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已知函数z=f(x，y)有连续的二阶偏导数，且又设x=x(y，z)是由z=f(x，y)确定的函数，求
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设函数Fuv具有二阶连续偏导数且F’vuv≠0求由方程Fxyx+y+z=0确定的隐函数z=zxy的偏
设函数z=fxyygx其中函数f具有二阶连续偏导数函数gx可导且在x=1处取得极值g1=1求
设z=fx+yx-yxy其中f具有二阶连续偏导数求dz与
设函数y=yx由方程xefy=ey确定其中f具有二阶导数且[*]
设函数y=yx在-∞+∞内具有二阶导数且y’≠0x=xy是y=yx的反函数．求变换后的微分方程满足初
设函数Fxy在x0y0的某邻域有连续的二阶偏导数且由方程Fxy=0在x0的某邻域确定的隐函数y=yx
y(x)以x=x
0
为极大值点
y(x)以x=x
0
为极小值点
y(x)在x=x
0
不取极值
(x
0
，y(x
0
))是曲线y=y(x)的拐点
设函数fx在[0+∞有连续的一阶导数在0+∞二阶可导且f0=f’0=0又当x＞0时满足不等式[*]求
设函数fuv具有二阶连续偏导数且y=yx是由方程f2xy-x=1所确定的隐函数则y=______．
设u=uxt有二阶连续偏导数并满足其中a＞0为常数．Ⅰ作自变量代换导出u对x与y的一二阶偏导数与u对
设函数fx具有二阶导数且f’≠0求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一阶二阶导数．
设z=f[xgyx-y]其中f具有二阶连续偏导数g具有二阶连续导数求
设函数f具有二阶导数且f’≠1．求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一二阶导数．
已知函数fu具有二阶导数且f’0=1函数y=yx由方程y-xey-1=1所确定．设z=flny-s
设具有连续的二阶偏导数且满足 试求函数u的表达式
设z=zxy有二阶连续偏导数且满足 Ⅰ作自变量与因变量变换u=x+yυ=x-yω=xy-z．变换
设z=f2x-y+gxxy其中函数ft二阶可导guv具有连续的二阶偏导数．求
设y=fx具有二阶导数且f'x≠0x=φy是y=fx的反函数则φy=______．
设x=fuυ有二阶连续偏导数且则函数fx2-y22xy在x2+y2=1上满足=
Ⅰ作变量替换u=3x+yυ=x+y将式子用z关于uυ的二阶偏导数表示出来其中z有二阶连续偏导数．Ⅱ求
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In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 12
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 18
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 8
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview. SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting: 41.Yourresumeismeaningless. Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone. 42.Don’tgetlostinHR. Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible. 43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview. Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors. Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou. "Acompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejob"Corcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork. 44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork. Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario. 45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany. Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess. Onceyougetthatoffer"Youhavethepower"saysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany. [A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer. [B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:"Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall." [C]"MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaper"Corcodilossays."Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager. [D]"Attheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithit"Corcodilossays."Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany." [E]"Theguy’sjawwasonthefloor"Corcodilossays."HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours." [F]"Aresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganization"Corcodilossays."That’snowaytosellyourself." [G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 44
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 20
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930—1960.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirheath-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans.TargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemploymentbasedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupportsCanadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentwiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconmnicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamiliestheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericanswillingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.Thepassageismostlikelytobe______.
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat______.
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 46
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourpointofviewwithanexampleexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Wecanlearnfromparagraph3that______.
