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心室颤动进行电复律治疗时，通常能量选择为______
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电复律治疗出现心室颤动时应
心内注射利多卡因
静脉注射利多卡因
再次电复律
人工心脏起搏
以上都不对
心室颤动应选择
非同步电复律
同步电复律，功率100J
同步电复律，功率150J
同步电复律，功率200J
利多卡因静脉注射
心脏电复律包括同步电复律与非同步电复律其中前者主要用于心室颤动和心室扑动的复律
电复律治疗时出现心室颤动应
心内注射利多卡因
静脉注射利多卡因
再次电复律
人工心脏起搏
人工按压
电复律治疗时出现心室颤动应
静脉注射利多卡因
心内注射利多卡因
再次电复律
人工心脏起搏
以上都不对
心室颤动首选的治疗措施是
同步电复律
静脉注射苯妥英钠
心内注射肾上腺素
非同步电复律
胺碘酮静注
急性心肌梗死并发心室颤动治疗应首选
利多卡因
洋地黄
硝普钠
非同步电复律
同步电复律
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Animalstudiesareunderwayhumantrialprotocolsaretakingshapeanddrugmakersareonalert.AlltheinternationalhealthcommunityneedsnowisahumanvaccineforthebirdflupandemicsweepingaclusterofAsiancountries. TheraceforavaccinebeganafterthefirsthumancaseemergedinHongKongin1997.BackedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHOthreeresearchteamsintheUSandUKaretryingtocreateaseedvirusforanewvaccine.Theirtaskisformidablebutresearchersremainoptimistic."Thereareobstaclesbutmostoftheobstacleshavebeentreatedsensibly"saysRichardWebbyavirologistatSt.JudeChildren’sResearchHospitalinMemphisTennessee. Thebiggestchallengeislikelytobetherapidlymutatingvirus.CandidatevaccinesproducedlastyearagainsttheH5N1virusareineffectiveagainstthisyear’sstrain.Scientistswillhavetoconstantlymonitorthechangesandtrytotailorthevaccineasthevirusmutates.Theycan’twaittoseewhichonecomesnext. TheurgencystemsfromfearsthatI-ISN1willcombinewithahumanfluviruscreatingapathogen病原体thatcouldbetransmittedfrompersontoperson.Butifpeoplehavenoimmunitytothevirusthestrainmaynotmutateasrapidlyinpeopleasitdoesinbirds. Toquicklygeneratethevaccineresearchersareusingreversegeneticswhichallowsthemtoskipthelongprocessofsearchingthroughreassortedvirusesforthecorrectgeneticcombination.Insteadscientistsclonesequencesforhemagglutinin红血球凝聚素andneuraminidase神经氨酸苷酶thetwokeyproteinsinthevirus.Thesequencesarethencombinedwithhumaninfluenzagenestocreateacustomizedreferencestrain. Becauseproductsdevelopedwithreversegeneticshaveneverbeentestedinhumansthecandidatevaccineswillfirsthavetoclearregulatoryreview.InanticipationtheUSFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAandtheEuropeanAgencyfortheEvaluationofMedicinalProductsEMEAarebothpreparingpandemicresponseplans.TheEMEAhasproducedafist-tracklicensingprogramanindustrytaskforceanddetailedguidanceforpotentialapplicants. InEuropeareassortantinfluenzavirus--butnottheinactivatedvaccine--producedbyreversegeneticswouldbeconsideredageneticallymodifiedorganismandmanufacturerswouldneedapprovalfromtheirnationalorlocalsafetyauthorities.TheWHOhaspreparedapreliminarybiosafetyriskassessmentofpilot-lotvaccinewhichcouldhelpspeedupthereview. Apreliminaryversionoftheirprotocolcallsforseveralhundredsubjectsbeginningwithagroupofyoungadultsandgraduallyexpandingtoincludethosemostsusceptibletotheflu--childrenandtheelderly."Ifwehadproduct"saysLambert"itwouldprobablybeacoupleofmonthsattheearliestbeforewehaveearlydatainhealthyadults. Duringthedevelopingofthevaccinethebiggestproblemmayprobablybe
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 1
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal. Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAmazon.com
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 17
CurrentGroupaGermantown-basedtechnologyfirmhastakenoveranordinarylookinghouseinBethesdaandturneditintoalaboratoryforsmart-gridtechnologythesystemthecompanybelieveswillbringthenation’selectricitygridsintothedigitalage. Inthefrontyardstandsautilitypolehookeduptoaspecialtransformerthatconnectsthepowerlinestohigh-speedInternet.Hundredsofsensorsattachedtothelinesmonitorhowpowerflowsthroughthehome.Thatinformationisthensentbacktotheutilitycompany. Theprocessletsautilitymoreefficientlymanagethedistributionofelectricitybyallowingtwo-waycommunicationbetweenconsumersandenergysuppliersviathebroadbandnetworkonthepowerlines.Basedondatatheyreceivefromhundredsofhomesutilitiescanmonitorusageandadjustoutputandpricinginresponsetodemand.Consumerscanberewardedwithreducedratesbycuttingbackonconsumptionduringpeakperiods.Andcomputerizedsubstationscantalktoeachothersooverloadedcircuitshandoffelectricitytothosethathavenotfullyloadedhelpingtopreventblackouts. Someutilitycompanieshavelaunchedinitiativestogiveconsumersdataabouttheirenergyconsumptionhabitsinanefforttolowerenergybills.Smart-gridtechnologytakessuchprogramsfurtherbyautomatingelectricitydistributionwhichwouldmakegridsmorereliableandefficient. Bypartneringwithutilitiesthecompanyhopestotapinto$4.5billioninstimulusgrantsintendedtoencouragesmart-griddevelopment.WhenheannouncedthefundingPresidentObamapointedtoaprojectinBoulderColo.asanexampleofasuccessfulsmart-gridexperiment.Currentisoneofthecompaniesworkingontheproject. Current’schiefexecutiveTomCaseybelievesthetechnologywillhelputilitycompaniesbetterdistributeelectricityproducedbyrenewableresourcessuchassolarpanelsorwindfarms."Asmartgrid’ssystemcanbepairedupwiththerenewableresourcessothatwhentherenewablesourceisvaryingtheoverallloadcanbevariedaswell"CaseytoldtheHouseSelectCommitteeonEnergyIndependenceandGlobalWarming."Thiswillreduceoreliminatetheneedforbackupcoalorgas-basedpowergenerationplants./ What’sthepassagemainlyabout
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 7
Animalstudiesareunderwayhumantrialprotocolsaretakingshapeanddrugmakersareonalert.AlltheinternationalhealthcommunityneedsnowisahumanvaccineforthebirdflupandemicsweepingaclusterofAsiancountries. TheraceforavaccinebeganafterthefirsthumancaseemergedinHongKongin1997.BackedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationWHOthreeresearchteamsintheUSandUKaretryingtocreateaseedvirusforanewvaccine.Theirtaskisformidablebutresearchersremainoptimistic."Thereareobstaclesbutmostoftheobstacleshavebeentreatedsensibly"saysRichardWebbyavirologistatSt.JudeChildren’sResearchHospitalinMemphisTennessee. Thebiggestchallengeislikelytobetherapidlymutatingvirus.CandidatevaccinesproducedlastyearagainsttheH5N1virusareineffectiveagainstthisyear’sstrain.Scientistswillhavetoconstantlymonitorthechangesandtrytotailorthevaccineasthevirusmutates.Theycan’twaittoseewhichonecomesnext. TheurgencystemsfromfearsthatI-ISN1willcombinewithahumanfluviruscreatingapathogen病原体thatcouldbetransmittedfrompersontoperson.Butifpeoplehavenoimmunitytothevirusthestrainmaynotmutateasrapidlyinpeopleasitdoesinbirds. Toquicklygeneratethevaccineresearchersareusingreversegeneticswhichallowsthemtoskipthelongprocessofsearchingthroughreassortedvirusesforthecorrectgeneticcombination.Insteadscientistsclonesequencesforhemagglutinin红血球凝聚素andneuraminidase神经氨酸苷酶thetwokeyproteinsinthevirus.Thesequencesarethencombinedwithhumaninfluenzagenestocreateacustomizedreferencestrain. Becauseproductsdevelopedwithreversegeneticshaveneverbeentestedinhumansthecandidatevaccineswillfirsthavetoclearregulatoryreview.InanticipationtheUSFoodandDrugAdministrationFDAandtheEuropeanAgencyfortheEvaluationofMedicinalProductsEMEAarebothpreparingpandemicresponseplans.TheEMEAhasproducedafist-tracklicensingprogramanindustrytaskforceanddetailedguidanceforpotentialapplicants. InEuropeareassortantinfluenzavirus--butnottheinactivatedvaccine--producedbyreversegeneticswouldbeconsideredageneticallymodifiedorganismandmanufacturerswouldneedapprovalfromtheirnationalorlocalsafetyauthorities.TheWHOhaspreparedapreliminarybiosafetyriskassessmentofpilot-lotvaccinewhichcouldhelpspeedupthereview. Apreliminaryversionoftheirprotocolcallsforseveralhundredsubjectsbeginningwithagroupofyoungadultsandgraduallyexpandingtoincludethosemostsusceptibletotheflu--childrenandtheelderly."Ifwehadproduct"saysLambert"itwouldprobablybeacoupleofmonthsattheearliestbeforewehaveearlydatainhealthyadults. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism.Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome.47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside.49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome.50.Furthermoreanewforceofcitizenjournalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 13
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. 17
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 15
