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观察发现，家养的鸡有时会啄食一些小石子。出现这种现象的原因可能是（）。
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行政机关不得擅自改变已生效的行政行为确需改变行政行为的对于由此给相对人造成的损失应当给予补偿这体现了行政法中的哪一原则
根据刑法规定过失犯罪才负刑事责任
{{*HTML*}}第2篇DoubtfulWaystoReduceandIncreaseYourWeight??Youhearthis:Nowonderyouarefat.Allyoueverdoiseat.Youfeelsad:Iskipmybreakfastandsupper.Iruneverymorningandevening.WhatelsecanIdo?Basicallyyoucandonothing.Yourgenesnotyourlifehabitsdetermineyourweightandyourbodyconstantlytriestomaintainit.??AlbertStunkardoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniafoundfromexperimentsthat80percentofthechildrenoftwoobese肥胖的parentsbecomeobeseascomparedwithnomorethan14percentoftheoffspringoftwoparentsofnormalweight.??Howcanobesepeoplebecomenormaloreventhinthroughdieting?Welldietingcanbeeffectivebutthehealthcostsaretremendous.JulesHirscharesearchphysicianatRockefellerUniversitydidastudyofeightfatpeople.Theyweregivenaliquidformulaproviding600caloriesaday.Aftermorethan10weeksthesubjectslost45kaonaverage.Butafterleavingthehospitaltheyallregainedweight.Theresultsweresurprising:bymetabolic新陈代谢的measurementfatpeoplewholostlargeamountsofweightseemedliketheywerestarving.Theyhadpsychiatricproblems.Theydreamedoffoodorbreakingtheirdiet.Theywereanxiousanddepressed;someweresuicidal.Theyhidfoodintheirrooms.Researcherswarnthatitispossiblethatweightreductiondoesn’tresultinnormalweightbutinanab-normalstateresemblingthatofstarvednon-obesepeople.??Thinpeoplehoweversufferfromtheopposite:Theyhavetomakeagreatefforttogainweight.EthanSimsoftheUniversityofVermontgotprisonerstovolunteertogainweight.Infourtosixmonthstheyateasmuchastheycould.Theysucceededinincreasingtheirweightby20to25percent.Butmonthsafterthestudyendedtheywerebacktonormalweightandstayedthere.??Thisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplearecompletelywithouthopeincontrollingtheirweight.Itmeansthatthosewhotendtobefatwillhavetoconstantlybaffletheirgeneticinheritanceiftheywanttosignificantlylowertheirweight.Thefindingsalsoprovideevidenceforsomethingscientiststhoughtwastrue—eachpersonhasacomfortableweightrange.Therangemightbeasmuchas9kg.Someonemightweigh60-69kgwithouttoomucheffort.Butgoingaboveorbelowthenaturalweightrangeisdifficult.Thebodyresistsbyfeelinghungryorfullandchangingthemetabolismtopushtheweightbacktotherangeitseeks.EthanSimsmadehissubjects
{{*HTML*}}第3篇?ShamingPunishments??LastmonthJamesConnollyajuniorattheUniversityofMassachusettsstoodinfrontofalocalpolicestationwearingatoga长袍aspunishment.??Hiscrime?Hewaschargedwithunderagedrinkingillegalpossessionofalcoholandexcessivenoisewhileholdingaparty.??ThisshamingpunishmenthasincreasedintheUSinrecentyearsmostlyimposedbylocaljudgesforlessseriouscrimessuchasdrunkdrivingandtheft.??Theybelieveshameisthebestpettycrimedeterrent威慑.ForexampleinTennesseeJudgeJamesMcKenziehasmadeshoplifters商店货物扒手standoutsideWal-MartwithsignsthatreadIamathiefputherebyorderofJudgeMcKenzieAlternativepunishmentslikecommunityserviceandfinesdon’tconveymoralcondemnation谴责ofthecriminal.saidDanKahanaUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolprofessorinanarticlepublishedontheuniversity’swebsite.Theyaren’tshamefulenough.??ShamingpunishmentsaresometimescalledScarlet红色的Letterpunishments.ThenamecomesfromUSauthorNathanielHawthorne’s1850novelTheScarletLetter.InthisnovelawomanisforcedtowearascarletAonherclothesaspunishmentforheradultery通奸.??HoweverUniversityofIowalawprofessorAndrewHosmaneksaidthereisanimportantdifferencebetweentheshamingpunishmentsofcolonialAmericaandthoseassignedinstateslikeTennessee.??Earlysocietiesoftenhadareacceptanceceremonytowelcometheoffenderbackintomainsociety.saysHosmanek.ContemporarypunishmentsinAmericalackthis.??Supportersofshamingpunishmentarguethatpublicshamingisagoodwayofexpressingcommunityvalues.Somejudgessayshamedoffendersseldomrepeattheircrimes.??Othersaren’tsosure.Thereislittleevidencetosuggestthatshamingpunishmentsaresuccessfulinpreventingpeoplefromcommittingspecificcrimes.Andashamedcriminalmayfaceahardbattletoregaincredibilityinsociety.saidHosmanek.Soashamingpunishmentmayforcetheoffenderintomorecrimestosupporthimself.??Expertsalsodebateshamingpunishment’sdamagetohumandignity.Sincethepointistoshameit’sofcoursedegrading侮辱人格的.saidLindaMalonedirectoroftheHumanRightsandNationalSecurityLawProgrammeatWilliamandMaryLawSchool.??USlawonlyprohibitspunishmentthatis’cruelandunusual’--not’inhumananddegrading’.It’sverydifficultforathieftoprovethatholdingasigninfrontofWal-Martis’cruelandunusual’./JamesConnollywasaccusedofallthefollowingcrimesEXCEPT______.
