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贴近实际贴近生活贴近群众是十六大以来以__同志为__的__对党的思想宣传工作的一项重要要求三贴
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2013年8月19日__在全国宣传思想工作会议上发表重要讲话深刻阐述了事关宣传思想工作长远发展的一
中国人民解放军的政治工作是中国__在军队中的
思想工作和宣传工作
思想工作和组织工作
组织工作和干部工作
思想工作、组织工作和宣传工作
宣传思想工作要做到贴近实际贴近生活贴近群众就必须①发展人民大众所喜闻乐见的社会主义文化②坚持马克思主
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2013年11月5日北京市召开宣传思想工作会议市委书记__强调全市各级党组织和宣传文化战线要深入学
文化传播工作 媒体宣传工作
意识形态工作 网络舆论工作
信念教育工作 正面宣传工作
宣传思想工作 媒体舆论工作
宣传思想工作的三贴近原则是贴近实际贴近生活贴近群众
2013年8月19日__在全国宣传思想工作会议的 讲话中强调宣传思想工作一定要把围绕中心服务大局作
因势而谋
应势而动
因势而动
顺势而为
____在2013年全国宣传思想工作会议的讲话中 提出宣传思想工作创新重点要抓好理念创新基层 工
领导创新
制度创新
手段创新
宣传思想工作的三贴近原则是什么
思想工作有效要做到坚持思想工作贴近官兵思想实际贴近执法执勤贴近重大任务及时有效地发挥作用
2013年8月19日____在全国宣传思想工作会议的讲话中提出宣传思想工作创新重点要抓好努力以思
领导创新
理念创新
手段创新
基层工作创新
近日中__办公厅国务院办公厅印发了关于进一步加强和改进新形势下高校宣传 思想工作的意见简述加强和改
2013年8月19日__在全国宣传思想工作会议上发表重要讲话深刻阐述了事关宣传思想工作长远发展的一
宣传思想文化工作的三贴近原则指的是什么
宣传思想工作是做人的工作人在哪儿重点就在哪儿要把______作为重中之重
群众性精神文明创建
基层宣传思想工作
高校思想政治工作
网上舆论工作
2013年11月5日北京市召开宣传思想工作会议市委书记__强调全市各级党组织和宣传文化战线要深入学
文化传播工作 媒体宣传工作
意识形态工作 网络舆论工作
信念教育工作 正面宣传工作
宣传思想工作 媒体舆论工作
我们党历来十分重视宣传思想工作__同志曾经指出在我们党的全部工作中宣传思想工作是十会重要的工作宣传
对村级计划生育药具发放人员的三到户要求是指宣传和思想工作到户送药具到户随访和基本问题解决到户
2013年11月5日北京市召开宣传思想工作会议市委书记__强调全市各级党组织和宣传文化战线要深入学
文化传播工作 媒体宣传工作
意识形态工作 网络舆论工作
信念教育工作 正面宣传工作
宣传思想工作 媒体舆论工作
我们党历来十分重视宣传思想工作__同志曾经指出在我们党的全部工作中宣传思想工作是十分重要的工作宣传
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"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitisation"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren". Thegamingfurorecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas"apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheInternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature"whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyitto"adultsonly"whichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry. SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocratesobjectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwould"createforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjectioninshortwas thatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames. Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved"andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandsatanismbuttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums. TheattitudesofSocratesandHillaryClintontowardthenovelmediumare
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurp9ses.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.HedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichtheSpacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Whichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetext
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedto
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation.
