FormypartIhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.TobesureheperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositionsbutitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHalloranywhereelsetohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelforbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetimeattentionandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublicclassicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahousesdancetroupestheatercompaniesandmuseumsbutalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheapavailableeverywhereandveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreovertheycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRossaclassical-musiccritichasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferentmorevibrantorganizationButwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifferenceMerelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceedtheymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
Text4 It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecoverstoryIloveMyChildrenIHateMyLifeisarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfillinglife-enrichingexperience.RatherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserableSeniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardSeniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullockaswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymomormom-to-besmilingonthenewsstands Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreationisitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killingItdoesn’tseemquitefairthentocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkidsbutunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives OfcoursetheimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealisticespeciallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouplessingleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthereconsideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellitraisingakidontheirownread:withround-the-clockhelpisapieceofcake It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-freehappiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmallsubconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperienceinthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston WelearnfromParagraph2that
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
Text3 Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditionalpaidmedia–suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrolecompaniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreateownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmediasuchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecasesonemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstancewhenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrendwhichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancyeffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&JohnsonforexamplehascreatedBabyCenterastand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincomethepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjectivegivescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketingandmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmoreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickermorevisibleandmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumersotherstakeholdersoractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworksforinstancearelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem Ifthathappenspassionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproductsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacasethecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtfulandthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotorforexamplealleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaignwhichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg Consumersmaycreateearnedmediawhentheyare
Text3 Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditionalpaidmedia–suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrolecompaniestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreateownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmediasuchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecasesonemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstancewhenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrendwhichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancyeffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&JohnsonforexamplehascreatedBabyCenterastand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincomethepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjectivegivescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketingandmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmoreandmorediversecommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickermorevisibleandmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumersotherstakeholdersoractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworksforinstancearelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem Ifthathappenspassionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproductsputtingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacasethecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtfulandthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotorforexamplealleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaignwhichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealthBut---__1___someclaimstothecontrarylaughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___benefitsthewaysaywalkingorjoggingdoes __6__insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthemasexercisedoeslaughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___musclesdecreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anywaytheactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedbackthatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotionourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow Althoughsadnessalso____14___tearsevidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlipswhichwouldproducean__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood
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