Youslipthekeyintotheignitionandcranktheenginetolife.Butbeforeyouputtheearintogearyoutapakeyonthekeyboardmountedbythesteeringwheelandyourneweste-mailflashesuponthewindscreen.Thisseductivesatyriswhatyougetwhenyoucrossaearandaeomputer.Dubbedthenetworkvehieleornet-mobileitmaysooncometoadrivewaynearyouprobablytheonebelongingtoyourrichneighbor.Inanet-mobileamotoristcouldtapintoaregionalroadsystembutalsotomapoutaroutearoundrush-hourtrafficsnags.Driversandpassengerswillbeabletosendandreceivee-mailtrackthelatestsportsscoresorstockquotessurftheWebandevenplayvideogames.Orsoatleastsayanumberofcomputer-industryfirmssuchasMicrosoftSunIBMandNetseape.Themoderncarisalreadyanelectronicshowcaseonwheels.On-boardmicrocomputersimprovefueleconomyandreduceemissions.Theyoperateanti-lockbrakesystemsandonsomeearsevenregulatethefirmnessoftheshockabsorbers.Butmuchofthetechnologyneededtoaddextraisavailablenow.AprototypenetworkvehicleproducedbyaconsortiumofNetseapeSunIBMandDelcoanautomotiveelectronicsfirmbasedinMichiganwasintroducedattherecentannualcomputerindustryshowinLasVegas.Itnotonlyofferedsuchdesktop-eomputer-likeservicesase-mailbutallowedadrivertousethemwithoutlookingawayfromtheroad.Itwasoperatedbyvoicecommandsandprojecteditsdataontothewindscreenusingthesamesortofhead-updisplaysystemfoundinmodernfighterjets.Membersoftheconsortiumthinkareal-worldnetworkvehiclecouldbeinproductioninaslittleasfouryears.Car-makershavealreadybegunrollingoutsomeofthefeaturesfoundontheseprototypenetmobiles.IfthedriverofaGeneralMotorscarequippedwithitsOn-Starsystemlockshiskeyinthecarforexampleanemergencycentrecantransmitadigitalsignaltounlockthedoors.On-staralsocallsautomaticallyforhelpifanaccidenttriggerstheairbags.ToyotaandGeneralMotorsareamongagrowinglistoffirmsofferingsuchin-earnavigationsystems.AndinEuropeBMWandMercedes-Benzrecentlyintroducednavigationhardwarethatcannotonlyplotoutaroutebutalertadrivertotrafficjams.Thein-carnavigationsystemhasallofthefollowingfunctionsEXCEPT______.
OnceuponatimeinnovationatProcter&Gambleflowedoneway:fromtheUnitedStatesoutward.WhilethelargeCincinnati-basedcorporationwasnostrangertoforeignmarketsitusuallysoldthemproductsthatwerealreadyfamiliartomostAmericans.ManyJapanesefamiliesforinstanceswaddletheirbabiesinPampersdiapersandlotsofVenezuelansbrushtheirteethwithCrest.AndofcoursecompanyexecutivesassumedAmericansathomewantedthesesamefamiliarredwhite-and-bluebrands.Wemightbuyforeign-madecarsorchocolatesorcameras—buthouseholdcleanersanddetergents.9RecentlyhoweverP&Gbrokewiththislong-standingtradition.ArielaP&GlaundrydetergentwasbornoverseasandisafamiliarsightonstoreshelvesinEuropeandLatinAmerica.NowbilingualpackagesofArielUltraasuper-concentratedcleanerareappearingonsupermarketshelvesinLosAngeles.Ariel’sappearanceintheUnitedStatesreflectsdemographicchangesmakingHispanicsthenation’sfastest-growingethnicgroup.Arielisahitwiththispopulation.InfactmanyMexicanimmigrantslivinginsouthernCaliforniahavebeenimportingArielfromTijuanaMexico.HispaniesknewthisproductandwanteditsaysP&GspokeswomanMarieSalvado.Werealizedthatwecouldn’tconvincethemtobuyourotherlaundrydetergents.P&Ghopesthatnon-HispanicconsumerswillgiveArielatrytoo.Ariel’salreadystrongpresenceinEuropemayprovideaspringboardforthecompanytoexpandintoothermarketsaswell.RecentlyP&GboughtRakonaCzechoslovakia’stopdetergentmaker.ArielcurrentlyatopsellerinGermanyislikelytobeoneofthefastnewbrandstoappearinCzechsupermarkets.AndArielisnottileonlyforeignideathatthecompanyhopestotransplantbacktoitshometerritory.Cinchanall-purposespraycleanersimilartopopularEuropeanproductsiscurrentlybeingtest-marketedinCaliforniaandArizona.TraditionallyAmericanshaveusedseparatecleanersfordifferenttypesofsurfacesbutmarketresearchshowsthatAmericanpreferencesarebecomingmorelikethoseinothercountries.InsidersnotethatthisnewreverseflowofinnovationreflectsmoresweepingchangesatProcter&Camble.ThefirmhashiredmanynewJapaneseGermanandMexicanmanagerswhoviewP&G’sbusinessnotasaone-wayflowofAmericanideasbutatwo-wayexchangewithothermarkets.SaysBonitaAustinoftheinvestmentfinWertheimSchroederWhenyoumetwithP&G’stopmanagersyearsagoyouwouldn’thaveseenasingleforeignface;todaytheycouldevenbeinthemajority.AsProcter&GamblehasfoundtheUnitedStatesisnolongeranisolatedmarket.Americansaremoreopenthaneverbeforetobuyingforeign-madeproductsandtosellingUS-madeproductsoverseas.AccordingtothetextProcter&Gamblehopestotransplantforeignideabacktoitshometerritorybecause______.
