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简述司法的终极性特征的含义。
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关于司法的功能和特征下列哪些说法是错误的
司法的实然功能，即通常说的“定分止争”“惩奸除恶”“止恶扬善”“实现公平正义”“最后一道防线”以及亚里士多德讲的“校正正义”等
司法具有解决纠纷、调整社会关系的直接功能，解释和补充法律、形成公共政策、秩序维持、文化支持等间接功能
司法通过解决纠纷这一主要功能，维持社会秩序和正义
司法构成社会纠纷解决体系中最具普适性的方式体现了司法的终极性
简述保证的含义和特征
行政权运行方式具有非交涉性而司法权运行方式具有
形式性
交涉性
终极性
转瞬性
与司法活动相比执法活动的特征有
主动性
单方面性
终极性
中立性
简述谈判的含义和特征
简述专利的含义及特征
行政权更注重权力结果的实质性但司法权更注重权力过程的
形式性
交涉性
终极性
转瞬性
简述司法的特征
以下不属于司法权特征的是
主动性
被动性
中立性
终极性
简述资产的含义及其特征
简述财务战略的含义与特征
教育目的就其表述和内容而言具有特征
抽象性
理想性
可操作性
终极性
简述司法认知的特征
下列不属于后现代基本特征的是
消解认识的明晰性
走向深度模式
消解价值本体的终极性
消解真理的永恒性
真理的绝对性含义是指它的
永恒性
无条件性、无限性
不变性
终极性
关于司法的特征下列说法错误的是哪一项
某法院不受舆论影响，依法对当地影响面较广的疫情防控案件作出裁判，体现司法的独立性
某法院考虑到案情复杂，涉及证据众多，多次组织涉案各方进行庭前质证程序，体现司法的交涉性
某邻里纠纷，双方争执不下，社区调解也不奏效，一方决定去法院起诉，体现司法的程序性
某省要求逐步终结涉诉信访，体现司法的终极性
简述我国司法实践中对证明责任含义的理解
简述思维的含义和特征
简述联邦制的特征联邦的含义及特征
终极性教育目的
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Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.
It’snevertooearlyortoolateforaparenttobecomeateacher.Inthisageofteacheraccountabilityendlessschooltestingincreasedpressureandcompetitionandtheproliferationof"educational"toystoomanypeopleforgetthatsuccessbeginsathome. FreemanA.HrabowskiⅢpresidentoftheUniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCountyandco-authorofBeatingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanMalesandOvercomingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanYoungWomensaysthatintheinterviewsheandhisco-authorsconductedtheoverwhelmingfactorintheirchildren’sacademicachievementwasthatparentsinspiredandenvisionedtheirchildren’ssuccess.Theythoughtandtalkedaboutwhatwouldberequiredtohavea.successfulchild. "Itjustmakessuchadifferencewhenthere’ssomeoneinthathouseworkingtorelatetothatchildandinspirethatchild"Hrabowskisays."Theseparentsofthehighachieversdiscussedarereallyinspirationalintheircommitmenttotheirchildren." ProfessorBarbaraT.BowmanoneofthefacultyfoundersofChicago’sEriksonInstituteanindependentinstitutionofhighereducationthatprepareschilddevelopmentprofessionalsforleader-shipsaysthatBlackchildrenmustlearnintwodifferentcultures-theAfrican-Americancultureinwhichtheyliveandthemainstreamcultureonwhichschoolandeducationarebased. Bowmanalsosaystherelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsiscritical."Itistheearlyresponsivenessofthecaregivertotheinfant’sbehaviorthatcreatesasenseofwell-beingandoptimismthataffectsthechild’sinterestinlearning"saysBowmanwhoservedaspresidentoftheinstitutefrom1994tolastyear."Childrenwholikeandwanttopleasetheadultlearnbetterwhattheadultwantsthemtolearn." InthisdayofhighlycompetitivetestingandthestressofgettinghighSATorACTscoresit’simportantalsotoavoidpressuringoroverexposingyourchild.Yoursonordaughterisprobablyalreadyfacingstressatschoolandontheplayground.Yourroleistohelphimorherrelieveandmanagethatstress.Helpthemtounderstandthatlifedoesnotendorbeginwithatest.Andwhileacademicsuccessisimportantit’salsoimportanttokeepeverythinginperspective.Failureisarelativeterminthegrandschemeofthings.Ifyourchilddidpoorlyonatestbutansweredaparticularlytoughquestioncorrectlystressthepositive.Ontheotherhandifschoolworkcomestooeasilytoyourchildfindotherwaystochallengehimorhersotheyunderstandthatlifewon’talwaysbethatway. Thesuggestiongiveninthelastparagraphis
