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五苓散与猪苓汤两方均不含有的药物是
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五苓散组成中不含有的药物是
猪苓
泽泻
茯苓
阿胶
白术
五苓散与猪苓汤二方组成中均含有的药味是
甘草、桂枝、茯苓
桂枝、茯苓、猪苓
猪苓、茯苓、泽泻
猪苓、泽泻、阿胶
泽泻、阿胶、滑石
五苓散猪苓汤组成中均含有的药物是
阿胶
滑石
桂枝
白术
泽泻
猪苓汤与五苓散两方的组成药物中均含有
泽泻、猪苓
滑石、甘草
白术、茯苓
茯苓、桂枝
滑石、阿胶
猪苓汤和五苓散两方共有的药物是
猪苓、茯苓、泽泻
猪苓、白术、泽泻
猪苓、滑石、白术
猪苓、白术、茯苓
猪苓、阿胶、桂枝
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下列属于东汉时期科技成果的是
Text2 Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaiming thattileendisnearscientistswhostudytheearth’satmospherehavebeen issuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutoffering anyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolid evidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andthe uncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians--plentyof ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredto staveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.UntilnowAdraft reportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperature risecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslike thishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthisreportcomesfrom theInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCarespectedUNsponsoredbody madeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshift inscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsin thecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories. Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolab experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlook atwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandauto exhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigerators andspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres. Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren’tworkingverywell.Whenthe scientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepast centuryorsotheresultsdidn’tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworld shouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodels hadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfur dioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincars andpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightand masktheeffectsofglobalwarmning.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceof thesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredicted temperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptionin thePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientists confidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredict whatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphere unchecked.Thenewfindingsaboutglobalclimatechangearebasedon______.
Text2 Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaiming thattileendisnearscientistswhostudytheearth’satmospherehavebeen issuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutoffering anyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolid evidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andthe uncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians--plentyof ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredto staveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.UntilnowAdraft reportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperature risecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslike thishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthisreportcomesfrom theInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCarespectedUNsponsoredbody madeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshift inscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsin thecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories. Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolab experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlook atwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandauto exhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigerators andspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres. Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren’tworkingverywell.Whenthe scientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepast centuryorsotheresultsdidn’tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworld shouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodels hadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfur dioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincars andpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightand masktheeffectsofglobalwarmning.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceof thesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredicted temperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptionin thePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientists confidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredict whatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphere unchecked.Gingrichianpoliticiansreluctanttoaddresstheproblembecause______.
Text1 Everybodyloathesitbuteverybody doesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseems soarbitraryafterall.Whydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaves livesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-year industry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhaveto foragivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventional wisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthe tip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof tipping--inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephraseTo InsurePromptitudelaterjustTIP.Butaccordingtonewresearchfrom CornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction. Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20different restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasvery weak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingto dowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstill tippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingis betterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecome institutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.In aNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefrom thewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyour groceries＄2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.Inmany Asiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.How toaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology. AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpaper’sco-authorcountriesinwhich peoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tipping relievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.LynnIn Americawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocial approvalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachance toshowoff.Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip-ameasureoftheir introversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthe customer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethe waiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Service peopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwagewhichmayactuallymakeeconomic sense.Whatcanweknowabouttheoriginoftip
在古代印度被称为一生族的种姓是
Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysisinsteadof throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscienceaccumulatesastimegoes bybuildingonworkperformedearlier.Someofthisknowledge-suchasour understandingofnumbers-stretchesback’tothetimeofancientcivilizations whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientificknowledgesuchas ourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancerorofquarksthesmallestknown buildingblockofmatter-datesbacklessthan50years.Howeverinallfields ofscienceoldornewresearchersusethesamesystematicapproachknownas thescientificmethodtoaddtowhatisknown.41__________. Forexamplein1676theEnglishphysicistRobertHookediscoveredthatelastic objectssuchasmetalspringsstretchinproportiontotheforcethatactson them.Despitealltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676this simplelawStillholdstrue.42__________.Sometimesscientific predictionsgomuchfurtherbydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyet known.Anoutstandinginstanceoccurredin1869whentheRussianchemistDmitry Mendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelementsarrangedtoillustrate patternsofrecurringchemicalandphysicalproperties. 43__________.AtthetimemostgeologistsdiscountedWegener’sideas becausetheEarth’scrustseemedtobefixed.Butfollowingthediscoveryof platetectonicsinthe1960sinwhichscientistsfoundthattheEarth’scrust isactuallymadeofmovingplatescontinentaldriftbecameanimportantpartof geology.Throughadvanceslikethesescientificknowledgeis constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresultsciencegivesusanevermore detailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundusworks. 44__________.HoweverwiththedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe 18thcenturythisrapidlychanged.Todaysciencehasaprofoundeffectonthe waywelivelargelythroughtechnology--theuse.ofscientificknowledgefor practical45__________.Therefrigeratorforexampleowesits existencetoadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporatea phenomenonknownaslatentheat.A.Scientistsutilizeexisting knowledgeinnewscientificinvestigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave. Forexampleascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesamewaybyknowingtheexact makeupandpropertiesoftwochemicalsaresearchercanpredictwhatwill happenwhentheycombine.B.Foralargepartofrecorded historysciencehadlittlebearingonpeople’severydaylives.Scientific knowledgewasgatheredforitsownsakeandithadfewpractical applications.C.Duringscientificinvestigations scientistsputtogetherandcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.In mostcasesnewdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyacceptedprovidingfurther evidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.D.Tileprincipleof latentheatwasfirstexploitedinapracticalwayin1876andtherefrigerator hasplayedamajorroleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst automobiledatingfromthe1880smadeuseofmanyadvancesinphysicsand engineeringincludingreliablewaysofgeneratinghigh-voltagesparkswhile thefirstcomputersemergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesin electronicsandmathematics.E.Someformsoftechnologyhave becomesowellestablishedthatitiseasytoforgetthegreatscientific achievementsthattheyrepresent.F.Inscienceimportant advancescanalsobemadewhencurrentideasareshowntobewrong.Aclassic caseofthisoccurredearlyinthe20thcenturywhentheGermangeologist AlfredWegenersuggestedthatthecontinentswereatonetimeconnecteda theoryknownascontinentaldrift.G.Otherfieldsofscience alsoplayanimportantroleinthethingsweuseorconsumeeveryday.Research infoodtechnologyhascreatednewwaysofpreservingandflavoringwhatwe eat.
最早以立法的形式巩固大化改新成果的法令是
Text4 Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat sometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedog recognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionor threatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfrom curiosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understandingresearchonserf- recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintothe evolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevel andkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentof self-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniques thatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitable forusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthat dogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesof cleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfor tenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumber ofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsof thebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpicking atteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaidMarge usedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopof thecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthe mirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril. Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.The chimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehind theirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwas temporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsin touchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo recognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarks increasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthis argumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnot directbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;that istheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeand dohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheir appearance.Theauthorofthepassageprobably______.
Text4 Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat sometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedog recognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionor threatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfrom curiosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understandingresearchonserf- recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintothe evolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevel andkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentof self-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniques thatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitable forusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthat dogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesof cleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfor tenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumber ofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsof thebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpicking atteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaidMarge usedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopof thecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthe mirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril. Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.The chimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehind theirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwas temporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsin touchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo recognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarks increasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthis argumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnot directbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;that istheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeand dohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheir appearance.Themainideathispassagediscussesis_______.
Text3 Apatentisanexclusiverightgivento aninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopoly rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventor therighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresin theUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years. Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganization sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecase formonopolytheory.Specificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustified Ingeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausethey believethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatent monopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurpose ofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus competitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworld betteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsIn otherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatent monopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelost consumers’surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessed carefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.Whatarethebenefitsofthe patentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtabout immediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsand asecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoa competitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalower price.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsof thepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethat theyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatent systemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviously exist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatent systemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasource ofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Thesecondparagraphsuggestsstrongly______.
