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哪项不是蝉蜕的功效
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蝉蜕的功效是
止血
止痉
止泻
止痛
止呕
以下哪项不是蝉蜕的功效
疏散风热
透疹止痒
息风止痉
明目退翳
宣通鼻窍
下列除哪项外均具有明目功效
菊花
桑叶
蝉蜕
牛蒡子
下列除哪项外均具有明目功效
桑叶
牛蒡子
菊花
蝉蜕
决明子
蝉蜕的功效是
淡味
苦味
酸味
咸味
辛味
下列除哪项外均具有明日功效
菊花
桑叶
蝉蜕
牛蒡子
决明子
下列哪项不是蝉蜕的功效
疏散风热
明目退翳
透疹止痒
清肺润燥
息风止痉
下列不是蝉蜕具备的功效
解毒消肿
明目退翳
疏散风热
透疹止痒
祛风止痉
试比较薄荷牛蒡子蝉蜕功效主治病症的共同点与不同点
下列哪项是蝉蜕具有的功效
明目退翳、熄风止痉
透发麻疹、利咽止咳
解毒透疹、止泻止痢
明目退翳、除烦止渴
熄风止痉、排脓消痈
下列具有明目功效的药物是
菊花
桑叶
蝉蜕
决明子
哪项不是蝉蜕的功效
透疹止痒
疏散风热
祛风解痉
退翳明目
通鼻窍
下列哪项不是蝉蜕的主治病证
热病口渴
风疹瘙痒
咽喉肿痛
目赤翳障
蝉蜕的功效是
疏风散热，透疹止痒，明目退翳，息风止痉
疏风散热，解毒透疹，散结消肿
疏风散热，祛风止痒，利水消肿
疏风散热，消肿排脓，止痛
以上均不是
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Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Manufacturerstaketoadvertisingprimarily
20世纪20年代到50年代教育心理学处于
Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
Inacompetitiveeconomytheconsumerusuallyhasthechoiceofseveraldifferentbrandsofthesameproduct.Yetunderneaththeirlabelstheseproductsareoftennearlyidentical.Onemanufacturer’’stoothpastetendstodifferverylittlefromanothermanufacturer’’s.Twodifferentbrandsofshampoomayvaryonlyinscentorcolor.Andthetobaccointwodifferentbrandsofcigarettesfrequentlycomesfromthesamefields.Thisclosesimilaritymeansthatashopperoftenhaslittlereasontochooseonebrandoveranother.Thusmanufacturersareconfrontedwithaproblem--howtokeepsaleshighenoughtostayinbusiness.Manufacturerssolvethisproblembyadvertising.Throughadvertisingeachmanufacturingcompanytriestoconvinceconsumersthatitsproductisspecial.Todothisthecompaniestrytoappealtoconsumersinvariousways.Infactadvertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse. Onetypeofadvertisementtriestoappealtotheconsumer’’sreasoningmind.Itmayofferaclaimthatseemsscientific.ForexampleitmaysaythatdentistsrecommendFlashtoothpasteoritmaydeclarethatWoofdogfoodcontainsaspecialvitamin-richingredientknownasK-9oritmayreportthatlaboratorytestsshowthatR.I.P.cigarettescontainfewerharmfulingredientsthanotherbrands.Insellingaproductthetruthofadvertisingmaybelessimportantthantheappearanceoftruth.Ascientificapproachgivestheappearanceoftruth. Anothertypeofadvertisementtriestoamusethepotentialbuyer.Productsthatareessentiallyboringsuchascleaningpowderorinsecticideareoftenadvertisedinanamusingmanner.Onewayofdoingthisistomaketheproductsappearalive.Theadvertisermaydrawlittlecartooneyesarmsandlegsonthecansofcleaningpowderandhavetheresultingfiguresscrubthesink.Adsofthissortaresillybutadvertisersbelievethatconsumersarelikelytorememberandbuytheproductsthattheconsumersassociatewithfun. Associatingtheproductwithsomethingpleasantisthetechniqueofthethirdtypeofappeal.Inthisclassareadsthatsuggestthattheproductwillsatisfysomebasichumandesires.Onesuchdesireisthewishtobeadmiredbyotherpeople.Manyautomobileadvertisementsareinthiscategory.Theyimplythatotherpeoplewilladmireyou--mayevenbejealous--whentheyseeyoudrivingthehotnewAardvarkcar.Thiskindofappealissometimesstrengthenedbyhiringafamouspersontoendorsetheproduct.Seeingthefamouspersontheconsumerissupposedtoreasonthus:EveryoneadmiresJudsonSmiththegreatfootballstar.JudsonSmithusedBuckworthyBanktraveler’’schecks.ThereforeifIuseBuckworthyBanktraveler’’scheckseveryonewilladmiremetoo.Someotherbasicdesiresthatadscommonlytrytoappealtoarethedesiresforsocialacceptancefinancialsecurityandsoon. OneonlyneedstolookthroughamagazineorwatchanhourofTVinordertoseeexamplesofthesethreedifferentadvertisingstrategies. Thebesttitleforthistextwouldbe
Insuchachangingcomplexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembersfriendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday. InadditiontothisthereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationshipstheinformalflowofinformationiscutoffandwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned. Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygenerationandthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicatedtime-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming. Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefilesandtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevisionradioandveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.ExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencingandproblemsindisputecanbesettledWithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformationthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople. Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexitytheneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccuratereliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblemsthecriticalproblemsoftheirbusinesssocialandfamilylifewillsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispowermaywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople. Theworditline3para.2mostprobablyrefersto________________.
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
世界上第一本教育心理学的作者是
Insuchachangingcomplexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembersfriendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday. InadditiontothisthereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationshipstheinformalflowofinformationiscutoffandwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned. Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygenerationandthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicatedtime-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming. Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefilesandtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevisionradioandveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.ExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencingandproblemsindisputecanbesettledWithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformationthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople. Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexitytheneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccuratereliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblemsthecriticalproblemsoftheirbusinesssocialandfamilylifewillsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispowermaywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________________.
Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Creationisminthepassagerefersto_________________.
教育心理学在40年代
根据自己的研究成果写成我国第一本发展心理学著作的人是
美国心理学家桑代克出版了它标志着教育心理学的诞生
简述教育心理学的根本任务
Ifambitionistobewellregardedtherewardsofambition--wealthdistinctioncontroloverone’’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitalityitmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmiredtheeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddwayhoweveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem. Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.SummerhomesEuropeantravelBMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychangebutsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacleswhichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflifewhoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.ForsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptionaltheproperformulationisSucceedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious. Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressivewheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.AsaresultthesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulseaqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoungisprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanendthatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptingsbutonlythatnolongeropenlyhonoreditislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthisofcoursesomeofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadesly.Suchthenisthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycriticsontherightstupidsupportersandinthemiddleasusualthemajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife. Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause___________.
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding. Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
下列不是教育心理学发展中存在的问题的是
教育心理学研究的根本任务在于
简述教育心理学的发展概况
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable.
下列不是教育心理学发展的趋势之一的是
前苏联教育心理学家注重教育心理学与发展心理学相结合的研究最有代表性的是的研究它推动了前苏联的学制与课程改革
20世纪20年代教育心理学主要受到的影响
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable.
Ifafarmerwishestosucceedhemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain________consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily________heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowingasaninsurance________theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto________oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto______thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation______andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailableafarmercannotbe______.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor________extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow________ofinterestbutloansofthiskindarenot________obtainable.
教育心理学诞生的时间是在
Ifambitionistobewellregardedtherewardsofambition--wealthdistinctioncontroloverone’’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitalityitmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmiredtheeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddwayhoweveritistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthisacaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem. Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.SummerhomesEuropeantravelBMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychangebutsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycouldlesttheybethoughtpushingacquisitiveandvulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacleswhichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflifewhoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.ForsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptionaltheproperformulationisSucceedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious. Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressivewheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.AsaresultthesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulseaqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoungisprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanendthatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptingsbutonlythatnolongeropenlyhonoreditislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthisofcoursesomeofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadesly.Suchthenisthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycriticsontherightstupidsupportersandinthemiddleasusualthemajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife. Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif__________.
Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________________.
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