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Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction. Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
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It’snevertooearlyortoolateforaparenttobecomeateacher.Inthisageofteacheraccountabilityendlessschooltestingincreasedpressureandcompetitionandtheproliferationof"educational"toystoomanypeopleforgetthatsuccessbeginsathome. FreemanA.HrabowskiⅢpresidentoftheUniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCountyandco-authorofBeatingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanMalesandOvercomingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanYoungWomensaysthatintheinterviewsheandhisco-authorsconductedtheoverwhelmingfactorintheirchildren’sacademicachievementwasthatparentsinspiredandenvisionedtheirchildren’ssuccess.Theythoughtandtalkedaboutwhatwouldberequiredtohavea.successfulchild. "Itjustmakessuchadifferencewhenthere’ssomeoneinthathouseworkingtorelatetothatchildandinspirethatchild"Hrabowskisays."Theseparentsofthehighachieversdiscussedarereallyinspirationalintheircommitmenttotheirchildren." ProfessorBarbaraT.BowmanoneofthefacultyfoundersofChicago’sEriksonInstituteanindependentinstitutionofhighereducationthatprepareschilddevelopmentprofessionalsforleader-shipsaysthatBlackchildrenmustlearnintwodifferentcultures-theAfrican-Americancultureinwhichtheyliveandthemainstreamcultureonwhichschoolandeducationarebased. Bowmanalsosaystherelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsiscritical."Itistheearlyresponsivenessofthecaregivertotheinfant’sbehaviorthatcreatesasenseofwell-beingandoptimismthataffectsthechild’sinterestinlearning"saysBowmanwhoservedaspresidentoftheinstitutefrom1994tolastyear."Childrenwholikeandwanttopleasetheadultlearnbetterwhattheadultwantsthemtolearn." InthisdayofhighlycompetitivetestingandthestressofgettinghighSATorACTscoresit’simportantalsotoavoidpressuringoroverexposingyourchild.Yoursonordaughterisprobablyalreadyfacingstressatschoolandontheplayground.Yourroleistohelphimorherrelieveandmanagethatstress.Helpthemtounderstandthatlifedoesnotendorbeginwithatest.Andwhileacademicsuccessisimportantit’salsoimportanttokeepeverythinginperspective.Failureisarelativeterminthegrandschemeofthings.Ifyourchilddidpoorlyonatestbutansweredaparticularlytoughquestioncorrectlystressthepositive.Ontheotherhandifschoolworkcomestooeasilytoyourchildfindotherwaystochallengehimorhersotheyunderstandthatlifewon’talwaysbethatway. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAfrican-Americancultureis
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Anattempttowardstherectificationoftherotthathassetinthesocialandnationallifeofthecountryisbeingmadewithgreatenthusiasmthroughjudicialactivism.Howeverjudicialactivismalonedoesnotsufficefortherectificationofthisall-pervadingmalaise.Whatisurgentlyneededisthesupportofothersocialagencies/institutions.Averyimportantroleinthismattercanbeplayedbymediaactivismthetopicunderdiscussiontoday. Itisundoubtedlytruethatthepositionofmediaorjournalismisnotthatofamissionbutofacommercialindustry.Thetruthofthematterhoweveristhatourpresentjournalismisusedtopresentingonlyhalfsideofthepicture.Thisistherootcauseofallourproblems.Inviewofthepresentcircumstancesmediaactivismwouldamounttopresentabalancedreportingofthesituationabandoningthepresentpolicyofselectivereporting. Theprincipleofmodernjournalismcanbeunderstoodfromthissaying:"Whenadogbitesamanitisnonewsbutwhenamanbitesadogitisnews".OnepracticalexampleofthismethodisprovidedbyourpresentjournalismwhichisconstantlyengagedingivingmaximumcoveragetoanyhotnewscreatedbyanunrulysectionofMuslims.Ifthepercentageofhotnewsformsonlyonepercentthepercentageofsoftnewsisnotlessthan99percent.Butthereadersofthenewspapersaretotallyinthedarkaboutthis99percentofthepicturewhereastheonepercentisbeingrepeated.SimilarlyifanextremistHinducreateshotnewsthiswillfindaplaceinallthenewspapersthenextday.WhereasevenintheHinduworldthereis99percentsoftnewswhilehotnewsformsnotmorethanonepercent. Asaresultofthisonesidedstudyunrealopinionisformedbyboththecommunitiesregardingoneanother.Takingextremeformsthisunrealopinionattimesturnsintocommunalriots.Theselectivereportingofthisnatureremainsapermanentobstacletothepathofnationalintegration. Fortherectificationofthisstateofaffairsapowerfuljournalistsorganization-aswealreadyhaveformedforourrights-basedontheprinciplesofsocialresponsibilitiesisrequired.MediaRelationsForumisanorganizationwhichaimsatworkingforthisgoal. AlongwiththisIshouldliketoputforwardaproposalforbringingaboutanatmosphereofsupportandcooperationbetweenthenewspapersandsocialworkers.Wheneverarumorspreadsoragroupindulgesinanyactivitywhichmayleadtodisruptingpeacesocialworkersshouldimmediatelyengagethemselvesinathoroughinvestigationofthematterandthenthroughthefullsupportofthenewspaperstheactualversionispublishedinthenewspapers.Thisistheonlywaytomaintainpeaceandharmonyincommunities. Whichoneofthefollowingisthecharacteristicofthecurrentreporting
Sportpsychologyresearchhasdocumentedtheimportantroteofsignificantadultssuchasparentsandcoachesinyouthparticipants’psychosocialdevelopmentandachievementmotivation.Howeverthesituationconcerningparentsandcoachesinyouthsportissomewhatofaconundrum—therolesofcoachandparentareoftensynonymoussuggestingnotsimplyanindependentrelationshipwiththechildparticipant. Inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofliteraturehasemergedonparentinfluenceinyouthsportbasedontheseandothertheories.Firstresearchshowsthatparentswhoaremoresupportiveandlesspressuringoftheirchildrenareassociatedwithyouthparticipantswhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceenjoymentandintrinsicmotivationtowardsport.Secondparentswhoencouragetheirchild’sparticipationandexhibitenjoymentofphysicalactivityarerelatedtochildrenwhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceandattractiontowardphysicalactivity.Finallyparentswhoholdstrongerpositivebeliefsabouttheirchild’sphysicalcompetenceareassociatedwithchildrenwhoreporthigherself-perceptionsvaluetowardsportandphysicalactivitylevels. AprevalentphenomenonofNorthAmericancultureistheparent-coachdualrole.Mostcoachesincompetitiveyouthsportareparentsofoneormoreoftheirplayers.Brownestimatedthatabout90%ofthevolunteercoachesinagivencommunityareaparentofoneormoreteammembers.Althoughonecanforwardseveralpositiveaspectsoftheparent-coachphenomenonthereisalsothepotentialforyouthtoperceivestressfromthisparent-childrelationship.Severalresearchersreportedthatadolescentathletesfeltpressurefromtheircoachesandparentstoperformwellanddesiredthatparentsbesourcesofsocialsupportandleaveskillandstrategyinstructiontothecoach’sdomain.Collectivelyanecdotalaccountsandempiricaldatasuggestthatexploringthebenefitsandcostsofparentscoachingtheirchildrenisaworthytopicfromboththeoreticalandappliedperspectives. Thereforebasedonpreviousresearchontheroleofparentsandcoachesinyouthdevelopmentthepurposeofthepresentstudywastogainknowledgeabouttheparent-coachphenomenonincompetitiveyouthsport.Weaccomplishedthispurposebyinterviewingyouthsoccerplayerswhowerecoachedbytheirparentthechild’steammatesandtheparent-coach.Weexpectthatchildparticipantswouldidentifybothpositiveandnegativeaspectsofhavingaparentastheircoachinlinewithpreviousresearchbutweweremostcurioustoknowifdifferentissueswouldberaisedabouttheuniqueparent-coach/child-athleterelationship. WhatdoesthewordconundrumLine4Para.1mostprobablymean
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggerthanthecornfield!41______PeoplecalledthevolcanotheLittleMonsterbecauseitgrewsofast.Scientistscamefromallovertheworldtostudyitandwatchitgrow.Itisnotoftenthatpeoplegetachancetowatchavolcanofromtheverybeginning. Mostofthevolcanoeshavebeenhereforaverylongtime.Somehavebeenheresolongthatnowtheyarecold.Theyarecalleddeadvolcanoes.Theyhavestoppedthrowingoutfireandmeltedrockandsmoke.Itissafetowalkonthem.Farmsareplowedonthequietslopesandpeoplehavebuilthousesthere. Somevolcanoeshavestoppedthrowingouthotrockbuttheystillsmokealittlenowandthen.Theyare"sleeping"volcanoes.Sometimetheymay"wakeup". 42______. Todayvolcanoesarenotsodangerousforpeopleastheywerealongtimeago.Nowweknowmoreaboutwhyvolcanoesdowhattheydoandwecanusuallytellwhentheyaregoingtodoit.43______. Peopleusedtothinkdragonsundertheearthcausedvolcanoes.Theysaidthesmokethatpuffedabovethegroundwasthedragon’sbreath.Theysaidtheearthquakeswerecausedbythedragon’smovingarounddownintheearth.Nowweknowthatthisisnottrue. Anotherthingweknowaboutvolcanoesisthattheydon’thappenjustanywhere.44______.Scientistsknowwheretheseplacesareandmapshavebeenmadetoleteverybodyknow. Therearedifferentkindsofvolcanoes.Someexplodesoviolentlythattherockgoeshighintotheairandfallsmilesaway.Avolcanomayshootoutashessohighthattheyfloatallthewayaroundtheworld.Theyhavemadethesunsetsgreenandthesnowpurple. 45______. Oneverytallvolcanostaysfieryredatthetopallthetime.Itisluckythatthevolcanoisneartheocean.Sailorscanuseitforalighthouse. [A]Othervolcanoesaremoregentle.Thehotlavarisesintheirconesandoverflowsrollingslowlydownthemountainsidewhereitbecomescoolandhard. [B]Blacksmokepuffedout.Hotashesfelllikeblacksnowflakes.Hotrockandfireandlavashotout. [C]Smokepuffedupandrockstartedpoppingupoutofacrackthatopenedintheground. [D]AvolcanonamedVesuviussleptforathousandyears.Butitwokeupandthrewoutsomuchhotmeltedrockthatitburiedthebuildingsoftwocities. [E]Beforeasleepingvolcanowakesupitusuallymakesanoiselikefarawaythunderandthegroundshakesinsmallearthquakes.Peoplearewarnedandhavetimetogetawaysafely. [F]Avolcanostartsfromaholeinthegroundfromwhichhotrockandsmokeandsteamcomeout.Farfarunderthegrounditissohotthatrockmelts.Thishotmeltedrockorlavaissome-timespushedoutoftheearththroughaholeoracrackintheground.Thesteaminsidetheearthpushestherockout. [G]Therearecertainplacesundertheearthwheretherockisbrokeninawaythatletsthesteamandhotrockescapetotheoutsidemoreeasily. 44