鹅湖之会
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbeganto change.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequality ofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmade possiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfresh fish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthful foods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumption ofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeetea cocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesand grainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflecta considerablerelianceuponanimalproducts:ratherthanongrains.whichmeant thatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic. WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofan acrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercapitatheAmericandietrequires abouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita-Also itindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighin vitaminsandproteins.48Thischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmental foodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugActwaspassedin1906bythe increasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1910’sandof freezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades.Intheyears afterWorldWarIafoodrevolutiontookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheone thatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustry quadrupledfrom1900to1920.49Inthatintervalaswehavementioned earlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborof housekeepingwaslightened.Fortunatelymostofthemajor dietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury haveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inporttheseshiftshave takenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinpart theyhavebeenmadebecausethenewfoodswereadvocatedbynutritionists. ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastoprevent changeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50Possiblyonefactorthathas contributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfood preparationsasthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregional dishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYork CityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalian GermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantinthe UnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottoheOriental.
Text3 Apatentisanexclusiverightgivento aninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopoly rightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.Apatentconfersontheinventor therighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresin theUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years. Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganization sincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecase formonopolytheory.Specificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustified Ingeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausethey believethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatent monopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurpose ofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversus competitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworld betteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsIn otherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatent Considerthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemand suchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatent monopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelost consumers’surplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessed carefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.Whatarethebenefitsofthe patentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtabout immediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsand asecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoa competitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalower price.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsof thepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethat theyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatent systemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviously exist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatent systemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasource ofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Whatbenefitcanthepatentsystemofferwhenthepatentexpires
下列各项不符合20世纪初梁启超史学主张的是①反对把史书写成帝王谱牒②提倡用章节体编写史书③批判近代西方史学理论④强调探讨社会进化之理
Text4 Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat sometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedog recognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionor threatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfrom curiosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understandingresearchonserf- recognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintothe evolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevel andkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalso indicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentof self-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniques thatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitable forusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthat dogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesof cleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethis capacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfor tenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumber ofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsof thebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpicking atteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaidMarge usedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolooked atherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopof thecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthe mirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril. Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.The chimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehind theirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwas temporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsin touchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdo recognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarks increasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthis argumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnot directbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;that istheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeand dohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheir appearance.Thepurposeoftheexperimentintroducedinthelastparagraphis______.
Text2 Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaiming thattileendisnearscientistswhostudytheearth’satmospherehavebeen issuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutoffering anyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolid evidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andthe uncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians--plentyof ammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredto staveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalamity.UntilnowAdraft reportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperature risecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslike thishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticized forgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.Butthisreportcomesfrom theInternationalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCarespectedUNsponsoredbody madeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshift inscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsin thecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories. Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolab experimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlook atwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandauto exhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigerators andspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres. Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren’tworkingverywell.Whenthe scientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepast centuryorsotheresultsdidn’tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworld shouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodels hadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfur dioxidesthatareproducedalongwithCO2whenfossilfuelsareburnedincars andpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightand masktheeffectsofglobalwarmning.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosols theirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceof thesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredicted temperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptionin thePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientists confidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredict whatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphere unchecked.Thesimulatedcomputermodelsareprovedreliablewhen______.
Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysisinsteadof throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscienceaccumulatesastimegoes bybuildingonworkperformedearlier.Someofthisknowledge-suchasour understandingofnumbers-stretchesback’tothetimeofancientcivilizations whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientificknowledgesuchas ourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancerorofquarksthesmallestknown buildingblockofmatter-datesbacklessthan50years.Howeverinallfields ofscienceoldornewresearchersusethesamesystematicapproachknownas thescientificmethodtoaddtowhatisknown.41__________. Forexamplein1676theEnglishphysicistRobertHookediscoveredthatelastic objectssuchasmetalspringsstretchinproportiontotheforcethatactson them.Despitealltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676this simplelawStillholdstrue.42__________.Sometimesscientific predictionsgomuchfurtherbydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyet known.Anoutstandinginstanceoccurredin1869whentheRussianchemistDmitry Mendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelementsarrangedtoillustrate patternsofrecurringchemicalandphysicalproperties. 43__________.AtthetimemostgeologistsdiscountedWegener’sideas becausetheEarth’scrustseemedtobefixed.Butfollowingthediscoveryof platetectonicsinthe1960sinwhichscientistsfoundthattheEarth’scrust isactuallymadeofmovingplatescontinentaldriftbecameanimportantpartof geology.Throughadvanceslikethesescientificknowledgeis constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresultsciencegivesusanevermore detailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundusworks. 44__________.HoweverwiththedawnoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthe 18thcenturythisrapidlychanged.Todaysciencehasaprofoundeffectonthe waywelivelargelythroughtechnology--theuse.ofscientificknowledgefor practical45__________.Therefrigeratorforexampleowesits existencetoadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporatea phenomenonknownaslatentheat.A.Scientistsutilizeexisting knowledgeinnewscientificinvestigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave. Forexampleascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesamewaybyknowingtheexact makeupandpropertiesoftwochemicalsaresearchercanpredictwhatwill happenwhentheycombine.B.Foralargepartofrecorded historysciencehadlittlebearingonpeople’severydaylives.Scientific knowledgewasgatheredforitsownsakeandithadfewpractical applications.C.Duringscientificinvestigations scientistsputtogetherandcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.In mostcasesnewdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyacceptedprovidingfurther evidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.D.Tileprincipleof latentheatwasfirstexploitedinapracticalwayin1876andtherefrigerator hasplayedamajorroleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst automobiledatingfromthe1880smadeuseofmanyadvancesinphysicsand engineeringincludingreliablewaysofgeneratinghigh-voltagesparkswhile thefirstcomputersemergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesin electronicsandmathematics.E.Someformsoftechnologyhave becomesowellestablishedthatitiseasytoforgetthegreatscientific achievementsthattheyrepresent.F.Inscienceimportant advancescanalsobemadewhencurrentideasareshowntobewrong.Aclassic caseofthisoccurredearlyinthe20thcenturywhentheGermangeologist AlfredWegenersuggestedthatthecontinentswereatonetimeconnecteda theoryknownascontinentaldrift.G.Otherfieldsofscience alsoplayanimportantroleinthethingsweuseorconsumeeveryday.Research infoodtechnologyhascreatednewwaysofpreservingandflavoringwhatwe eat.
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowinginformation: A.Title:AgedPeopleTendtoLiveAlone B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldendthefirstparagraphwiththegivensentence:WhydoagedpeopletendtolivealoneYourcompositionshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Outline: 1Presentsituation 2Possiblereasons 3Yourcomment
抨击嘲讽教会贪婪腐化的著作有
新生活运动
二战中德国制定的绿色方案侵略计划针对的国家是
Text1 Everybodyloathesitbuteverybody doesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseems soarbitraryafterall.Whydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaves livesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-year industry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhaveto foragivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventional wisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduce uncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthe tip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginof tipping--inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephraseTo InsurePromptitudelaterjustTIP.Butaccordingtonewresearchfrom CornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction. Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20different restaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasvery weak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingto dowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstill tippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingis betterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecome institutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.In aNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefrom thewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyour groceries＄2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurants discretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.Inmany Asiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.How toaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology. AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpaper’sco-authorcountriesinwhich peoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tipping relievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.LynnIn Americawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocial approvalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachance toshowoff.Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip-ameasureoftheir introversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrude thehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthe customer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethe waiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Service peopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwagewhichmayactuallymakeeconomic sense.PeoplewhodineinaNewYorkrestaurant______.
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbeganto change.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequality ofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmade possiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfresh fish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthful foods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumption ofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeetea cocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesand grainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflecta considerablerelianceuponanimalproducts:ratherthanongrains.whichmeant thatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic. WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofan acrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercapitatheAmericandietrequires abouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita-Also itindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighin vitaminsandproteins.48Thischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmental foodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugActwaspassedin1906bythe increasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1910’sandof freezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades.Intheyears afterWorldWarIafoodrevolutiontookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheone thatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustry quadrupledfrom1900to1920.49Inthatintervalaswehavementioned earlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborof housekeepingwaslightened.Fortunatelymostofthemajor dietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury haveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inporttheseshiftshave takenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinpart theyhavebeenmadebecausethenewfoodswereadvocatedbynutritionists. ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastoprevent changeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50Possiblyonefactorthathas contributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfood preparationsasthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregional dishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYork CityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalian GermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantinthe UnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottoheOriental.
