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On Mar. 14, when Wal-Mart Stores Inc. announced its first foray into Japan, the Bentonville (Ark.) r...
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假设一连锁书店的数据库中有三个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORIDSTORNAME书籍销售信息表
DDearEconomistMynewly-weddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlov
DearEconomistMynewly-weddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlovE
对FOXBASE数据库中指定字段进行编辑的命令字为
CHAN
CREA
RELEASE
STOR
煤的工业分析组成用空气干燥基表达的方式为
Mar＋Aar＋Var＋FCar＝100；
Mad＋Aad＋Vad＋FCad＝100；
Mar＋Aar＋Var＋FCar＝100；
Mar＋Aar＋Vad＋FCdaf＝100。
DearEconomistMynewly-weddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlove
煤的工业分析组成用收到基表达的方式为
Mad+Aad+Vad+FCad=100；
Mar+Aar+Var+FCar=100；
Mar+Ad+Vad+FCdaf=100；
Mar+Adaf+Vdaf+FCdaf=100。
DearEconomistMynewlyweddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlovE
煤的工业分析组成用收到基表达的方式为
Mad＋Aad＋Vad＋FCad＝100；
Mar＋Aar＋Var＋FCar＝100；
Mar＋Ad＋Vad＋FCdaf＝100；
Mar＋Adaf＋Vdaf＋FCdaf＝100。
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有三个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORIDSTORNAME书籍销售信息表
IoftengotoWalmartwithmyneighbours_____Icanbuyalmos
which
where
who
when
煤的工业分析组成表达错误的为
Mar+Aar+Var+FCar=100
Mad+Aad+Vad+FCad=100
Mar+Aad+Vad+FCad=100
Mar+Aar+Var+FCdaf=100
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有3个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORⅢSTORNAME书籍销售信息表S
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有三个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORIDSTORNAME书籍销售信息表
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有3个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORIDSTORNAME书籍销售信息表
煤的工业分析组成用空气干燥基表达的方式为
Mar+Aar+Var+FCar=100；
Mad+Aad+Vad+FCad=100；
Mar+Aar+Var+FCar=100；
Mar+Aar+Vad+FCdaf=100。
DearEconomistMynewly-weddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlovE
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有3个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORIDSTORNAME书籍销售信息表
假设一连锁书店的数据库中有3个表连锁分店信息表STORESSTORⅢSTORNAME书籍销售 信息
DDearEconomistMynewly-weddedwifeandIaredeeplyinlov
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Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisyanti-globalizati0n’demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.InfluentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatenssocialEuropetheidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate.InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonait.madeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountforatleast60%ofthemarket.SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion＄309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket.InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthatdisincentivesagainsttakingupjobsshouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirectiveanabsolutedisaster.Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingonresearchanddevelopmentfromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileothecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./Thepubliclaunchedademonstrationsagainstthesummitwithrespectto
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto＄10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.TheSuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.WhatisimpliedbutnotstatedinthefirstsentenceisthatAmericanIndians
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow.Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoanexpectedtotalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia.Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel.AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions.IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./ByMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernailsParagraph1theauthormeans
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow.Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoanexpectedtotalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia.Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel.AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions.WhensayingitisstillaheftychunkPara.3theauthorimpliesthat
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Describethedrawingandinterpretitsmeaning 2.Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms.Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons.ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid.Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningoffactsintendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues.Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.AccordingtotheauthortheSaudieducationsystemischaracterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationvs.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternet-filteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself:Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelaw’ssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment.
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanyside-streetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry.Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen.Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot.NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating＄4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices.PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted＄270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided.Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement.WhichofthefollowingisNOTpartoftheanti-sprawlmovementasplannedbygovernorRoyBarnes
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisyanti-globalizati0n’demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.InfluentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatenssocialEuropetheidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate.InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonait.madeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountforatleast60%ofthemarket.SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion＄309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket.InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthatdisincentivesagainsttakingupjobsshouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirectiveanabsolutedisaster.Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingonresearchanddevelopmentfromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileothecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./WelearnfromthetextthatEdwardBannermanisprobably
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto＄10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.TheSuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.Whenmentioningparcelsof80to160acresthewriteristalkingabout
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanyside-streetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry.Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen.Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot.NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating＄4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices.PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted＄270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided.Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement.ThewordbottleneckPara.1bestconnotes
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering＄40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing.Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome.AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily.Conspicuousabstentionreplacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags—theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups—droppedsharply.Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby33%.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts.Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.MorganarguesthatLuxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesign-edproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail./Itcaninferredfromthetextthat
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationvs.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternet-filteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself:Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelaw’ssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstallprotectionmeasuresonallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationvs.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternet-filteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself:Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelaw’ssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity.
