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证券公司违反《证券法》的规定，应承担民事赔偿责任和缴纳罚款的，其财产不足以同时支付时，应先缴纳罚款。( )
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邮政储汇业务员考试《判断》真题及答案
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为什么说法律不是万能的
Parker&Hobbes POBox4399 BrisbaneAustralia October11th2010 LynetteGallagher ActonIndustry Level12FraserPlace DearMs.Gallagher ThankyouforcontactingParker&HobbesonOctober2toregisteryourinterestinourservices.MynameisJamalYeeandIwillbeyourpointofcontactatParker&Hobbes.Youcangetintouchwithmebyemailphoneorfax.Mycontactdetailsarerecordedatthebottomofthisletter. IwouldbedelightedtodevelopaccommodationssolutionsforyourcompanyintheCairnsareas.AsyouareprobablyawareourheadquartersisbasedinBrisbanebutwedocontactasubstantialamountofbusinessinCairnsandthesurroundingregion.ThereforeIamconfidentthatIcanarrangetodesignandbuildadequatehousingforyourworkplaceinthisarea.Pleaseallowmetoexplaintheprocedurefromhere. AsIunderstandfromtheinitialrequestyousentActonIndustryintendstobeginworkontheToowumbamine50kilometerssouthwestofCairnsinearly2012.WiththedeadlineinmindandpleaseletmeknowimmediatelyifthisinformationisincorrectIhopetosubmitdetailedplanofthehousingcomplexbyMarch2011foryourarrival.Assoonastheplanshavebeensettledtheconstructionprocessshouldtakearound6to8months. Ilookforwardtoworkingwithyoucloselyonthisexcitingproject. Regards JamalYee ProjectManager-Parker&Hobbes Email:j.yee@pandhcom Office:03-888-9077 Cell:012-908-907 Fax:03-888-9078 WhatisindicatedaboutActonIndustry
甲某的外祖父与乙某的父亲是亲兄弟丙某的外祖母与丁某的祖母是亲姐妹则
在所附条件不成就时附解除条件的民事法律行为
Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendarybutnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomistsbothconservativeandliberalconcludedthataneconomistwhoarguesforrestrictinginternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching.WhytheconsensusInternationalfreetradeeconomistsagreemakespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntarybothpartnersbenefitotherwisetheywouldn’ttrade.Thebuyerofashirtforexamplevaluestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspentwhilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreoveritdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKongoranywhereelse.ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrastprotectionismencouragesmonopolylowerqualityandhigherprices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionismover$60billionayearor$1000forafamilyoffour.ThankstoprotectionismforexampleAmericanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficientbyallowingnationstocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproductionforinstancewhileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfoodbutitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarlywecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilshale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilythepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thustariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.DespitethepowerfulcaseforfreetradetheUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhavealwaysbeenprotectionisttosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublicwhileprotectionismbenefitsspecialinterestgroupswhicharebetterorganizedbetterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworsemuchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.WhyhasprotectionismalwaysbeenexercisedevenifitiswastefulandunjustBecause______.
OnbehalfoftheworkplaceissuescommitteeIwouldliketoremindyouallabouttheimportanceofenergyconservation.Byreducingourenergyusageintheofficewecannotonlysavethousandsofdollarsonelectricitybillsbutwecanalsohelptheenvironment.Moreoverbeingenergyefficientwillhelpboostourimageinthecommunity. Atlastmonth’smeetingoftheworkplaceissuescommitteewecameupwithalistofsimplemeasuresthatindividualemployeescantaketohelpconserveenergy.Pleasereadthefollowingideasandtrytoputthemintopractice! ...Switchoffyourcomputerandmonitorwhenyoutakeyourlunchbreak. ...Donotuseascreensaveronyourcomputer. ...Leavetheblindsopensothatartificiallightingcanbekepttoaminimum. ...Dressappropriatelyfortheconditionssoastoreduceusageofheatingandairconditioning. ...Takethestairsratherthantheelevatorwheneverpossible. Thelistisanexcellentstartbutitisfarfromexhaustive.Ifyouhaveanysuggestionstoaddpleasedoso.Whetheryouareaseniormanagerorajuniorofficeclerkyourinputisequallyvaluable!Youcanpostsuggestionsontheworkplaceissueswebpageonthecompanyintranet.Wewillthendiscussyoursuggestionsatnextmonth’smeetingoftheworkplaceissuescommittee. Kindregards BethanyWillets Howcanreaderscontributeideas
Parker&Hobbes POBox4399 BrisbaneAustralia October11th2010 LynetteGallagher ActonIndustry Level12FraserPlace DearMs.Gallagher ThankyouforcontactingParker&HobbesonOctober2toregisteryourinterestinourservices.MynameisJamalYeeandIwillbeyourpointofcontactatParker&Hobbes.Youcangetintouchwithmebyemailphoneorfax.Mycontactdetailsarerecordedatthebottomofthisletter. IwouldbedelightedtodevelopaccommodationssolutionsforyourcompanyintheCairnsareas.AsyouareprobablyawareourheadquartersisbasedinBrisbanebutwedocontactasubstantialamountofbusinessinCairnsandthesurroundingregion.ThereforeIamconfidentthatIcanarrangetodesignandbuildadequatehousingforyourworkplaceinthisarea.Pleaseallowmetoexplaintheprocedurefromhere. AsIunderstandfromtheinitialrequestyousentActonIndustryintendstobeginworkontheToowumbamine50kilometerssouthwestofCairnsinearly2012.WiththedeadlineinmindandpleaseletmeknowimmediatelyifthisinformationisincorrectIhopetosubmitdetailedplanofthehousingcomplexbyMarch2011foryourarrival.Assoonastheplanshavebeensettledtheconstructionprocessshouldtakearound6to8months. Ilookforwardtoworkingwithyoucloselyonthisexcitingproject. Regards JamalYee ProjectManager-Parker&Hobbes Email:j.yee@pandhcom Office:03-888-9077 Cell:012-908-907 Fax:03-888-9078 Whatisthepurposeofthisletter
Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.ThewordstaplesLine3Para.3mostprobablymeans______.
农民集体所有的土地由乡镇人民政府登记造册核发证书确认所有权
某外国公司在向我国政府申请设立外资企业时存在以下情况请问其中哪一项违反了我国法律的规定
装修公司甲在完成一项工程后将剩余的木地板厨卫用具等卖给了物业管理公司乙但甲营业执照上的核准经营范围并无销售木地板厨卫用具等业务甲乙的买卖行为法律效力如何
下列经济法主体中不属于依法接受国家宏观调控和市场规制的主体是
下列各项中属于孳息的是
根据财政违法行为处罚处分条例的规定下列各项中属于财政预决算的编制部门的预算执行部门及其工作人员违反国家有关预算管理规定的行为有
甲公司经常派业务员乙与丙公司订立合同乙调离后又持盖有甲公司公章的合同书与尚不知其已调离的丙公司订立一份合同并按照通常做法提走货款后逃匿对此甲公司并不知情丙公司要求甲公司履行合同甲公司认为该合同与己无关予以拒绝下列选项哪一个是正确的
甲有限责任公司拟公开发行公司债券下列有关该公司资产额的表述中符合证券法规定公开发行公司债券条件的是
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Thechiefpurposeofthepassageis______.
ShowcaseforDutchFilm MuchtothedelightoflocalcinemabuffsDutchFilmWeekiscomingtoIthacanextweek.TheserieswillkickoffonFridaynightwithaviewingofTheovanSaar’sthrillersTheBadlands.ThismoviewonprizesforBestDirectorandBestOriginalScreenplayatthe2010InternationalFilmAwards.OtherfilmsthatwillscreenthroughouttheweekincludethecomedyKeepingLipwiththeVanDijk’sfromdirectorRuudiHuytandMarcoGulit’sfromtragedyTheNighttoEndAllNights. AllofthefilmswillscreenattheLudoTheateronJustinStreet.AcopyoftheprogramcanbedownloadedfromtheLudo’swebsiteoryoucanpickonefromoutsideitsticketoffice.Thosewishingtoattendscreeningsareadvisedtobookearlyasdemandforticketsisexpectedtobehigh. DutchFilmWeekwillnotonlyshowcaseauniquetypeofcinemaitwillalsocelebrateDutchartsandculture.AccordinglytheLudowillhostanopeningceremonytomarktheopeningofthisexcitingfestival.AswellaslocalfilmenthusiaststhefunctionwillalsobeattendedbyprominentmembersoftheDutchcommunityincludingAmbassadorPaulHaajerwhoisexpectedtomakeashortspeech.Whileticketstothefirstscreeningarestillavailabletheopeningceremonyisaninvitation-onlyevent. Whatwillhappenatthefunction