Anthropologistscommonlydistinguishthreeformsofmarriage:monogamythemarriageofonemantoonewomanpolygynythemarriageofonemantotwoormorewomenandpolyandrythemarriageofonewomantotwoormoremen.Polygynyandpolyandryareoftenlinkedunderthesingletermpolygamyamarriageofoneindividualtotwoormorespouses.ThoughtherearemanysocietieswhichpermitorevenencouragepolygamousmarriagesitdoesnotfollowinsuchsocietiesthateverymarriedindividualoreventhatamajorityofthemhasmorethanonespouseQuitethecontraryistrueforinmostifnotallofsocalledpolygamoussocietiesmonogamyisstatisticallytheprevailingform.Thereasonforthisisclear:theproportionofmaletofemalebirthsinanyhumansocietyisroughlythesameandifthisproportionismaintainedamongthesexuallymatureapreponderanceofpluralmarriagesmeansthataconsiderablenumberofeithermenorwomenmustremainunmarried.Nosocietycanmaintainitselfundersuchconditions;theemotionalstresseswouldbetoogreattobesurvived.Accordinglyevenwheretheculturalidealsdonotprohibitpluralmarriagesthesemayoccuronanynotablescaleonlysocietieswhereforonereasonoranotheronesexmarkedlyoutnumberstheother.Inshortmonogamynotonlyprevailsinmostoftheworld’ssocietieseitherastheonlyapprovedformofmarriageorastheonlyfeasibleformbutitmayalsoprevailwithinapolygamoussocietywhereveryoftenonlyaminorityofthepopulationcanactuallysecuremorethanonespouse.Inapolygynoushouseholdthehusbandmustsupplyahouseandgardenforeachofhiswives.Thewiveslivewithhiminturncookingandservingfurhimduringtheperiodofhisvisit.Thefirstwifetakesprecedenceovertheothers.Polyandryismuchrarerthanpolygyny.Itisoftentheresultofadisproportionintheratioofmentowomen.Insumpolygamyisnotassofrequentlyindicateduniversallyaresultofhumanimmorality.Itissimplynottrueinthisaspectofeuhureasinmanyothersthatpeoplewhofollowpatternsofculturedeemedimmoralinoursocietyaretherebylackinginmorality.Ouridealandcompulsorypatternofmarriagewhichholdsthatmonogamyistheonlyappropriateformofmarriageisnotsharedbyallpeoplesevenbysomeofthosewhoregularlypracticemonogamy.Inagreatmanysocietiesmonogamyisonlyonepossibleformofmarriagewithpolygynyorpolyandryasperfectlypossiblethoughlessfrequentalternatives.Theauthorbelievesthatpluralmarriagesoccuronsubstantialscalesonlyinsocietiesinwhich______.