TheU.S.spaceagencyNASAisplanningtolaunchasatellitethatscientistshopewillanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheoriginanddestinyofouruniverse.41_________________. Theprevailingtheoryoftheuniverse’soriginthe"BigBang"theorysaysallmatterandenergywereoncecompressedintoatinypoint.Thedensityandresultingtemperatureweresoenormousthatabout13-to-15-billionyearsagobycurrentestimatesamightyexplosionflungthematterhurtlingoutwardinalldirections.42_________________.TheyalsoaskistheexpansionacceleratingWilltheuniversecollapseWhatisitsshapeScientistswillseekexplanationswithNASA’snewMicrowaveAnisotropyProbeabbreviatedasMAP.43_________________."MAPwilltaketheultimatebabypictureanimageoftheinfantuniversetakeninthefossillightthatisstillpresentfromtheBigBang"hesays."Thisglowthisradiationistheoldestlightintheuniverse.ImprintedonthisbackgroundphysicistsknewwouldbethesecretsoftheBigBangitself." Thisbackgroundradiationisthelightandheatthattheearlycosmicsoupofmatteremitted.Onceroilinghotithascooledovertheeonstojustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Itwasoncethoughttobedistributedevenly.Butin1992ahighlysensitiveNASAsatellitenamedCOBEdetectednearlyimperceptiblevariationsintemperatureastinyas30-millionthsofadegree. 44_________________."Thesepatternsresultfromtinyconcentrationsthatwereintheveryearlyuniversethatweretheseedsthatgrewtobecomethestarsandthegalaxiesthatweseetoday"hesays."Thetinypatternsinthelightholdthekeysforunderstandingthehistorythecontenttheshapeandtheultimatefateofouruniverse." 45_________________.PrincetonUniversityscientistDavidSpergelsaysMAPwillgiveusamuchmoreaccuratemattercountthanwehavenow."Rightnowwewanttomeasuresomethinglikethematter-densityoftheuniverse"hesays."Todaywecanestimatethattoafactoroftwo.That’sprettygood.Whatwewanttodoisbeabletomeasureittoaboutthethree-percentlevelwhichiswhatMAPwillbecapableofdoing." Todoitsjobthe＄145millionMAPspacecraftwillsettleintoanorbit1.5millionkilometersfromtheEarth.ThisiswheretheEarth’sandSun’sgravitationalpullareequalandwellpasttherangeoftheEarth’sownobscuringmicrowaveradiation. WhiletheolderCOBEsatellitemeasuredjustasmallpartoftheskyChalrlesBennettsaysMAPwillscantheentireskyat1000timesbetterresolution."ThepatternsthatMAPmeasuresareextremelydifficulttomeasure"hesays"MAPwillbemeasuringmillionthsofadegreetemperatureaccuraciesandthat’shardtodo.That’slikemeasuringthedifferencebetweentwocupsofsandtotheaccuracyofasinglegrainofsand." [A]TheprincipalNASAscientistfortheNewMAPspacecraftCharlesBennettsaystheheatpatternsrepresentslightdifferencesinthedensityoftheyounguniversewheredenserregionsevolvedintothepresentwebofstructures. [B]NASAsaysthefirstresultsfromtheMAPmissionwillbereadyinabout18monthsafterlaunch. [C]ThespacecraftwillorbittheEarthseekinganswersfromanextremelyfaintglowofmicrowavesthathaveexistedsincethebeginningoftime. [D]Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowitclumpedtogethertoproducestarsclustersofstarscalledgalaxiesandclustersofgalaxies. [E]Astronomersarereportingevidencethatpointstoamassivestar-eatingblackholeatthecenterofourMilkyWaygalaxy. [F]Oneofthosekeysistheamountofmatteranditsdensity.Morematterwithahigherdensitymefinsmolegravitationalpullsuggestingaslowingoftheuniverse’sexpansionandperhapsevenitscollapse. [G]TheheadofNASA’sEvolutionoftheUniverseprogramAlanBunnersaysMAPwillmeasurewhatisthoughthremnantoftheBigBang--anafterglowofmicrowavesbathingtheuniversethatwasemittedbytheancientcosmicmatter. 44
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow.Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoanexpectedtotalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia.Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel.AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions.Towhichofthefollowistheauthorlikelytoagree
OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebels:respectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms.Afterall60%oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons.ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid.Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningoffactsintendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues.Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudiauthorityliesin
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto＄10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.TheSuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingthetext
TheU.S.spaceagencyNASAisplanningtolaunchasatellitethatscientistshopewillanswerfundamentalquestionsabouttheoriginanddestinyofouruniverse.41_________________. Theprevailingtheoryoftheuniverse’soriginthe"BigBang"theorysaysallmatterandenergywereoncecompressedintoatinypoint.Thedensityandresultingtemperatureweresoenormousthatabout13-to-15-billionyearsagobycurrentestimatesamightyexplosionflungthematterhurtlingoutwardinalldirections.42_________________.TheyalsoaskistheexpansionacceleratingWilltheuniversecollapseWhatisitsshapeScientistswillseekexplanationswithNASA’snewMicrowaveAnisotropyProbeabbreviatedasMAP.43_________________."MAPwilltaketheultimatebabypictureanimageoftheinfantuniversetakeninthefossillightthatisstillpresentfromtheBigBang"hesays."Thisglowthisradiationistheoldestlightintheuniverse.ImprintedonthisbackgroundphysicistsknewwouldbethesecretsoftheBigBangitself." Thisbackgroundradiationisthelightandheatthattheearlycosmicsoupofmatteremitted.Onceroilinghotithascooledovertheeonstojustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Itwasoncethoughttobedistributedevenly.Butin1992ahighlysensitiveNASAsatellitenamedCOBEdetectednearlyimperceptiblevariationsintemperatureastinyas30-millionthsofadegree. 44_________________."Thesepatternsresultfromtinyconcentrationsthatwereintheveryearlyuniversethatweretheseedsthatgrewtobecomethestarsandthegalaxiesthatweseetoday"hesays."Thetinypatternsinthelightholdthekeysforunderstandingthehistorythecontenttheshapeandtheultimatefateofouruniverse." 45_________________.PrincetonUniversityscientistDavidSpergelsaysMAPwillgiveusamuchmoreaccuratemattercountthanwehavenow."Rightnowwewanttomeasuresomethinglikethematter-densityoftheuniverse"hesays."Todaywecanestimatethattoafactoroftwo.That’sprettygood.Whatwewanttodoisbeabletomeasureittoaboutthethree-percentlevelwhichiswhatMAPwillbecapableofdoing." Todoitsjobthe＄145millionMAPspacecraftwillsettleintoanorbit1.5millionkilometersfromtheEarth.ThisiswheretheEarth’sandSun’sgravitationalpullareequalandwellpasttherangeoftheEarth’sownobscuringmicrowaveradiation. WhiletheolderCOBEsatellitemeasuredjustasmallpartoftheskyChalrlesBennettsaysMAPwillscantheentireskyat1000timesbetterresolution."ThepatternsthatMAPmeasuresareextremelydifficulttomeasure"hesays"MAPwillbemeasuringmillionthsofadegreetemperatureaccuraciesandthat’shardtodo.That’slikemeasuringthedifferencebetweentwocupsofsandtotheaccuracyofasinglegrainofsand." [A]TheprincipalNASAscientistfortheNewMAPspacecraftCharlesBennettsaystheheatpatternsrepresentslightdifferencesinthedensityoftheyounguniversewheredenserregionsevolvedintothepresentwebofstructures. [B]NASAsaysthefirstresultsfromtheMAPmissionwillbereadyinabout18monthsafterlaunch. [C]ThespacecraftwillorbittheEarthseekinganswersfromanextremelyfaintglowofmicrowavesthathaveexistedsincethebeginningoftime. [D]Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowitclumpedtogethertoproducestarsclustersofstarscalledgalaxiesandclustersofgalaxies. [E]Astronomersarereportingevidencethatpointstoamassivestar-eatingblackholeatthecenterofourMilkyWaygalaxy. [F]Oneofthosekeysistheamountofmatteranditsdensity.Morematterwithahigherdensitymefinsmolegravitationalpullsuggestingaslowingoftheuniverse’sexpansionandperhapsevenitscollapse. [G]TheheadofNASA’sEvolutionoftheUniverseprogramAlanBunnersaysMAPwillmeasurewhatisthoughthremnantoftheBigBang--anafterglowofmicrowavesbathingtheuniversethatwasemittedbytheancientcosmicmatter. 42
Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural1ofangerhostilityandterritorialityareexpressed2actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans3withanimals.Aggressionisakindof4survivalmechanismaninstinctforself-preservationthat5animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.Butontheotherhandhumanviolent6evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggressionviolencecannotbe7reducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgive8toaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial9:Itisastrategyfor10thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeen11. Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough12oflaw.Themoredevelopeda13systembecomesthemoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscoverycontrolandpunishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly14todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishment15thepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystemstheresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedand16Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityfor17individualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotectedthesocietyisresponsiblefor18punishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystemindividualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge19byactsofviolenceandthestateassumesresponsibilityoftheirprotection. Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.20theoneprotectstheindividualformviolencetheothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
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