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Text4AsusualAmerica’ssupremecourtendeditsannualtermthisweekbydeliveringaclutchofcontroversialdecisions.Theonethatcaughttheattentionofbusinessmenandplentyofmusicloverswasarulingconcerningtherampantdownloadingoffreemusicfromtheinternet.Nineelderlyjudgesmighthavebeenforgivenforfindingtheentiresubjectsomewhatbaffling.Infacttheirlengthywrittendecisionsonthecasebetrayanintenseinterestaswellasagreatdealofknowledge.Moreovertheystruckwhatlookslikethebestavailablebalanceundercurrentlawsbetweentheclaimsofmediafirmswhicharebattlingmassiveinfringementsoftheircopyrightsandtechfirmswhicharekeentokeepthedoorstoinnovationwideopen.Thiscaseisonlythelatestepisodeinalong-runningbattlebetweenmediaandtechnologycompanies.In1984inacaseinvolvingSony’sBetamaxvideorecordertheSupremeCourtruledthattechnologyfirmsarenotliableiftheirusersinfringecopyrightprovidedthedeviceis"capableofsubstantialnon-infringinguses."Fortwodecadesthisservedasagreenlightforinnovations.Apple’siTunesthelegaloffspringofillegalinternetfile-sharingisamongthehappyresults.Butlatelythingshaveturnedagainstthetechies.In2000aCaliforniacourtshutdownNapsteradistributorofpeer-to-peerP2Pfile-sharingsoftware.Ithadthecourtdecidedfailedtostopcopyrightviolationsthoughthefirmrelaunchedasalegalonline-musicretailer.Initsrulingthisweekthecourtunanimouslytooktheviewthattwootherp2pfirmsGroksterandStreamCastcouldbeheldliableiftheyencourageuserstoinfringecopyrights.Thevastmajorityofcontentthatisswappedusingtheirsoftwareinfringescopyrightswhichmediafirmssayeatsintotheirsales.Althoughthesoftwarefirmsarguedtheyshouldnotberesponsiblefortheircustomers’actionsthecourtfoundthattheycouldbesuediftheyactuallyencouragedtheinfringementandsaidthattherewasevidencethattheyhaddoneso.Ontheotherhandthecourtdidnotgoasfarasmediafirmsdemanded:theywantedvirtuallyanynewtechnologytobevulnerabletolegalactionifitallowedanycopyrightinfringementatall. ThephraseeatintoLine4Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
Text4AsusualAmerica’ssupremecourtendeditsannualtermthisweekbydeliveringaclutchofcontroversialdecisions.Theonethatcaughttheattentionofbusinessmenandplentyofmusicloverswasarulingconcerningtherampantdownloadingoffreemusicfromtheinternet.Nineelderlyjudgesmighthavebeenforgivenforfindingtheentiresubjectsomewhatbaffling.Infacttheirlengthywrittendecisionsonthecasebetrayanintenseinterestaswellasagreatdealofknowledge.Moreovertheystruckwhatlookslikethebestavailablebalanceundercurrentlawsbetweentheclaimsofmediafirmswhicharebattlingmassiveinfringementsoftheircopyrightsandtechfirmswhicharekeentokeepthedoorstoinnovationwideopen.Thiscaseisonlythelatestepisodeinalong-runningbattlebetweenmediaandtechnologycompanies.In1984inacaseinvolvingSony’sBetamaxvideorecordertheSupremeCourtruledthattechnologyfirmsarenotliableiftheirusersinfringecopyrightprovidedthedeviceis"capableofsubstantialnon-infringinguses."Fortwodecadesthisservedasagreenlightforinnovations.Apple’siTunesthelegaloffspringofillegalinternetfile-sharingisamongthehappyresults.Butlatelythingshaveturnedagainstthetechies.In2000aCaliforniacourtshutdownNapsteradistributorofpeer-to-peerP2Pfile-sharingsoftware.Ithadthecourtdecidedfailedtostopcopyrightviolationsthoughthefirmrelaunchedasalegalonline-musicretailer.Initsrulingthisweekthecourtunanimouslytooktheviewthattwootherp2pfirmsGroksterandStreamCastcouldbeheldliableiftheyencourageuserstoinfringecopyrights.Thevastmajorityofcontentthatisswappedusingtheirsoftwareinfringescopyrightswhichmediafirmssayeatsintotheirsales.Althoughthesoftwarefirmsarguedtheyshouldnotberesponsiblefortheircustomers’actionsthecourtfoundthattheycouldbesuediftheyactuallyencouragedtheinfringementandsaidthattherewasevidencethattheyhaddoneso.Ontheotherhandthecourtdidnotgoasfarasmediafirmsdemanded:theywantedvirtuallyanynewtechnologytobevulnerabletolegalactionifitallowedanycopyrightinfringementatall. Theauthor'sattitudeforwardstheworkconductedbytheninejudgesseemstobe