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearchforasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbytheinvestigator1asubjectparticipatinginan2onthinkingorbytheprogrammerforacomputer.3prevailingtechniquesof4inthepsychologyofthinkinghaveinvited5ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbegintothinkin6tosomeotheractivitywhathewillthinkaboutwhatdirectionhisthinkingwilltakeandwhenhewillregardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminatedorabandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther7arebeginningtoattractinvestigation.8muchthinkingisaimedat9endsspecialmotivationalproblemsareraisedby"disinterested"thinkinginwhichthe10ofananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself. Forcomputerspecialiststhedetectionofamismatchbetweentheformulathattheprogramsofarhas11andsomeformulaorsetofrequirementsthat12asolutioniswhatimpelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirectionitwill13. Neo-behavioristslikepsychoanalystshavemademuchofsecondary14valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceofsatisfactionifitresemblesorhas15accompaniedsomeformofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthiskindofexplanationbecomesapparent16whentheimportanceofnoveltysurprisecomplexityincongruityambiguityand17isconsidered.Inconsistencybetweenbeliefsbetweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformationorbetweenone’sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation18canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga19forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief20orthroughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."ApoliticiancondemningvideogamingActuallyaclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeksassheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitisation"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren". Thegamingfurorecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas"apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheInternet.TheresultingoutcrymostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentrecausedthegame’sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature"whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyitto"adultsonly"whichmeansyouhavetobe18butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;andthisautumnAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming’sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry. SkepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeprootsgoingbackatleastasfarasSocratesobjectionstowrittentextsoutlinedinPlato’sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentextsratherthantheoraltraditionwould"createforgetfulnessinthelearners’soulsbecausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeakersincewhenquestionedthetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjectioninshortwas thatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames. Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecoursesbuteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved"andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.AndrockandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolencepromiscuityandsatanismbuttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums. Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurp9ses.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.HedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichtheSpacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Aspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivil’WarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally’sperspectivesare
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Accordingtotheauthorthenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapis
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-ups
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 42
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsources:radioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100milliremsayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalx-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithx-rayscontractedcancer.Anotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenx-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtore-examinetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatefreportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned OneFederalagencyhas.beenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned
TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKorean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurp9ses.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.HedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichtheSpacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failureisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire--itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess--toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC++programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimde-signhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumer-Webrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whatissuggestedinthefirstsentence
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow. 1Describethepicture 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfortheLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneallyanAustralianwriterisunapologetic.InlabelingaherooftheAmericancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthespotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattleofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurderoftheloverofhisyoungandprettyItalian-AmericanwifeTeresa.ItisnotthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMrKeneallybutSickles’streatmentofhiswifeafterwardsandhowhisbehaviormirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica. ThemurdervictimPhilipBartonKeyTeresaSickles’slovercamefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.HewasthenephewofthethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthesonofthewriterofthecountry’snationalanthem.SicklesaTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocraticcongressmaninWashingtonshotKeydeadin1859atacornerofLafayetteSquarewithinshoutingdistanceoftheWhiteHouse.