Anthropologistscommonlydistinguishthreeformsofmarriage:monogamythemarriageofonemantoonewomanpolygynythemarriageofonemantotwoormorewomenandpolyandrythemarriageofonewomantotwoormoremen.Polygynyandpolyandryareoftenlinkedunderthesingletermpolygamyamarriageofoneindividualtotwoormorespouses.ThoughtherearemanysocietieswhichpermitorevenencouragepolygamousmarriagesitdoesnotfollowinsuchsocietiesthateverymarriedindividualoreventhatamajorityofthemhasmorethanonespouseQuitethecontraryistrueforinmostifnotallofsocalledpolygamoussocietiesmonogamyisstatisticallytheprevailingform.Thereasonforthisisclear:theproportionofmaletofemalebirthsinanyhumansocietyisroughlythesameandifthisproportionismaintainedamongthesexuallymatureapreponderanceofpluralmarriagesmeansthataconsiderablenumberofeithermenorwomenmustremainunmarried.Nosocietycanmaintainitselfundersuchconditions;theemotionalstresseswouldbetoogreattobesurvived.Accordinglyevenwheretheculturalidealsdonotprohibitpluralmarriagesthesemayoccuronanynotablescaleonlysocietieswhereforonereasonoranotheronesexmarkedlyoutnumberstheother.Inshortmonogamynotonlyprevailsinmostoftheworld’ssocietieseitherastheonlyapprovedformofmarriageorastheonlyfeasibleformbutitmayalsoprevailwithinapolygamoussocietywhereveryoftenonlyaminorityofthepopulationcanactuallysecuremorethanonespouse.Inapolygynoushouseholdthehusbandmustsupplyahouseandgardenforeachofhiswives.Thewiveslivewithhiminturncookingandservingfurhimduringtheperiodofhisvisit.Thefirstwifetakesprecedenceovertheothers.Polyandryismuchrarerthanpolygyny.Itisoftentheresultofadisproportionintheratioofmentowomen.Insumpolygamyisnotassofrequentlyindicateduniversallyaresultofhumanimmorality.Itissimplynottrueinthisaspectofeuhureasinmanyothersthatpeoplewhofollowpatternsofculturedeemedimmoralinoursocietyaretherebylackinginmorality.Ouridealandcompulsorypatternofmarriagewhichholdsthatmonogamyistheonlyappropriateformofmarriageisnotsharedbyallpeoplesevenbysomeofthosewhoregularlypracticemonogamy.Inagreatmanysocietiesmonogamyisonlyonepossibleformofmarriagewithpolygynyorpolyandryasperfectlypossiblethoughlessfrequentalternatives.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat______.
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 6
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 16
OnceuponatimeinnovationatProcter&Gambleflowedoneway:fromtheUnitedStatesoutward.WhilethelargeCincinnati-basedcorporationwasnostrangertoforeignmarketsitusuallysoldthemproductsthatwerealreadyfamiliartomostAmericans.ManyJapanesefamiliesforinstanceswaddletheirbabiesinPampersdiapersandlotsofVenezuelansbrushtheirteethwithCrest.AndofcoursecompanyexecutivesassumedAmericansathomewantedthesesamefamiliarredwhite-and-bluebrands.Wemightbuyforeign-madecarsorchocolatesorcameras—buthouseholdcleanersanddetergents.9RecentlyhoweverP&Gbrokewiththislong-standingtradition.ArielaP&GlaundrydetergentwasbornoverseasandisafamiliarsightonstoreshelvesinEuropeandLatinAmerica.NowbilingualpackagesofArielUltraasuper-concentratedcleanerareappearingonsupermarketshelvesinLosAngeles.Ariel’sappearanceintheUnitedStatesreflectsdemographicchangesmakingHispanicsthenation’sfastest-growingethnicgroup.Arielisahitwiththispopulation.InfactmanyMexicanimmigrantslivinginsouthernCaliforniahavebeenimportingArielfromTijuanaMexico.HispaniesknewthisproductandwanteditsaysP&GspokeswomanMarieSalvado.Werealizedthatwecouldn’tconvincethemtobuyourotherlaundrydetergents.P&Ghopesthatnon-HispanicconsumerswillgiveArielatrytoo.Ariel’salreadystrongpresenceinEuropemayprovideaspringboardforthecompanytoexpandintoothermarketsaswell.RecentlyP&GboughtRakonaCzechoslovakia’stopdetergentmaker.ArielcurrentlyatopsellerinGermanyislikelytobeoneofthefastnewbrandstoappearinCzechsupermarkets.AndArielisnottileonlyforeignideathatthecompanyhopestotransplantbacktoitshometerritory.Cinchanall-purposespraycleanersimilartopopularEuropeanproductsiscurrentlybeingtest-marketedinCaliforniaandArizona.TraditionallyAmericanshaveusedseparatecleanersfordifferenttypesofsurfacesbutmarketresearchshowsthatAmericanpreferencesarebecomingmorelikethoseinothercountries.InsidersnotethatthisnewreverseflowofinnovationreflectsmoresweepingchangesatProcter&Camble.ThefirmhashiredmanynewJapaneseGermanandMexicanmanagerswhoviewP&G’sbusinessnotasaone-wayflowofAmericanideasbutatwo-wayexchangewithothermarkets.SaysBonitaAustinoftheinvestmentfinWertheimSchroederWhenyoumetwithP&G’stopmanagersyearsagoyouwouldn’thaveseenasingleforeignface;todaytheycouldevenbeinthemajority.AsProcter&GamblehasfoundtheUnitedStatesisnolongeranisolatedmarket.Americansaremoreopenthaneverbeforetobuyingforeign-madeproductsandtosellingUS-madeproductsoverseas.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutAriel
Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfricaaccordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofastsaysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence. ThenewstudypublishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNaturedeliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory. Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.TheycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumansfindingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries. Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimatesinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat’stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyesIdon’tknow"Amossaid. Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews. InhisownresearchHawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears. "I’mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulationsincludingtheirvariabilitybutitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans." "ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginideaexceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn’tbecomeextinct." [A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfricaspreadoutacrosstheworldbutatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge. [B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearthwhichisstillimpossibletosolve. [C]Attheendofthedayaresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossiblehesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It’sreallyhardtofindthetwo"Hawkssaid. [D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfricahypothesisusingsuchmorphology"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch. [E]DebateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyearswithonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica. [F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution. [G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45. 42
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 48
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview. SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting: 41.Yourresumeismeaningless. Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone. 42.Don’tgetlostinHR. Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible. 43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview. Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors. Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou. "Acompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejob"Corcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork. 44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork. Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario. 45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany. Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess. Onceyougetthatoffer"Youhavethepower"saysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany. [A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer. [B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:"Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall." [C]"MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaper"Corcodilossays."Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager. [D]"Attheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithit"Corcodilossays."Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany." [E]"Theguy’sjawwasonthefloor"Corcodilossays."HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours." [F]"Aresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganization"Corcodilossays."That’snowaytosellyourself." [G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 42
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 14
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930—1960.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirheath-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans.TargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemploymentbasedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupportsCanadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentwiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconmnicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamiliestheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericanswillingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.
DisabilityamongtheelderlyhasdeclinedmarkedlyintheUnitedStatesinthepasttwodecades.In198425percentoftheelderlypopulationreporteddifficultywithactivitiesassociatedwithindependentliving.By1999thesharehadfallento20percentadeclineofone-fifth.Althoughthesebasicfactsarewellknowntheirinterpretationisnotclear.IsthereductionindisabilityaresultofimprovedmedicalcareindividualbehavioralchangesenvironmentalmodificationsthatallowtheelderlytobetterfunctionbythemselvesorotherdemographicchangesWillthetrendcontinueorisittimelimitedWhatdoesthereductionindisabilitymeanforyearsofhealthylifeandlaborforceparticipationTheresearchersDavidCutlerMaryBethLandrumandKateStewartfocusondisabilitycausedbycardiovasculardiseasetoinvestigatetheroleofimprovedmedicalcareonreductionsindisability.Bylookingatjustoneconditiontheycananalyzehealthshocksandtheiroutcomesinsomedetail.CardiovasculardiseaseisanaturalconditiontoanalyzebecauseitisthemostcommoncauseofdeathintheUnitedStatesandmostotherdevelopedcountries.Alsomoreisspentoncardiovasculardiseasethanonanyotherconditionclearlyacasewheremedicalcarecouldreallymatter.Theresearchersmeasuredisabilityasthepresenceofimpairmentsin.ActivitiesofDailyLivingADLsandInstrumentalActivitiesofDailyLivingIADLs.TheirdatasourcetheNationalLong-TermCareSurveyNLTCSincludesinformationonsixADLmeasures:eatinggettinginoroutofbedwalkingaroundinsidedressingbathingandgettingtoorusingthetoilet.TherearealsoquestionsabouteightIADLmeasures:doinglighthouseworkorlaundrypreparingmealsshoppingforgroceriesgettingaroundoutsidemanagingmoneytakingmedicationsandmakingtelephonecalls.TheNLTCSisanationallyrepresentativelongitudinalsurveyofthehealthanddisabilityprofileofthepopulationaged65andover.Cutlerandhisco-researchersfindthatreduceddisabilityassociatedwithcardiovasculardiseaseaccountsforasignificantpartofthetotalreductionindisability--between14and22percent.Theevidencesuggeststhatimprovementsinmedicalcareincludingbothincreaseduseofrelevantproceduresandpharmaceuticalsledtoasignificantpartofthisdeclineindisability.Regionswithhigheruseexperiencedsubstantialreductionsinmortalityanddisability.Whileprecisedataontheimplicationsofreduceddisabilityarelackingthepossibleimpactofdisabilityreductionsisstaggering.Theresearchersestimatethatpreventingdisabilityafteranacutecardiovasculareventcanaddasmuchas3.7yearsofquality-adjustedlifeexpectancyorperhaps$316000ofvalue.Thecostofthisoutcomeissignificantlysmaller.Theinitialtreatmentcostsrangefrom$8610to$16332dependingontheprocedureused.FurtherrecentcostanalysesreportedthatannualMedicarespendingwaslowerforthenon-disabledthanthedisabledwhichsuggeststhathighertreatmentcostsmaybeoffsetbylowerfuturespendingamongamorehealthypopulation.Byvirtuallyanymeasurethereforetheresearchersconcludethatmedicaltechnologyafteracutecardiovascularepisodesisworththecost.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby______.
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930—1960.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirheath-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans.TargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemploymentbasedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupportsCanadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentwiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconmnicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamiliestheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericanswillingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat______.
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 4
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46.Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaselfevidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscienfifieproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47.Thisdoesn’tmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownabouttilefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelythere-creativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48.Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovingre-creativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisn’trightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedon’tpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50.Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohaveare-creativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencan’tbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. 50
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 10
Youslipthekeyintotheignitionandcranktheenginetolife.Butbeforeyouputtheearintogearyoutapakeyonthekeyboardmountedbythesteeringwheelandyourneweste-mailflashesuponthewindscreen.Thisseductivesatyriswhatyougetwhenyoucrossaearandaeomputer.Dubbedthenetworkvehieleornet-mobileitmaysooncometoadrivewaynearyouprobablytheonebelongingtoyourrichneighbor.Inanet-mobileamotoristcouldtapintoaregionalroadsystembutalsotomapoutaroutearoundrush-hourtrafficsnags.Driversandpassengerswillbeabletosendandreceivee-mailtrackthelatestsportsscoresorstockquotessurftheWebandevenplayvideogames.Orsoatleastsayanumberofcomputer-industryfirmssuchasMicrosoftSunIBMandNetseape.Themoderncarisalreadyanelectronicshowcaseonwheels.On-boardmicrocomputersimprovefueleconomyandreduceemissions.Theyoperateanti-lockbrakesystemsandonsomeearsevenregulatethefirmnessoftheshockabsorbers.Butmuchofthetechnologyneededtoaddextraisavailablenow.AprototypenetworkvehicleproducedbyaconsortiumofNetseapeSunIBMandDelcoanautomotiveelectronicsfirmbasedinMichiganwasintroducedattherecentannualcomputerindustryshowinLasVegas.Itnotonlyofferedsuchdesktop-eomputer-likeservicesase-mailbutallowedadrivertousethemwithoutlookingawayfromtheroad.Itwasoperatedbyvoicecommandsandprojecteditsdataontothewindscreenusingthesamesortofhead-updisplaysystemfoundinmodernfighterjets.Membersoftheconsortiumthinkareal-worldnetworkvehiclecouldbeinproductioninaslittleasfouryears.Car-makershavealreadybegunrollingoutsomeofthefeaturesfoundontheseprototypenetmobiles.IfthedriverofaGeneralMotorscarequippedwithitsOn-Starsystemlockshiskeyinthecarforexampleanemergencycentrecantransmitadigitalsignaltounlockthedoors.On-staralsocallsautomaticallyforhelpifanaccidenttriggerstheairbags.ToyotaandGeneralMotorsareamongagrowinglistoffirmsofferingsuchin-earnavigationsystems.AndinEuropeBMWandMercedes-Benzrecentlyintroducednavigationhardwarethatcannotonlyplotoutaroutebutalertadrivertotrafficjams.Anelectronicshowcaseonwheelsprobablymeans______.