Disagreementsamongeconomistsarelegendarybutnotontheissueoffreetrade.Arecentsurveyofprominenteconomistsbothconservativeandliberalconcludedthataneconomistwhoarguesforrestrictinginternationaltradeisalmostascommontodayasaphysicianwhofavorsleeching.WhytheconsensusInternationalfreetradeeconomistsagreemakespossiblehigherstandardsoflivingallovertheglobe.Thecaseforfreetraderestslargelyonthisprinciple:aslongastradeisvoluntarybothpartnersbenefitotherwisetheywouldn’ttrade.Thebuyerofashirtforexamplevaluestheshirtmorethanthemoneyspentwhilethesellervaluesthemoneymore.Botharebetteroffbecauseofthesale.Moreoveritdoesn’tmatterwhethertheshirtsalesmanisfromtheUnitedStatesorHongKongoranywhereelse.ThevastmajorityofAmericanmanufacturesfaceinternationalcompetition.Thiscompetitionforcescompaniestoimprovequalityandcutcosts.Bycontrastprotectionismencouragesmonopolylowerqualityandhigherprices.Americanspayanenormouspriceforprotectionismover$60billionayearor$1000forafamilyoffour.ThankstoprotectionismforexampleAmericanconsumerspaytwicetheworldpriceforsugar.Freetradealsomakestheworldeconomymoreefficientbyallowingnationstocapitalizeontheirstrengths.TheUnitedStateshasanadvantageinfoodproductionforinstancewhileSaudiArabiahasanadvantageinoil.TheSaudiscouldundertakemassiveirrigationtobecomeself-sufficientinfoodbutitismoreeconomicalforthemtoselloilandpurchasefoodfromus.Similarlywecouldbecomeself-sufficientinpetroleumbysqueezingmoreoutofoilshale.ButitismuchlesscostlytobuysomeofouroilfromSaudiArabia.Tradebetweenourtwocountriesimprovesthestandardoflivinginboth.Protectionismisbothwastefulandunjust.Ittaxesmostheavilythepeoplewhocanleastaffordit.Thustariffsthatraisethepriceofshoesburdenthepoormorethantherich.DespitethepowerfulcaseforfreetradetheUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldhavealwaysbeenprotectionisttosomedegree.Thisisbecausefreetradebenefitsthegeneralpublicwhileprotectionismbenefitsspecialinterestgroupswhicharebetterorganizedbetterfinancedandmoreinformed.Tomakemattersworsemuchofwhatwehearonthisissueismisinformationspreadbythespecialintereststhemselves.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardprotectionismdenotedfromthefifthparagraph
下列各项中能引起诉讼时效中断的是
下列哪一行为构成对知识产权的侵犯
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Theauthorbelievesthattofindefficientwaysofkeepingeconomygoingeconomistshaveto______.
下列行为中属于民事代理的是
票据债务人不得以自己与持票人的前手之间抗辩事由对抗持票人但持票人明知存在抗辩事由而取得票据的除外
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inadepartmentstorethepurposeofprestigepricing______.
Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant.Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodintheUnitedStates.Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamsundaeonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems.Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway.Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall.Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics.Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping.Unsoughtgoodsreferto______.
依法纳税是每个公民的基本义务下列各项公民的个人所得中应依法缴纳个人所得税的有
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inabiddingtransaction______.
Thelargeramachineandthemorenumerousitspartsthegreaterlikelihoodofabreakdownandthemoreexpensivetorepair.Whathasbeensaidaboutmarketforcesandmanagementwasnecessarilyoversimplified.Theeconomiesofmodernindustrialnationsarelargeandverycomplex.Tobesurethereismanagementandtherearemarketforcesatworkbuttherearealsomanyotherfactorsthathelporhindereconomicfunction.Inmodernindustrialsocietiesgovernmentsplayalargerole.Thereisagreatamountofregulationmostofitmeantfortheprotectionofthepublic.Allregulationsaffectthewaybusinessesoperateoftenincreasingtheircostsandreducingtheirprofits.Lowerprofitsinturnreducetheamountofmoneywhichisknownasworkingcapitalthatacompanycanuseforexpansion.Autoemissionstandardsforinstancehavehadasignificantimpactonthemanufactureandpricingofautomobiles.Othergovernmentpoliciessuchastaxationbudgetdeficitsandregulationofthemoneysupplyhaveaneffectonhowmuchmoneyisavailableforpeopletospendongoodsandservices.Internationalcrisesandotherconditionsalsoaffecttheworkingofaneconomy.AseverefrostinBrazilcanruinacoffeecropandraisethepriceofthatcommodity.Warcancutoffthesupplyofsuchresourcesaspetroleumchromiumorcopper.IntheUnitedStatesenvironmentalprotestshaveslowedthedevelopmentofnuclearenergycapacityandtheminingofvasttractsofprotectedland.Weatheraffectsagricultureahotdrysummercandamagethewheatcrop;floodscandestroythousandsofacresofcropssuddenly;andinsectpestscandevastatecroplandwitharapidonslaught.People’sattitudesalsohaveanimpactonthemarketingofgoods.Health-consciousindividualsforexamplemaystopsmokingcurtailtheirintakeofalcoholandeatlessofcertainkindsoffood.Advertisingaffectswhatpeoplebuyanditcancreateamarketwherenoneexisted.Styleandfashionaresignificantformanyconsumers.Thereareothereconomicproblemsthataremoredifficulttounderstand.Forcenturieseconomieshavebeensubjecttoperiodsofprosperityfollowedbyperiodsofdecline.Althoughperiodsofprosperitycanbeexplainedrathereasilythereasonsforpanicsrecessionsanddepressionsareofacomplexnature.SomanyfactorscontributedtotheGreatDepressionofthe1930sforexamplethatnoeconomisthaseverbeenabletoaccountforallofthem.Becausethecausesofdeclineareuncertaintheremediesareequallyuncertain.Inthelate20thcenturyallindustrializedsocietiesthroughtheirgovernmentshavetriedtostabilizeeconomieskeepthemprosperousandreduceunemployment.Noneoftheremedieshasworkedtotheextentthatwashoped.Howeconomiesworkandwhatremediescanbefoundtokeepthemoperatingefficientlyarethetasksofeconomistswhomustworktogetherwithbusinessmenandpoliticians.Theexampleofautoemissionstandardsishereusedtomakeitclearthat______.
Everyproductonthemarkethasavarietyofcostsbuiltintoitbeforeitiseverputupforsaletoacustomer.Therearecostsofproductiontransportationstorageadvertisingandmore.Eachofthesecostsmustbringinsomeprofitateachstage:truckersmustprofitfromtransportingproductsortheywouldnotbeinbusiness.Thuscostsalsoincludeseverallayersofprofits.Thesellingpriceofaproductmusttakeallofthesecostsandbuiltinprofitsintoconsideration.Thesellingpriceitselfconsistsofamarkupoverthetotalofallcostsanditisnormallybasedonapercentageofthetotalcost.Themarkupmaybequitehigh90percentofcostoritmaybelow.Groceryitemsmasupermarketusuallyhavealowmarkupwhileminkcoatshaveaveryhighone.Highmarkupshoweverdonotinthemselvesguaranteebigprofits.Profitscomefromturnover.Ifanitemhasa50percentmarkupanddoesnotsellthereisnoprofit.Butifacerealhasan8percentmarkupandsellsverywelltherearereasonableprofits.Whilemostpricingisbasedoncostfactorstherearesomeexceptions.Prestigepricingmeanssettingpricesartificiallyhighinordertoattractselectclientele.Suchpricingattemptstosuggestthatthequalityorstyleoftheproductisexceptionalorthattheitemcannotbefoundelsewhere.Storescanuseprestigepricingtoattractwealthyshoppers.Leaderpricingandbaitpricingaretheoppositesofprestigepricing.Leaderpricingmeanssettinglowpricesoncertainitemstogetpeopletocomeintothestores.Theproductssopricedarecalledlossleadersbecauselittleornoprofitcanbemadeonthem.Theprofitsaremadefromotherproductspeoplebuywhileinthestore.Baitpricingnowgenerallyconsideredillegalmeanssettingartificiallylowpricestoattractcustomers.Thestorehoweverhasnointentionofsellinggoodsatthebaitprices.Thepointistogetpeopleintothestoreandpersuadethemoftheinferiorityofthelowpriceditem.Thenahigherpriceditemispresentedasabetteralternative.Acommonretailtacticisoddpricedproducts.Forsomeproductsof$300thestorewillsetthepriceat$295or$299.95togivetheappearanceofalowerprice.Automobilesandotherhighpricedproductsareusuallypricedinthismanner.Forsomereason$7995hasmoreappealtoapotentialcarcustomerthan$8000.Bidpricingisaspecialkindofpricesetting.Itisoftenusedintheawardingofgovernmentcontracts.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitbidsonajobandnormallythelowestbidderwins.Aschoolsystemmaywanttobuyalargenumberofcomputers.Severalcompaniesareaskedtosubmitpricesandtheschooldistrictwilldecideonthebestbidbasedaswellonconsiderationsofqualityandservice.Inthefirstparagraphmarkupmostprobablymeans______.
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