Tight-lippedeldersusedtosayIt’’snotwhatyouwantinthisworldbutwhatyouget. Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings. Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouseandeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinnerweplanthemenumakeashoppinglistdecidewhichfoodtocookfirstandsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved. Likewiseifyouwanttofindajobtakeasheetofpaperandwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajobbeginwithyourselfforwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetoofferyoucanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices. Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducationexperienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyouyourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducationyourexperienceandotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyourwaresandabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner. Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesiresyouhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcouldbejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopenanduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishforandkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow. WhatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysayIt’’snotwhatyouwantinthisworldbutwhatyouget.
AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravellingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner―amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.ForexamplewhenanAmericanusesthewordfriendtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld___________.
Text4AsusualAmerica’ssupremecourtendeditsannualtermthisweekbydeliveringaclutchofcontroversialdecisions.Theonethatcaughttheattentionofbusinessmenandplentyofmusicloverswasarulingconcerningtherampantdownloadingoffreemusicfromtheinternet.Nineelderlyjudgesmighthavebeenforgivenforfindingtheentiresubjectsomewhatbaffling.Infacttheirlengthywrittendecisionsonthecasebetrayanintenseinterestaswellasagreatdealofknowledge.Moreovertheystruckwhatlookslikethebestavailablebalanceundercurrentlawsbetweentheclaimsofmediafirmswhicharebattlingmassiveinfringementsoftheircopyrightsandtechfirmswhicharekeentokeepthedoorstoinnovationwideopen.Thiscaseisonlythelatestepisodeinalong-runningbattlebetweenmediaandtechnologycompanies.In1984inacaseinvolvingSony’sBetamaxvideorecordertheSupremeCourtruledthattechnologyfirmsarenotliableiftheirusersinfringecopyrightprovidedthedeviceis"capableofsubstantialnon-infringinguses."Fortwodecadesthisservedasagreenlightforinnovations.Apple’siTunesthelegaloffspringofillegalinternetfile-sharingisamongthehappyresults.Butlatelythingshaveturnedagainstthetechies.In2000aCaliforniacourtshutdownNapsteradistributorofpeer-to-peerP2Pfile-sharingsoftware.Ithadthecourtdecidedfailedtostopcopyrightviolationsthoughthefirmrelaunchedasalegalonline-musicretailer.Initsrulingthisweekthecourtunanimouslytooktheviewthattwootherp2pfirmsGroksterandStreamCastcouldbeheldliableiftheyencourageuserstoinfringecopyrights.Thevastmajorityofcontentthatisswappedusingtheirsoftwareinfringescopyrightswhichmediafirmssayeatsintotheirsales.Althoughthesoftwarefirmsarguedtheyshouldnotberesponsiblefortheircustomers’actionsthecourtfoundthattheycouldbesuediftheyactuallyencouragedtheinfringementandsaidthattherewasevidencethattheyhaddoneso.Ontheotherhandthecourtdidnotgoasfarasmediafirmsdemanded:theywantedvirtuallyanynewtechnologytobevulnerabletolegalactionifitallowedanycopyrightinfringementatall. ThetermbetrayLine2Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text2"WefindthatthefleetingusesofthewordsK‘penis’‘vaginal’‘ass’‘bastard’and‘bitch’utteredinthecontextoftheprogramscitedinthecomplaintsdonotrenderthematerialpatentlyoffensiveundercontemporarycommunitystandardsforthebroadcastmedium."MakingdecisionslikethisisoneofthemorethanklesstasksofAmerica’smediaregulatortheFederalCommunicationsCommission.Since1927theFCChastriedtoprotectchildrenfrom"indecency"--sexualcontentandswearwords--onbroadcasttelevisionandradio.UnderpressurefromsocialconservativesAmerica’spoliticiansarenowthreateningtoextendindecencyregulationfurther.IftheygettheirwaynotjustbroadcasttelevisionandradiobutcableandsatelliteTVandpossiblysatelliteradiowouldbemonitoredbytheFCCforindecency.America’smediafirmshavebeenshakenbythisthreat.Everysocietyofcoursehastherighttoprotectchildrenfromadultmaterial.Butincreasingcensorshipbythecentralgovernmentisthewrongwaytogoaboutthis.Awisercoursewouldbetoeliminatethegovernment’sroleandrelymoreonparents.Fortunatelychangesintechnologyandthemediaindustryitselfnowmakethisapproachmorefeasiblethanever.Televisionhaschangedbeyondrecognitionsinceindecencyruleswerefirstimposed.In1978theSupremeCourtupheldtheFCC’srighttopunishindecencyonthegroundsthatbroadcastershadwhatitcalleda"uniquelypervasivepresenceinthelivesofallAmericans."Backthenthatwasaplausibleargument.Butwithtelevisionfragmentingintosomanyoutletssuchuniquepervasivenessnolongerprevails.Overfour-fifthsofAmericanhouseholdsforinstancesubscribetocableorsatellitetelevision.Theyarejustaslikelytobewatchingoneofthehundredsofcablechannelstheyhaveathomeasoneofthemainsixbroadcastnetworks.Withsomuchchoiceavoidingtheindecentiseasierthanitwas30yearsagowhenmostpeoplehadonlythreechannels.Atthesametimenewtechnologynowallowsfamiliestofilterthetelevisiontheyreceive.CableandsatelliteTVcomewithset-topboxesthatcanscreenoutindividualchannels.Digitalcableset-topboxesareparticularlypreciseandallowparentstoblockindividualprogrammesatthetouchofabuttonontheirremotecontrol.EverynewtelevisionsetsoldinAmericasince2000isequippedwitha"v-chip"ablockingdevicethatBillClintonforcedonthemediaindustryin1996.Itisonlythankstothev-chipandset-topboxesinfactthatchildrengetanyprotectionfromviolencesincetheFCCregulatesonlysexandbadlanguage.Americaistheonlycountrywhereblockingtechnologyisalreadyinthevastmajorityofhomesthankstotheubiquityofpaytelevision.Butitislikelysoontobeavailableelsewhereaswell. ThescarcityofTVselectionaccordingtothetext
Text3Womenaccountforalmosthalftheworkforceinwesterncountriesandthelowerranksofmanybigcompaniesreflectthatratio.Butatthetopofthecorporateladderitisadifferentstory.Foreverytenmenintheexecutivesuitethereisonewomanaratiothathaschangedlittlesincetheterm"theglassceiling"wascoinedtwodecadesagotodescribethebarrierthatallowswomentoseethetopofthecorporateladderbutseemstostopthemfromreachingit.Despitemuchdiscussionandeffortsbybothwomen’sandbusinessgroupstobreakthatbarrierdowntheworld’sbiggestcompaniesarestillalmostexclusivelyrun’bymen.Yetatthesametimeagrowingnumberofthosecompanieshavebecomeconvincedthatitmakesgoodbusinesssensetohavemorewomenintheirexecutivesuite.HardnosedmalebastionssuchasABBBPandGeneralElectrichaverenewedtheireffortstohelpwomenreachthehigherlevelsnotoutofanysenseofcorporatesocialresponsibilitybutbecausetheygenuinelybelievethatitisgoodfortheirprofits.ResearchfromAmericaBritainandScandinaviasupportstheirviewshowingastrongcorrelationbetweenshareholderreturnsandth6proportionofwomeninthehigherexecutiveechelons.Whilethisdoesnotestablishacausalrelationshipitdoessuggestthatacorporateculturewhichfosterswomen’scareerscanalsofosterprofitability.Manyfirmsareworriedaboutthecomingdemographicsqueezethatthreatenstoreducethesupplyofqualifiedmen.Afewthinkthatwomenhaveauniquecontributiontomakeinrunningmodernfirms.Theyareoftenbetteratteam-buildingandcommunicationsforexampleanadvantageinacorporateworldthatistodayincreasinglycharacterizedmorebyinformalnetworksthanbyorderedcohorts.IBMisconvincedthatitranintotroubleintheearly1990spartlybecauseitsbluesuitedlike-mindedtopmaleexecutivesfailedtoseetheimplicationsofchangesinthecomputerindustry.Ithassoughttodiversifyitsworkforceatalllevelseversinceandpromotingwomenhasbeenabigpartofthiseffort.Diversegroupsareacknowledgedtobebetteratspottingthreatscomingfromunlikelydirection.Someofthemostenthusiasticpromotersofwomen--Hewlett-PackardandAlcanaswellasIBM--havehadconsiderablesuccessinachievingthisinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Butthevastmajorityoffirmshavenot.Whatcantheydo Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Text3Womenaccountforalmosthalftheworkforceinwesterncountriesandthelowerranksofmanybigcompaniesreflectthatratio.Butatthetopofthecorporateladderitisadifferentstory.Foreverytenmenintheexecutivesuitethereisonewomanaratiothathaschangedlittlesincetheterm"theglassceiling"wascoinedtwodecadesagotodescribethebarrierthatallowswomentoseethetopofthecorporateladderbutseemstostopthemfromreachingit.Despitemuchdiscussionandeffortsbybothwomen’sandbusinessgroupstobreakthatbarrierdowntheworld’sbiggestcompaniesarestillalmostexclusivelyrun’bymen.Yetatthesametimeagrowingnumberofthosecompanieshavebecomeconvincedthatitmakesgoodbusinesssensetohavemorewomenintheirexecutivesuite.HardnosedmalebastionssuchasABBBPandGeneralElectrichaverenewedtheireffortstohelpwomenreachthehigherlevelsnotoutofanysenseofcorporatesocialresponsibilitybutbecausetheygenuinelybelievethatitisgoodfortheirprofits.ResearchfromAmericaBritainandScandinaviasupportstheirviewshowingastrongcorrelationbetweenshareholderreturnsandth6proportionofwomeninthehigherexecutiveechelons.Whilethisdoesnotestablishacausalrelationshipitdoessuggestthatacorporateculturewhichfosterswomen’scareerscanalsofosterprofitability.Manyfirmsareworriedaboutthecomingdemographicsqueezethatthreatenstoreducethesupplyofqualifiedmen.Afewthinkthatwomenhaveauniquecontributiontomakeinrunningmodernfirms.Theyareoftenbetteratteam-buildingandcommunicationsforexampleanadvantageinacorporateworldthatistodayincreasinglycharacterizedmorebyinformalnetworksthanbyorderedcohorts.IBMisconvincedthatitranintotroubleintheearly1990spartlybecauseitsbluesuitedlike-mindedtopmaleexecutivesfailedtoseetheimplicationsofchangesinthecomputerindustry.Ithassoughttodiversifyitsworkforceatalllevelseversinceandpromotingwomenhasbeenabigpartofthiseffort.Diversegroupsareacknowledgedtobebetteratspottingthreatscomingfromunlikelydirection.Someofthemostenthusiasticpromotersofwomen--Hewlett-PackardandAlcanaswellasIBM--havehadconsiderablesuccessinachievingthisinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.Butthevastmajorityoffirmshavenot.Whatcantheydo Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat
Tight-lippedeldersusedtosayIt’’snotwhatyouwantinthisworldbutwhatyouget. Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings. Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouseandeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinnerweplanthemenumakeashoppinglistdecidewhichfoodtocookfirstandsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved. Likewiseifyouwanttofindajobtakeasheetofpaperandwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajobbeginwithyourselfforwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetoofferyoucanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices. Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducationexperienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyouyourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducationyourexperienceandotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyourwaresandabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner. Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesiresyouhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcouldbejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopenanduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishforandkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow. Accordingtothepassageonemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause_______________.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points41_____________________________________Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians.Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous.42_____________________________________Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind.Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself...43_____________________________________Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44_____________________________________ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen...Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage45_____________________________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger .[E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 44
