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Clothes, decorations, physique, hair and facial (1) give a great deal of information a...
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DreamClotheshastheworstclothesintown.改为一般疑问句 Dre
Theclothesinthisshoppingcenterarethanthoseinothers
WeoftenbuyourclothesatMr.Cool'sClothes.
Theclothesstoreisfiveminutesbybus.就划线部分提问theclothe
Whenyouusethewashingmachinetowashclothesyouaresupp
1分Wecanbuyclothesthemostc便宜地inDreamClothes.
Idon’twanttogotoJasper’sClothesStore.Ithasthebadcl
Thepriceoftheclothesinthisstoreisverylow.Youcanbu
Comeandyourclothesatourgreatsaleinourclothesstore
I'veheardmanybeautifulclothesareon intheclothesst
ShewashesclotheseverySunday．改为否定句SheclotheseverySu
Theclothesstoreisfiveminutesbybus fromhere.画线提问 th
YoucanbuyclothesthemostatHuaxingClothesmanypeoplel
一Winchisthe hadclothesstoreintown?—DreamClothesThe
Theclothesnearourhomeisverynice.Ioftenbuyclothest
HuaxingClothesStoreonlysellsChinaclothes.
IlikeMiller’sClothesStorebecauseIcanbuyclothesthem
Mysisterlikestogotothatclothestobuyclothes.
Myaunthasgoodinclothes.Herclothesarealwaysbeautifu
TheclothesinOuyaNewLifearecheapthanthoseinothersho
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Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theoldrichgetricher
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. Accordingtothearticleinwhichareawasitmoreenergy-efficient
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.
在哲学史中我们可以看到各种唯心主义派别之间的差异和矛盾常常有利于唯物主义的发展这一事实说明
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen BeforethefirstWorldWarfemalesecretarieswererarebecausethey
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 41
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen Thewriterbelievesthatbeforelong
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 45
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. AccordingtothearticlewhatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout
在资本主义生产过程中生产出的商品的价值中
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刘__在中共七大关于修改党章的报告中概括了群众观点的基本内容是
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2005年3月14日____在记者招待会上提出了加强和改善中日关系的三个原则这三个原则是
Directions: Havingfinishedhisend-of-termexamsauniversitystudenthasgonestraighthomewithoutsayinggoodbyetohisroommate. Writealetterexplainingthesituationtothelatterandinvitehimhomeduringthevacation. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
对劳动是财富之父土地是财富之母这句话的正确解释是
自2005年7月21日起我国开始实行以市场供求为基础参考一篮子货币进行调节有管理的浮动汇率制度形成更富弹性的人民币汇率机制
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen JohnBowmanwasgivenhisfirstjobasasecretarybecause
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of-sightclassbecause
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在下列命题中属于客观唯心主义的哲学观点是
经济结构调整的核心是
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. AccordingtothearticlewhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. AlthoughthefiredeathratehasdeclinedtheUnitedStates
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. InwhataspectsshouldtheUnitedStateslearnfromJapan
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 43
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago
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