Anthropologistscommonlydistinguishthreeformsofmarriage:monogamythemarriageofonemantoonewomanpolygynythemarriageofonemantotwoormorewomenandpolyandrythemarriageofonewomantotwoormoremen.Polygynyandpolyandryareoftenlinkedunderthesingletermpolygamyamarriageofoneindividualtotwoormorespouses.ThoughtherearemanysocietieswhichpermitorevenencouragepolygamousmarriagesitdoesnotfollowinsuchsocietiesthateverymarriedindividualoreventhatamajorityofthemhasmorethanonespouseQuitethecontraryistrueforinmostifnotallofsocalledpolygamoussocietiesmonogamyisstatisticallytheprevailingform.Thereasonforthisisclear:theproportionofmaletofemalebirthsinanyhumansocietyisroughlythesameandifthisproportionismaintainedamongthesexuallymatureapreponderanceofpluralmarriagesmeansthataconsiderablenumberofeithermenorwomenmustremainunmarried.Nosocietycanmaintainitselfundersuchconditions;theemotionalstresseswouldbetoogreattobesurvived.Accordinglyevenwheretheculturalidealsdonotprohibitpluralmarriagesthesemayoccuronanynotablescaleonlysocietieswhereforonereasonoranotheronesexmarkedlyoutnumberstheother.Inshortmonogamynotonlyprevailsinmostoftheworld’ssocietieseitherastheonlyapprovedformofmarriageorastheonlyfeasibleformbutitmayalsoprevailwithinapolygamoussocietywhereveryoftenonlyaminorityofthepopulationcanactuallysecuremorethanonespouse.Inapolygynoushouseholdthehusbandmustsupplyahouseandgardenforeachofhiswives.Thewiveslivewithhiminturncookingandservingfurhimduringtheperiodofhisvisit.Thefirstwifetakesprecedenceovertheothers.Polyandryismuchrarerthanpolygyny.Itisoftentheresultofadisproportionintheratioofmentowomen.Insumpolygamyisnotassofrequentlyindicateduniversallyaresultofhumanimmorality.Itissimplynottrueinthisaspectofeuhureasinmanyothersthatpeoplewhofollowpatternsofculturedeemedimmoralinoursocietyaretherebylackinginmorality.Ouridealandcompulsorypatternofmarriagewhichholdsthatmonogamyistheonlyappropriateformofmarriageisnotsharedbyallpeoplesevenbysomeofthosewhoregularlypracticemonogamy.Inagreatmanysocietiesmonogamyisonlyonepossibleformofmarriagewithpolygynyorpolyandryasperfectlypossiblethoughlessfrequentalternatives.Amarriagebetweenseveralmenandwomenshouldbecalled______.
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Bookscompactdiscsandevenstockswere1fromWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedto2almostdailyafewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsunersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbe3tobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouch4.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenient5todrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerscouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier6theriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebest7. Foralltheconsumerinterest8ineyberspaeewasstillalargely9businesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.eomwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlater10intorecordedmusicandvideosposted11of$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodof1997.Overall12thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofit132001.14thegreatlossAmazon.tomhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’15aboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealed16investorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperating17storeswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever18somanycompaniescompetingtorconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwas19andprofit20thinornonexistent. 2
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