Text2"WefindthatthefleetingusesofthewordsK‘penis’‘vaginal’‘ass’‘bastard’and‘bitch’utteredinthecontextoftheprogramscitedinthecomplaintsdonotrenderthematerialpatentlyoffensiveundercontemporarycommunitystandardsforthebroadcastmedium."MakingdecisionslikethisisoneofthemorethanklesstasksofAmerica’smediaregulatortheFederalCommunicationsCommission.Since1927theFCChastriedtoprotectchildrenfrom"indecency"--sexualcontentandswearwords--onbroadcasttelevisionandradio.UnderpressurefromsocialconservativesAmerica’spoliticiansarenowthreateningtoextendindecencyregulationfurther.IftheygettheirwaynotjustbroadcasttelevisionandradiobutcableandsatelliteTVandpossiblysatelliteradiowouldbemonitoredbytheFCCforindecency.America’smediafirmshavebeenshakenbythisthreat.Everysocietyofcoursehastherighttoprotectchildrenfromadultmaterial.Butincreasingcensorshipbythecentralgovernmentisthewrongwaytogoaboutthis.Awisercoursewouldbetoeliminatethegovernment’sroleandrelymoreonparents.Fortunatelychangesintechnologyandthemediaindustryitselfnowmakethisapproachmorefeasiblethanever.Televisionhaschangedbeyondrecognitionsinceindecencyruleswerefirstimposed.In1978theSupremeCourtupheldtheFCC’srighttopunishindecencyonthegroundsthatbroadcastershadwhatitcalleda"uniquelypervasivepresenceinthelivesofallAmericans."Backthenthatwasaplausibleargument.Butwithtelevisionfragmentingintosomanyoutletssuchuniquepervasivenessnolongerprevails.Overfour-fifthsofAmericanhouseholdsforinstancesubscribetocableorsatellitetelevision.Theyarejustaslikelytobewatchingoneofthehundredsofcablechannelstheyhaveathomeasoneofthemainsixbroadcastnetworks.Withsomuchchoiceavoidingtheindecentiseasierthanitwas30yearsagowhenmostpeoplehadonlythreechannels.Atthesametimenewtechnologynowallowsfamiliestofilterthetelevisiontheyreceive.CableandsatelliteTVcomewithset-topboxesthatcanscreenoutindividualchannels.Digitalcableset-topboxesareparticularlypreciseandallowparentstoblockindividualprogrammesatthetouchofabuttonontheirremotecontrol.EverynewtelevisionsetsoldinAmericasince2000isequippedwitha"v-chip"ablockingdevicethatBillClintonforcedonthemediaindustryin1996.Itisonlythankstothev-chipandset-topboxesinfactthatchildrengetanyprotectionfromviolencesincetheFCCregulatesonlysexandbadlanguage.Americaistheonlycountrywhereblockingtechnologyisalreadyinthevastmajorityofhomesthankstotheubiquityofpaytelevision.Butitislikelysoontobeavailableelsewhereaswell. Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsTheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastwarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobar-islands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones
AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravellingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner―amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.ForexamplewhenanAmericanusesthewordfriendtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers___________.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsTheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastwarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobar-islands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingbarchart.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethebarcharttheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangeLine3Paragraph3theauthoristalkingabout
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points41_____________________________________Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.Itisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardians.Itissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous.42_____________________________________Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind.Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself...43_____________________________________Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44_____________________________________ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer:Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen...Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage45_____________________________________ [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecherishourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger .[E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.TodaymanywomenchoosetogetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofcasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 42