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramaticevenbythestandardsoftheday.WiththehelpofeightlawyersSickleswasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporaryinsanity".ThecountryatlargewasjustasforgivingviewingKey’smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.WithinthreeyearsSickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmericancivil’WarandasanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincolnafrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse. MrsSickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshehadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusbandaserialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;QueenIsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYorkwhorehouserefusedtobeseeninhercompany.LauratheSickles’sdaughterwasaninnocentvictimofherfather’svindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowerydistrictofNewYork. Sickles’sboldactionsatGettysburgareintheirownwayjustascontroversial.ArgumentcontinuestorageamongscholarsastowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycauseditsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhathethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreettheConfederategeneralwholedtheattackagainstthenewpositionwasinnodoubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove. MrKeneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshowshimselfjustasadeptatbiographyandachievesbothhismainaims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles"thisbeautifulpleasantandintelligentgirl"andbreathesfullandcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement. ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKeytheloverofhiswife
[A]Theimpotenceofcreationism. [B]Naturalselectionactsbycompetition. [C]Theroleofnaturalselectioninthiscolorfulworld [D]Thedelicatehierarchyofthenaturalsystem. [E]Theagencyofselectioncanaccountformorecases. [F]Noleapsinnaturalevolution. Aseachspeciestendsbyitsgeometricalrateofreproductiontoincreaseexcessivelyinnumber;andasthemodifieddescendantsofeachspecieswillbeenabledtoincreasebyasmuchastheybecomemorediversifiedinhabitsandstructuresoastobeabletoseizeonmanyandwidelydifferentplacesinnaturalselectiontopreservethemostdivergentoffspringofanyonespecies.Henceduringalong-continuedcourseofmodificationtheslightdifferencescharacteristicofvarietiesofthesamespeciestendtobeaugmentedintothegreaterdifferencescharacteristicofthespeciesofthesamegenus. 41.__________. Newandimprovedvarietieswillinevitablydisplaceanddestroytheolderlessimprovedandintermediatevarieties;andthusspeciesarerenderedtoalargeextentdefinedanddistinctobjects.Dominantspeciesbelongingtothelargergroupswithineachclasstendtogivebirthtonewanddominantforms;sothateachlargegrouptendstobecomestilllargerandatthesametimemoredivergentincharacter.Butasallgroupscannotthusgoonincreasinginsizefortheworldwouldnotholdthemthemoredominantgroupsbeatthelessdominant. 42.__________. Thistendencyinthelargegroupstogoonincreasinginsizeanddivergingincharactertogetherwiththeinevitabilityofmuchextinctionexplainsthearrangementofalltheformsoflifeingroupssubordinatetogroupsallwithinafewgreatclasseswhichhasprevailedthroughoutalltime.ThisgrandfactofthegroupingofallorganicbeingsunderwhatiscalledtheNaturalSystemisutterlyunexplainableonthetheoryofcreation. 43.__________. Asnaturalselectionactssolelybyaccumulatingslightsuccessivefavorablevariationsitcanproducenogreatorsuddenmodifications;itcanactonlybyshortandslowsteps.Wecanseewhythroughoutnaturethesamegeneralendisgainedbyanalmostinfinitediversityofmeansforeverypeculiaritywhenonceacquiredinlonginheritedandstructuresalreadymodifiedinmanydifferentwayshavetobeadaptedforthesamegeneralpurpose.Wecaninshortseewhynatureisextravagantinvarietythoughnotgenerousininnovation.Butwhythisshouldbealawofnatureifeachspecieshasbeenindependentlycreatednomancanexplain. 44.__________. Manyotherfactsareasitseemstomeexplicableonthistheory.Howstrangeitisthatabirdundertheformofawoodpeckershouldpreyoninsectsonthegroundandthatuplandgeesewhichrarelyorneverswimshouldpossesswebbedfeetandsoinendlessothercases.Butontheviewofeachspeciesconstantlytryingtoincreaseinnumberwithnaturalselectionalwaysreadytoadapttheslowlyvaryingdescendantsofeachtoanyunoccupiedorill-occupiedplaceinnaturethesefactsceasetobestrangeormightevenhavebeenanticipated. 45.__________. Wecantoacertainextentunderstandhowitisthatthereissomuchbeautythroughoutnature;forthismaybelargelyattributedtotheagencyofselection.Thatbeautyaccordingtooursenseofitisnotuniversalmustbeadmittedbyeveryonewhowilllookatsomehideousbatswithadistortedresemblancetothehumanface.Sexualselectionhasgiventhemostbrilliantcolorselegantpatternsandotherornamentstothemales.Withbirdsithasoftenrenderedthevoiceofthemalemusicaltothefemaleaswellastoourears.Flowersandfruithavebeenrenderedconspicuousbybrilliantcolorsincontrastwiththegreenfoliageinorderthattheflowersmaybereadilyseenvisitedandfertilizedbyinsects. Asnaturalselectionactsbycompetitionitadaptsandimprovestheinhabitantsofeachcountryonlyinrelationtotheirco-inhabitants;sothatweneedfeelnosurpriseatthespeciesofanyonecountrybeingbeatenandsupplantedbythenaturalizedproductionsfromanotherland.Thewonderindeedisonthetheoryofnaturalselectionthatmorecasesofthewantofabsoluteperfectionhavenotbeendetected. 44
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Operatingasinglecurrencyisnotgoingtobeeasy.Europeaneconomicand1unionwillnotfunction2hitches.3signsof4havealreadyappeared.Andthesepoliticaleconomicandsocialpressureswillalmostcertainly5intheyearstocome. 6EMUfailureisatopicgenerally7incontinentalEurope.Andforgoodreason.The8ofmonetaryunionwouldalmostcertainlyslamtheEuropeanUnion9political10andtheworldinto11crisis."Itwouldbealmostasbadasa12inEurope"saysUweAngenendtchiefeconomist13BHF-BankinFrankfurt.The14contendEMUfailureisnotpossible.They15insistthatthepolitical16inEuropeformonetaryunionissimply17strongtoallow18tofail.Butthey19asimplefact:European20concoctedmonetaryunionandthere-foretheycanunconcoctit. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
"Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo"MontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.To-daythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire. UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtar-gelsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks. Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosome-howbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform. ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude. ThewordminutesLine6Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
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