根据联合国艾滋病规划署公布的最新统计数字截至2005年底全球估计共有3860万名艾滋病病毒感染者其中女性达1750万15岁以下的儿童230万统计还发现2005年全球新增艾滋病病毒感染者410万另有280万人死于艾滋病撒哈拉以南的非洲地区仍是艾滋病病毒感染者最多的地区这一地区的人口只占全球人口的10%左右但集中了全球60%的艾滋病病毒感染者此外拉美地区也是目前受艾滋病影响最严重的地区之一截至2005年底该地区的艾滋病病毒感染者总数为200万成人艾滋病病毒感染率达1.6%2005年底整个亚洲的艾滋病病毒感染者总数为830万其中新增感染者110万10年前全球大约每10名艾滋病病毒感染者中有1名在亚洲地区现在这一比例已经上升到5比1东欧和中亚地区是艾滋病病毒感染者增加最快的地区2005年的感染人数比2003年度增加了1/4死于艾滋病的人数增加了1倍 2005年底全球男性艾滋病病毒感染者占艾滋病病毒感染者的总数的比例为
{{*HTML*}}第1篇CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCities??ThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytradition.Peoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight.Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakeforanexcitingmetropolitanatmosphere.??Squaresplazas广场andarcades拱廊formtheheartofEurope’scities.??VeniceinItalyhasthePlazzaSanMarcoabeautifulsquaresurroundedbyshopschurchesrestaurantsand’cafes.InBarcelonaSpainLaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods.London’sCoventGardenisfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusiciansacrobats杂技演员andartistsbynight.Thegovernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive.InLondontheyserveasabeautifulbackdrop背景tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames.??Thesevibrant有活力的heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolutionsocialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently.ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakessaidGarreauThosehaveallbeenremoved.MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecarsobarsrestaurantsandcafeswereneartopeople’shomes.TodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans’lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters.Theyliveinthesuburbsandoutskirtsdrivingtosupermarketstogettheirsupplies.Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconventiontherearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalwayslivingandshoppinglocally.Thesepeopletogetherwithtouristsprovidethecitycenterswiththereasonforexistence.??Coffeecultureplaysapartinkeepingthesecitycentersflourishing.ThisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.Thisskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos浓咖啡andcigarettes.??Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelopingsociableatmosphere.PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisitthechurchonanalmostdailybasis.Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarketscafesandbarsinthesurroundingstreets.AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo.ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorenceItalyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshopsandcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowdsbutalsothelocalcommunity.ThewritercitestheDuomointhelastparagraphasanexampletoillustratethat______.
根据联合国艾滋病规划署公布的最新统计数字截至2005年底全球估计共有3860万名艾滋病病毒感染者其中女性达1750万15岁以下的儿童230万统计还发现2005年全球新增艾滋病病毒感染者410万另有280万人死于艾滋病撒哈拉以南的非洲地区仍是艾滋病病毒感染者最多的地区这一地区的人口只占全球人口的10%左右但集中了全球60%的艾滋病病毒感染者此外拉美地区也是目前受艾滋病影响最严重的地区之一截至2005年底该地区的艾滋病病毒感染者总数为200万成人艾滋病病毒感染率达1.6%2005年底整个亚洲的艾滋病病毒感染者总数为830万其中新增感染者110万10年前全球大约每10名艾滋病病毒感染者中有1名在亚洲地区现在这一比例已经上升到5比1东欧和中亚地区是艾滋病病毒感染者增加最快的地区2005年的感染人数比2003年度增加了1/4死于艾滋病的人数增加了1倍 撒哈拉以南的非洲地区的艾滋病病毒感染率约为其他地区感染率的多少倍
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