Text2"WefindthatthefleetingusesofthewordsK‘penis’‘vaginal’‘ass’‘bastard’and‘bitch’utteredinthecontextoftheprogramscitedinthecomplaintsdonotrenderthematerialpatentlyoffensiveundercontemporarycommunitystandardsforthebroadcastmedium."MakingdecisionslikethisisoneofthemorethanklesstasksofAmerica’smediaregulatortheFederalCommunicationsCommission.Since1927theFCChastriedtoprotectchildrenfrom"indecency"--sexualcontentandswearwords--onbroadcasttelevisionandradio.UnderpressurefromsocialconservativesAmerica’spoliticiansarenowthreateningtoextendindecencyregulationfurther.IftheygettheirwaynotjustbroadcasttelevisionandradiobutcableandsatelliteTVandpossiblysatelliteradiowouldbemonitoredbytheFCCforindecency.America’smediafirmshavebeenshakenbythisthreat.Everysocietyofcoursehastherighttoprotectchildrenfromadultmaterial.Butincreasingcensorshipbythecentralgovernmentisthewrongwaytogoaboutthis.Awisercoursewouldbetoeliminatethegovernment’sroleandrelymoreonparents.Fortunatelychangesintechnologyandthemediaindustryitselfnowmakethisapproachmorefeasiblethanever.Televisionhaschangedbeyondrecognitionsinceindecencyruleswerefirstimposed.In1978theSupremeCourtupheldtheFCC’srighttopunishindecencyonthegroundsthatbroadcastershadwhatitcalleda"uniquelypervasivepresenceinthelivesofallAmericans."Backthenthatwasaplausibleargument.Butwithtelevisionfragmentingintosomanyoutletssuchuniquepervasivenessnolongerprevails.Overfour-fifthsofAmericanhouseholdsforinstancesubscribetocableorsatellitetelevision.Theyarejustaslikelytobewatchingoneofthehundredsofcablechannelstheyhaveathomeasoneofthemainsixbroadcastnetworks.Withsomuchchoiceavoidingtheindecentiseasierthanitwas30yearsagowhenmostpeoplehadonlythreechannels.Atthesametimenewtechnologynowallowsfamiliestofilterthetelevisiontheyreceive.CableandsatelliteTVcomewithset-topboxesthatcanscreenoutindividualchannels.Digitalcableset-topboxesareparticularlypreciseandallowparentstoblockindividualprogrammesatthetouchofabuttonontheirremotecontrol.EverynewtelevisionsetsoldinAmericasince2000isequippedwitha"v-chip"ablockingdevicethatBillClintonforcedonthemediaindustryin1996.Itisonlythankstothev-chipandset-topboxesinfactthatchildrengetanyprotectionfromviolencesincetheFCCregulatesonlysexandbadlanguage.Americaistheonlycountrywhereblockingtechnologyisalreadyinthevastmajorityofhomesthankstotheubiquityofpaytelevision.Butitislikelysoontobeavailableelsewhereaswell. Theuniquefunctionofup-to-datetechnologicaldevicesliesinits
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy. Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom. Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation.Justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecasebeforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement. Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations. Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseandentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis____________.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. ByEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Paragraph1theauthormeans
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom. Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation.Justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecasebeforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement. Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations. Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseandentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis____________.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsTheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastwarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobar-islands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase.
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