LastyearonegroupofstudentsinTaiwandidjustthat.Theytookchances-andendedupinjail.Morethan20studentspaidacramschoolownertohelpthemcheatonTaiwan’sentranceexamaccordingtopolice.Thestudentsreceivedanswerstotestquestionsthroughcellphonesandotherelectronicdevices.Taiwanisn’ttheonlyplaceinAsiatoseemajorcheatingscandals.InbothIndiaandSouthKoreacollegeentranceexamshavebeenstolenandsoldtostudents. Academiccheatinghasrisendramaticallyoverthelastdecade.DukeUniversityconductedasurveyof50000universityand18000highschoolstudentsinAmerica.Morethan70percentofthestudentsadmittedcheating.Just10yearsearlieronly56percentsaidtheyhadcheated.ThistrendextendsfarbeyondtheU.S.too.InAsiawherestudentsfaceintensepressuretoexcelthecheatingproblemisespeciallypronounced.InmanyAsiancountriesastudent’sperformanceismeasuredmostlybyexamscores.Andadmissiontoatopschooldependsonacingstandardizedtests.Thistest-drivenculturemakescheatinganeasywayforstudentstogetaheadinasuper-competitiveacademicsystem. Butthepressuretoperformwellontestsisn’ttheonlythingturningstudentsintocheaters.Foronenewtechnologymakescheatingeasierthanever.Studentsnowhavemoresophisticatedoptionsthanjust"cheatsheets"hiddeninpencilboxes.Today’stech-smartstudentsusetext-messagingtodiscreetlysendeachothertestanswers.Theypostquestionsfromstandardizedtestsoninternetbulletinboards.StudentsinAsiaforexamplehavepostedquestionsfromtheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageTOEFLandtheGraduateRecordExamGRE. Deeperissuesthantechnologyandtestinghowevermaybeleadingtotheriseinacademicdishonesty.Bothstudentsandeducatorssaythatsocietyofferstoomanynegativerolemodels.Businesspeoplemakemillionsandscientistseamintemationalacclaimbycheatingandlying.ThecaseofKoreanscientistHwangWooSukoffersonepowerfulexample.Hefakedtheresultsofhisstemcellresearchandbecameanationalhero.Frommanysectorsofsocietythemessagetostudentsisloudandclear:Cheatingisaneasywaytogetahead. VictoriaLinahighschoolteacherinTaichungsayseducatorsmustbegintostressintegrityaswellasachievementinacademics.That’swhatshetriestoinstillinherstudents."Ialwaystellmystudents’Howmuchisyourcharacterworth100points90points’"JerryChangastudentatTaiwan’sOrientalInstituteofTechnologyalsohaswordsofadviceforclassmatesheseescheating."Whenyoucheatonexamsyouonlycheatyourself"hesays"becauseyouwon’tknowhowmuchyou’vereallylearned." Inparagraph3theauthorfocusesonthefactorof
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggerthanthecornfield!41______PeoplecalledthevolcanotheLittleMonsterbecauseitgrewsofast.Scientistscamefromallovertheworldtostudyitandwatchitgrow.Itisnotoftenthatpeoplegetachancetowatchavolcanofromtheverybeginning. Mostofthevolcanoeshavebeenhereforaverylongtime.Somehavebeenheresolongthatnowtheyarecold.Theyarecalleddeadvolcanoes.Theyhavestoppedthrowingoutfireandmeltedrockandsmoke.Itissafetowalkonthem.Farmsareplowedonthequietslopesandpeoplehavebuilthousesthere. Somevolcanoeshavestoppedthrowingouthotrockbuttheystillsmokealittlenowandthen.Theyare"sleeping"volcanoes.Sometimetheymay"wakeup". 42______. Todayvolcanoesarenotsodangerousforpeopleastheywerealongtimeago.Nowweknowmoreaboutwhyvolcanoesdowhattheydoandwecanusuallytellwhentheyaregoingtodoit.43______. Peopleusedtothinkdragonsundertheearthcausedvolcanoes.Theysaidthesmokethatpuffedabovethegroundwasthedragon’sbreath.Theysaidtheearthquakeswerecausedbythedragon’smovingarounddownintheearth.Nowweknowthatthisisnottrue. Anotherthingweknowaboutvolcanoesisthattheydon’thappenjustanywhere.44______.Scientistsknowwheretheseplacesareandmapshavebeenmadetoleteverybodyknow. Therearedifferentkindsofvolcanoes.Someexplodesoviolentlythattherockgoeshighintotheairandfallsmilesaway.Avolcanomayshootoutashessohighthattheyfloatallthewayaroundtheworld.Theyhavemadethesunsetsgreenandthesnowpurple. 