Sincethe1930stheideathatcreaturesmightadvertisetheir"fitness"asmatesthroughsymmetryhasbeenaround.Itrestsonthenotionthatfactorsrangingfrombadgenestocomingoffworseintoomanyfightswillleadtoasymmetriesotherscansee.Andoverthepastfewyearsexperimentswithanimalsandhumansseemedtosupporttheideathatsymmetryinfeaturessuchasplumageandfacialcharacteristicsinfluencesmateselection. Butnoonehadactuallycheckedthattheanimalsintheseexperimentscanactuallyseethesubtledifferencesinsymmetrytypicallyofbetween1and2percent.Nowthefirstsuchexperimenthasbeencarriedout.Theresultsareworryingforadvocatesofsymmetrydetectionasapowerfulfactorinmateselection. JohnSwaddleanethnologistattheUniversityofBristolperformedtheexperimentusingwildstarlingswhichhaveexcellenteyesight.Hetrainedthemtohitkeysmarkedwithbarpatternswithvaryinglevelsofasymmetryinordertoreceivefoodrewards.Thisshowedthestarlingscouldeasilydetectasymmetriesofbetween5and10percent.Butatbetween1and2percenttheirperformanceplummetedtonobetterthanrandomguessing. "Thissuggeststhatthelevelsofasymmetrythatbirdsencounterinnaturewilloftenbejusttoosmalltobedetected"saysSwaddle.Hesaysexperimentsthatlinkedsmallasymmetriestofitnessmayhaveproducedmisleadingcorrelationsandsaystheonlydirectevidencethatbirdsuseasymmetryasacuetomatefitnessinvolveslevelsofasymmetryofatleast10percent."Ithinksignalingbyasymmetrywillprobablyonlyoccurwhenspeciesshowsuchverylargeasymmetries—andthisdoesn’toccurthatoften." Thisraisesquestionsaboutresearchsuggestingthathumansareinfluencedbyvisualasymmetryintheirchoiceofpartner.MichaelButtofthePerceptionLaboratoryattheUniversityofSt.Andrewswhohascarriedoutsuchexperimentsconcedesthatnoonehasevercheckedifhumanshaveathresholdtoasymmetrydetection.Hethinksaconclusivetestofthiswouldprobablyinvolvemanipulatingcomplexthree-dimensionalimages:"Itwouldbeaverydifficultexperimenttodo" Burtaddsthattheabilitiesofanimalstodetectasymmetryinbarpatternsmaynotreflecttheirtalentforspottingasymmetriesinbodyshape."Thevisibilityofanasymmetrymaywelldependonitstype"hesays.Swaddleagreesandisplanningfurtherexperiments."ButIsuspectthatasymmetryisusedasavisualcuelessoftenthanmostpeopleappeartopresume"hewarns. Mostpeopleoftenpresumethatinmateselectionscreaturesappealto
Directions: YouarewritingtolaunchastrongcomplaintabouttheimpolitetreatmentthatyourguestsyourcolleagueandyoureceivedwhenyoumetinarestaurantontheeveoftheNewYearlastFridayevening.Yourlettershouldinclude: 1detaileddescriptionofyourexperience 2andyourstrongresentment. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
CurrentGroupaGermantown-basedtechnologyfirmhastakenoveranordinarylookinghouseinBethesdaandturneditintoalaboratoryforsmart-gridtechnologythesystemthecompanybelieveswillbringthenation’selectricitygridsintothedigitalage. Inthefrontyardstandsautilitypolehookeduptoaspecialtransformerthatconnectsthepowerlinestohigh-speedInternet.Hundredsofsensorsattachedtothelinesmonitorhowpowerflowsthroughthehome.Thatinformationisthensentbacktotheutilitycompany. Theprocessletsautilitymoreefficientlymanagethedistributionofelectricitybyallowingtwo-waycommunicationbetweenconsumersandenergysuppliersviathebroadbandnetworkonthepowerlines.Basedondatatheyreceivefromhundredsofhomesutilitiescanmonitorusageandadjustoutputandpricinginresponsetodemand.Consumerscanberewardedwithreducedratesbycuttingbackonconsumptionduringpeakperiods.Andcomputerizedsubstationscantalktoeachothersooverloadedcircuitshandoffelectricitytothosethathavenotfullyloadedhelpingtopreventblackouts. Someutilitycompanieshavelaunchedinitiativestogiveconsumersdataabouttheirenergyconsumptionhabitsinanefforttolowerenergybills.Smart-gridtechnologytakessuchprogramsfurtherbyautomatingelectricitydistributionwhichwouldmakegridsmorereliableandefficient. Bypartneringwithutilitiesthecompanyhopestotapinto$4.5billioninstimulusgrantsintendedtoencouragesmart-griddevelopment.WhenheannouncedthefundingPresidentObamapointedtoaprojectinBoulderColo.asanexampleofasuccessfulsmart-gridexperiment.Currentisoneofthecompaniesworkingontheproject. Current’schiefexecutiveTomCaseybelievesthetechnologywillhelputilitycompaniesbetterdistributeelectricityproducedbyrenewableresourcessuchassolarpanelsorwindfarms."Asmartgrid’ssystemcanbepairedupwiththerenewableresourcessothatwhentherenewablesourceisvaryingtheoverallloadcanbevariedaswell"CaseytoldtheHouseSelectCommitteeonEnergyIndependenceandGlobalWarming."Thiswillreduceoreliminatetheneedforbackupcoalorgas-basedpowergenerationplants./ Whyisthesystemcalledsmart-gridtechnology
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 9
Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfyingandyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter. I’mtalkingofcourseabouthavingabusinesslunch. Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouareuncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingtoaprospectiveclient. Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchersbelievethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusinessorbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Businesslunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunch they’reaboutbuildingrelationships. Oneofmybusinessrulesis"Peopledobusinesswithpeopletheylike." Oftenit’snotproductspricesorthecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfecttimeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheraspeople.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogethereasier. Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusinesslunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten. Youdon’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilforacertainoccasionorissue. Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchisgoingtobeasalescall.Insteadtrythestraightforwardapproach"We’vebeendoingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandgettoknowyoualittlebetter."Oralittlelessstraightforward"I’mofteninyourareahowabouthavinglunchsometime" Havetheotherpersonsuggestaplacetoeat—"Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingtotry"Orifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant.ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethemtoareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant. Ifyoudidtheinvitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsays"Icanputthisonmycompany’screditcard."Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.Youcanjustsay"Youcangetthenextone."Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’tpermitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthetab. Abusinesslunchcanbeviewedassuccessfulif
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 11
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. 19
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 19
CurrentGroupaGermantown-basedtechnologyfirmhastakenoveranordinarylookinghouseinBethesdaandturneditintoalaboratoryforsmart-gridtechnologythesystemthecompanybelieveswillbringthenation’selectricitygridsintothedigitalage. Inthefrontyardstandsautilitypolehookeduptoaspecialtransformerthatconnectsthepowerlinestohigh-speedInternet.Hundredsofsensorsattachedtothelinesmonitorhowpowerflowsthroughthehome.Thatinformationisthensentbacktotheutilitycompany. Theprocessletsautilitymoreefficientlymanagethedistributionofelectricitybyallowingtwo-waycommunicationbetweenconsumersandenergysuppliersviathebroadbandnetworkonthepowerlines.Basedondatatheyreceivefromhundredsofhomesutilitiescanmonitorusageandadjustoutputandpricinginresponsetodemand.Consumerscanberewardedwithreducedratesbycuttingbackonconsumptionduringpeakperiods.Andcomputerizedsubstationscantalktoeachothersooverloadedcircuitshandoffelectricitytothosethathavenotfullyloadedhelpingtopreventblackouts. Someutilitycompanieshavelaunchedinitiativestogiveconsumersdataabouttheirenergyconsumptionhabitsinanefforttolowerenergybills.Smart-gridtechnologytakessuchprogramsfurtherbyautomatingelectricitydistributionwhichwouldmakegridsmorereliableandefficient. Bypartneringwithutilitiesthecompanyhopestotapinto$4.5billioninstimulusgrantsintendedtoencouragesmart-griddevelopment.WhenheannouncedthefundingPresidentObamapointedtoaprojectinBoulderColo.asanexampleofasuccessfulsmart-gridexperiment.Currentisoneofthecompaniesworkingontheproject. Current’schiefexecutiveTomCaseybelievesthetechnologywillhelputilitycompaniesbetterdistributeelectricityproducedbyrenewableresourcessuchassolarpanelsorwindfarms."Asmartgrid’ssystemcanbepairedupwiththerenewableresourcessothatwhentherenewablesourceisvaryingtheoverallloadcanbevariedaswell"CaseytoldtheHouseSelectCommitteeonEnergyIndependenceandGlobalWarming."Thiswillreduceoreliminatetheneedforbackupcoalorgas-basedpowergenerationplants./ Forsmart-gridtechnologytoworkwhichofthefollowingisamust
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. 15
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism.Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome.47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside.49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome.50.Furthermoreanewforceofcitizenjournalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress.
Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfyingandyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter. I’mtalkingofcourseabouthavingabusinesslunch. Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouareuncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingtoaprospectiveclient. Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchersbelievethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusinessorbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Businesslunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunch they’reaboutbuildingrelationships. Oneofmybusinessrulesis"Peopledobusinesswithpeopletheylike." Oftenit’snotproductspricesorthecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfecttimeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheraspeople.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogethereasier. Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusinesslunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten. Youdon’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilforacertainoccasionorissue. Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchisgoingtobeasalescall.Insteadtrythestraightforwardapproach"We’vebeendoingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandgettoknowyoualittlebetter."Oralittlelessstraightforward"I’mofteninyourareahowabouthavinglunchsometime" Havetheotherpersonsuggestaplacetoeat—"Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingtotry"Orifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant.ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethemtoareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant. Ifyoudidtheinvitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsays"Icanputthisonmycompany’screditcard."Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.Youcanjustsay"Youcangetthenextone."Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’tpermitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthetab. Duringabusinesslunchit’simportantto
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal. Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition. FindingabargainontheInternetwasgettingeasierpartlybecause
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 5
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 3
Youknowyoushoulddoitotherpeopledoitallthetime.Maybeyou’vealreadydoneitbutitwasn’tverysatisfyingandyou’dliketolearntodoitbetter. I’mtalkingofcourseabouthavingabusinesslunch. Don’tfeelembarrassedifyouareuncomfortablewiththeideaofsittingoveragrilledchickenbreasttalkingtoaprospectiveclient. Mostinexperiencedovereagerlaunchersbelievethemainpurposeofabusinesslunchistoeitheraconductbusinessorbeatlunchandthey’reunsurehowtomixthetwo.Don’tworry!Businesslunchesaren’tabouteitherbusinessorlunch they’reaboutbuildingrelationships. Oneofmybusinessrulesis"Peopledobusinesswithpeopletheylike." Oftenit’snotproductspricesorthecompanythatmakesthesale—it’sthepersonBusinesslunchesaretheperfecttimeforyouandyourclientsupplieroremployeetogettoknoweachotheraspeople.Thishelpsestablishcommoninterestsandmakesworkingtogethereasier. Thesinglemostimportantthingyoucandoatabusinesslunch—evenmoreimportantthanpickingupthetab—islisten. Youdon’tneedaparticularreasontoasksomeonetolunchsodon’twaituntilforacertainoccasionorissue. Don’tmakeitseemlikelunchisgoingtobeasalescall.Insteadtrythestraightforwardapproach"We’vebeendoingbusinesstogetherforalmostayear.I’dliketotakeyoutolunchandgettoknowyoualittlebetter."Oralittlelessstraightforward"I’mofteninyourareahowabouthavinglunchsometime" Havetheotherpersonsuggestaplacetoeat—"Istherearestaurantyou’vebeenwantingtotry"Orifyouhavealimitedbudgetyouchooseanicemidpricedrestaurant.ForgetMcDonald’s.Ifyou’rethankingsomeoneforanimportantordertakethemtoareallyspecialpossiblynewrestaurant. Ifyoudidtheinvitingyoupickupthetabevenifyourguestsays"Icanputthisonmycompany’screditcard."Butdon’thaveascenearguingoverthecheck.Youcanjustsay"Youcangetthenextone."Somecompanieshavepoliciesthatdon’tpermitemployeestobetreated;inthatcasesplitthetab. Accordingtothepassageasuccessfulbusinessmanshouldknow
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