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连舌本，散舌下经脉是（）
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挟咽连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肾经
脾经
肝经
心经
心包经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肝经
肾经
脾经
心经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是______经挟舌根两旁的经脉是______经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肝经
脾经
肾经
肺经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
脾经
胃经
肾经
肝经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肝经
肾经
脾经
肺经
心经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肾经
心包经
肝经
脾经
心经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肝经
肾
脾经
心经
肺经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是______
足少阴肾经
足厥阴肝经
足太阴脾经
手少阴心经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肝经
肾经
脾经
心经
肺经
连舌本散舌下的经脉是
肾经
心包经
肝经
脾经
心经
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Passage5Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.WhatkepttheminplaceWhydidn’ttheyfalloutoftheskyThefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets.HowmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.HismindwasreadyfortheunpredictableUnpredicabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaid"thedataarestillinconclusive.""Weknowthat"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid"butwhatdoyouthinkIsitworthwhilegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpect"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.HehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrueIfexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam." Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch
PartⅡClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedbland;inthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoicesmarked[A][B][C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea43ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalonesafety48.Thefewertheinjury49thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. 46
Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases______automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.
PartⅢReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagebelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A][B][C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Passage1It’saroughworldoutthereStepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccidentTodaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly."Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarcbeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet"We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgeslawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities"saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto
根据我国__修正案在爱国统一战线中新增加的社会阶层是
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PartⅣEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.71Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitioneralwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld73Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession74Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod"frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy"Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.
PartⅡClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedbland;inthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoicesmarked[A][B][C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea43ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalonesafety48.Thefewertheinjury49thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. 44
Passage2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanafashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier"sayssenioranalystBlancErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnatablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththefightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat
PartⅣEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.71Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitioneralwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld73Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession74Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod"frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy"Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.
PartⅡClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedbland;inthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoicesmarked[A][B][C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea43ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalonesafety48.Thefewertheinjury49thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. 48
__规范区别于普通法律规范的首要特点是
关于法的分类的表述能够成立的是
PartⅡClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedbland;inthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoicesmarked[A][B][C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea43ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalonesafety48.Thefewertheinjury49thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. 42
1.effectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife 2.possiblereasonfortheeffect 3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection THEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH
Passage4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethiesAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorceils--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstotailforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitoereateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirthforresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.ButtheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloningShapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair." Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
Passage3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducationjustifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseanentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.InanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessionalItshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Accordingtotheauthorbasiccomputerskillsshouldbe
PartⅢReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagebelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A][B][C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Passage1It’saroughworldoutthereStepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccidentTodaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly."Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarcbeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet"We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgeslawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities"saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe
Passage2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanafashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier"sayssenioranalystBlancErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnatablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththefightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Passage4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethiesAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorceils--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstotailforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitoereateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirthforresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.ButtheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloningShapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair." Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat
Passage3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducationjustifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseanentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.InanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessionalItshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren
关于法律权利的表述正确的是
关于资本主义法的表述能够成立的是
法律规则可以分为授权性规则和义务性规则这一分类所依据的标准是
关于技术法规的表述正确的是
__最主要最核心的价值在于
关于法律效力的表述正确的是
PartⅡClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedbland;inthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoicesmarked[A][B][C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETIbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem42andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea43ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalonesafety48.Thefewertheinjury49thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss. 50
Passage5Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.WhatkepttheminplaceWhydidn’ttheyfalloutoftheskyThefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets.HowmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetreeNewtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.HismindwasreadyfortheunpredictableUnpredicabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaid"thedataarestillinconclusive.""Weknowthat"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid"butwhatdoyouthinkIsitworthwhilegoingonWhatdoyouthinkwemightexpect"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.HehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrueIfexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam." Theauthorassertsthatscientists
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