45______. Oneverytallvolcanostaysfieryredatthetopallthetime.Itisluckythatthevolcanoisneartheocean.Sailorscanuseitforalighthouse. [A]Othervolcanoesaremoregentle.Thehotlavarisesintheirconesandoverflowsrollingslowlydownthemountainsidewhereitbecomescoolandhard. [B]Blacksmokepuffedout.Hotashesfelllikeblacksnowflakes.Hotrockandfireandlavashotout. [C]Smokepuffedupandrockstartedpoppingupoutofacrackthatopenedintheground. [D]AvolcanonamedVesuviussleptforathousandyears.Butitwokeupandthrewoutsomuchhotmeltedrockthatitburiedthebuildingsoftwocities. [E]Beforeasleepingvolcanowakesupitusuallymakesanoiselikefarawaythunderandthegroundshakesinsmallearthquakes.Peoplearewarnedandhavetimetogetawaysafely. [F]Avolcanostartsfromaholeinthegroundfromwhichhotrockandsmokeandsteamcomeout.Farfarunderthegrounditissohotthatrockmelts.Thishotmeltedrockorlavaissome-timespushedoutoftheearththroughaholeoracrackintheground.Thesteaminsidetheearthpushestherockout. [G]Therearecertainplacesundertheearthwheretherockisbrokeninawaythatletsthesteamandhotrockescapetotheoutsidemoreeasily. 42
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterestsfromspendingafewhoursaweekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justasthereareopportunitiesforvoluntaryservice1VSOforyoungpeoplebeforetheytakeupfull-timeemployment2thereareopportunitiesforoverseasservicefor3techniciansindevelopingcountries.Somepeople4thosewhoretireearly5theirtechnicalandbusinessskillsincountries6thereisaspecialneed. Soinconsideringvoluntaryor7communityservicetherearemoreopportunitiesthanthere8werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-time 9anddependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferentfromthoseincommercialorganizationsandvaluesmaybedifferent.10somewaystheymayseemmorecasualandlessefficientbutoneshouldnot11thembycommercialcriteria.Thepeoplewhoworkwiththemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferent12bothpersonaland13.Oneshouldnotjointhem14toarmthemwithprofessionalexperience;theymustbejoinedwithcommitmenttothe15notbusinessefficiency.Becausesalariesare16ornon-existentmanyvoluntarybodiesoffermodestexpense.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor17simplybecausetheyenjoythework. Manycommunityactivitiespossible18retirementwerealsopossibleduringone’sworkinglifebuttheyaretobeundertaken19seriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingforsomethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider20communityservice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Anattempttowardstherectificationoftherotthathassetinthesocialandnationallifeofthecountryisbeingmadewithgreatenthusiasmthroughjudicialactivism.Howeverjudicialactivismalonedoesnotsufficefortherectificationofthisall-pervadingmalaise.Whatisurgentlyneededisthesupportofothersocialagencies/institutions.Averyimportantroleinthismattercanbeplayedbymediaactivismthetopicunderdiscussiontoday. Itisundoubtedlytruethatthepositionofmediaorjournalismisnotthatofamissionbutofacommercialindustry.Thetruthofthematterhoweveristhatourpresentjournalismisusedtopresentingonlyhalfsideofthepicture.Thisistherootcauseofallourproblems.Inviewofthepresentcircumstancesmediaactivismwouldamounttopresentabalancedreportingofthesituationabandoningthepresentpolicyofselectivereporting. Theprincipleofmodernjournalismcanbeunderstoodfromthissaying:"Whenadogbitesamanitisnonewsbutwhenamanbitesadogitisnews".OnepracticalexampleofthismethodisprovidedbyourpresentjournalismwhichisconstantlyengagedingivingmaximumcoveragetoanyhotnewscreatedbyanunrulysectionofMuslims.Ifthepercentageofhotnewsformsonlyonepercentthepercentageofsoftnewsisnotlessthan99percent.Butthereadersofthenewspapersaretotallyinthedarkaboutthis99percentofthepicturewhereastheonepercentisbeingrepeated.SimilarlyifanextremistHinducreateshotnewsthiswillfindaplaceinallthenewspapersthenextday.WhereasevenintheHinduworldthereis99percentsoftnewswhilehotnewsformsnotmorethanonepercent. Asaresultofthisonesidedstudyunrealopinionisformedbyboththecommunitiesregardingoneanother.Takingextremeformsthisunrealopinionattimesturnsintocommunalriots.Theselectivereportingofthisnatureremainsapermanentobstacletothepathofnationalintegration. Fortherectificationofthisstateofaffairsapowerfuljournalistsorganization-aswealreadyhaveformedforourrights-basedontheprinciplesofsocialresponsibilitiesisrequired.MediaRelationsForumisanorganizationwhichaimsatworkingforthisgoal. AlongwiththisIshouldliketoputforwardaproposalforbringingaboutanatmosphereofsupportandcooperationbetweenthenewspapersandsocialworkers.Wheneverarumorspreadsoragroupindulgesinanyactivitywhichmayleadtodisruptingpeacesocialworkersshouldimmediatelyengagethemselvesinathoroughinvestigationofthematterandthenthroughthefullsupportofthenewspaperstheactualversionispublishedinthenewspapers.Thisistheonlywaytomaintainpeaceandharmonyincommunities. FromthepassageweknowthatMediaRelationForumis
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments
LastyearonegroupofstudentsinTaiwandidjustthat.Theytookchances-andendedupinjail.Morethan20studentspaidacramschoolownertohelpthemcheatonTaiwan’sentranceexamaccordingtopolice.Thestudentsreceivedanswerstotestquestionsthroughcellphonesandotherelectronicdevices.Taiwanisn’ttheonlyplaceinAsiatoseemajorcheatingscandals.InbothIndiaandSouthKoreacollegeentranceexamshavebeenstolenandsoldtostudents. Academiccheatinghasrisendramaticallyoverthelastdecade.DukeUniversityconductedasurveyof50000universityand18000highschoolstudentsinAmerica.Morethan70percentofthestudentsadmittedcheating.Just10yearsearlieronly56percentsaidtheyhadcheated.ThistrendextendsfarbeyondtheU.S.too.InAsiawherestudentsfaceintensepressuretoexcelthecheatingproblemisespeciallypronounced.InmanyAsiancountriesastudent’sperformanceismeasuredmostlybyexamscores.Andadmissiontoatopschooldependsonacingstandardizedtests.Thistest-drivenculturemakescheatinganeasywayforstudentstogetaheadinasuper-competitiveacademicsystem. Butthepressuretoperformwellontestsisn’ttheonlythingturningstudentsintocheaters.Foronenewtechnologymakescheatingeasierthanever.Studentsnowhavemoresophisticatedoptionsthanjust"cheatsheets"hiddeninpencilboxes.Today’stech-smartstudentsusetext-messagingtodiscreetlysendeachothertestanswers.Theypostquestionsfromstandardizedtestsoninternetbulletinboards.StudentsinAsiaforexamplehavepostedquestionsfromtheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageTOEFLandtheGraduateRecordExamGRE. Deeperissuesthantechnologyandtestinghowevermaybeleadingtotheriseinacademicdishonesty.Bothstudentsandeducatorssaythatsocietyofferstoomanynegativerolemodels.Businesspeoplemakemillionsandscientistseamintemationalacclaimbycheatingandlying.ThecaseofKoreanscientistHwangWooSukoffersonepowerfulexample.Hefakedtheresultsofhisstemcellresearchandbecameanationalhero.Frommanysectorsofsocietythemessagetostudentsisloudandclear:Cheatingisaneasywaytogetahead. VictoriaLinahighschoolteacherinTaichungsayseducatorsmustbegintostressintegrityaswellasachievementinacademics.That’swhatshetriestoinstillinherstudents."Ialwaystellmystudents’Howmuchisyourcharacterworth100points90points’"JerryChangastudentatTaiwan’sOrientalInstituteofTechnologyalsohaswordsofadviceforclassmatesheseescheating."Whenyoucheatonexamsyouonlycheatyourself"hesays"becauseyouwon’tknowhowmuchyou’vereallylearned." Theexamplementionedinparagraph1meansto
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds.
Sportpsychologyresearchhasdocumentedtheimportantroteofsignificantadultssuchasparentsandcoachesinyouthparticipants’psychosocialdevelopmentandachievementmotivation.Howeverthesituationconcerningparentsandcoachesinyouthsportissomewhatofaconundrum—therolesofcoachandparentareoftensynonymoussuggestingnotsimplyanindependentrelationshipwiththechildparticipant. Inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofliteraturehasemergedonparentinfluenceinyouthsportbasedontheseandothertheories.Firstresearchshowsthatparentswhoaremoresupportiveandlesspressuringoftheirchildrenareassociatedwithyouthparticipantswhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceenjoymentandintrinsicmotivationtowardsport.Secondparentswhoencouragetheirchild’sparticipationandexhibitenjoymentofphysicalactivityarerelatedtochildrenwhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceandattractiontowardphysicalactivity.Finallyparentswhoholdstrongerpositivebeliefsabouttheirchild’sphysicalcompetenceareassociatedwithchildrenwhoreporthigherself-perceptionsvaluetowardsportandphysicalactivitylevels. AprevalentphenomenonofNorthAmericancultureistheparent-coachdualrole.Mostcoachesincompetitiveyouthsportareparentsofoneormoreoftheirplayers.Brownestimatedthatabout90%ofthevolunteercoachesinagivencommunityareaparentofoneormoreteammembers.Althoughonecanforwardseveralpositiveaspectsoftheparent-coachphenomenonthereisalsothepotentialforyouthtoperceivestressfromthisparent-childrelationship.Severalresearchersreportedthatadolescentathletesfeltpressurefromtheircoachesandparentstoperformwellanddesiredthatparentsbesourcesofsocialsupportandleaveskillandstrategyinstructiontothecoach’sdomain.Collectivelyanecdotalaccountsandempiricaldatasuggestthatexploringthebenefitsandcostsofparentscoachingtheirchildrenisaworthytopicfromboththeoreticalandappliedperspectives. Thereforebasedonpreviousresearchontheroleofparentsandcoachesinyouthdevelopmentthepurposeofthepresentstudywastogainknowledgeabouttheparent-coachphenomenonincompetitiveyouthsport.Weaccomplishedthispurposebyinterviewingyouthsoccerplayerswhowerecoachedbytheirparentthechild’steammatesandtheparent-coach.Weexpectthatchildparticipantswouldidentifybothpositiveandnegativeaspectsofhavingaparentastheircoachinlinewithpreviousresearchbutweweremostcurioustoknowifdifferentissueswouldberaisedabouttheuniqueparent-coach/child-athleterelationship. Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
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