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下列政权中不属于五胡建立的是
在民族大迁徙中日耳曼人在西罗马帝国废墟上建立的王国有①西哥特王国②勃艮第王国③法兰克王国④东哥特王国⑤伦巴德王国
ImmediatelyaftertheCivilWarhoweverthedietbeganto change.46Railtransportationincreasedthesupplyandimprovedthequality ofthemilkthatreachedurbancenters;coldstorageandrefrigeratorcarsmade possiblethegreaterconsumptionoffreshvegetablesfreshfruitsandfresh fish;andcommercialcanningextendedtherangeofappetizingandhealthful foods.Subsequentlyfoodstatisticsindicatedanincreasedconsumption ofdairyproductsfreshfruitfreshvegetablessugarandsyrupscoffeetea cocoaandspices.Decreasedconsumptionwasshownformeatspotatoesand grainproducts.47ByandlargetheAmericandietcontinuedtoreflecta considerablerelianceuponanimalproducts:ratherthanongrains.whichmeant thatarelativelylargeacreagewasrequiredtofeedtheAmericanpublic. WhereasagrainandfishdietsuchasinJapanrequiresonlyaquarterofan acrehighyieldcroplandandnopasturepercapitatheAmericandietrequires abouttwoandahalfacresofcroplandandtenacresofpasturepercapita-Also itindicatedashifttowardtheso-calledprotectivefoodstowardthosehighin vitaminsandproteins.48Thischangewasgreatlyfurtheredbygovernmental foodinspectionthePureFoodandDrugActwaspassedin1906bythe increasinguseofmechanicalrefrigeratorsinthe1920’sand1910’sandof freezersforfrozenfoodduringrecentdecades.Intheyears afterWorldWarIafoodrevolutiontookplacethatwasreminiscentoftheone thatoccurredaftertheCivilWar.Theoutputofthefoodmanufacturingindustry quadrupledfrom1900to1920.49Inthatintervalaswehavementioned earlierhomecanninggavewaytocommercialcanningandthelaborof housekeepingwaslightened.Fortunatelymostofthemajor dietarychangesthathavetakenplacesincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury haveresultedinbetternutritionforthepopulation.Inporttheseshiftshave takenplacebecauseofapreferencefornewfoodsratherthanoldbutinpart theyhavebeenmadebecausethenewfoodswereadvocatedbynutritionists. ApparentlyAmericandietarycustomswerenotsodeeplyingrainedastoprevent changeintheinterestsofbetterhealth.50Possiblyonefactorthathas contributedtothereadinessofAmericanstoacceptnewfoodsorfood preparationsasthegeneralfamiliaritymosthavewithavarietyofregional dishescomingfrommanydifferentlands.WithinasmallareainNewYork CityorSanFranciscoonecanfindrestaurantsspecializinginFrenchItalian GermanTurkishArabianorChinesecuisine.AndataChineserestaurantinthe UnitedStatesthechefandwaiterareaslikelyasnottoheOriental.
瓦尔那制度
围魏救赵的历史典故出自于
Everythingseemedtohavebecomea weaponofwar.Ourenemieshad1themostfamiliar objects2usturnedshavingkitsintoholstersand airplanes3missilesandsoccercoachesandnewlywedsinto involuntarysuicidebombers.Soitwas4thePresidentand hisgeneralstoplottheresponse.Thatisbecauseweare 5oneenemybuttwo:oneunseentheotherinside.Terroron thisscale6towreckthewayweliveourlives-makeus flinchwhenasirensounds7whenadoorslamsandthink twicebeforedeciding8wereallyhavetotakeaplane.If wefaltertheywin9theyneverplantanotherbomb.So aftertheearlyhelplessnesswhatcanIdoI’vealreadygivenblood-people startedtorealizethat10theycoulddowasexactlyas preciselyaspossible11theywouldhavedoneifall this12.Thatwasthespirit13 inNewYorkandWashingtonandallacrossthecountryfaithandfear andresolveinatightbraid.Becausethekillerswhohateusdidthe 14nothingisunthinkablenow.Aplumeofgrillsmoke ventingfromaManhattansteakhouse15theevacuationof midtownofficetowers.AfterthePentagon16generals calledtheirfamiliesandtoldthem17thewateritcould bepoisoned.Salesofgunsandgasmasksspiked.TheNationalFootballLeague 18itsgamesforthefirsttimeever;bombscaresemptied90 sitesonThursdayinNewYorkCity19.Peoplewore sneakerswiththeirsuits20theyhadtoflyfastdownthe stairs.
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