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塞尔维乌斯改革的内容和意义。
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简述塞尔维乌斯改革的背景内容以及意义
塞尔维乌斯改革
瓦尔拉斯在洛桑大学教席的接班人是
维克塞尔
威克斯蒂德
帕累托
维塞尔
罗马王政时代进行改革标志着古罗马氏族制解体和国家建立的是第六王
洛慕路斯
塔克文
塞尔维乌斯
列莫斯
公元前6世纪下列哪位人士实行改革标志着罗马奴隶制国家与法的形成
梭伦
克里斯特尼
乌尔比安
塞尔维乌斯·图利乌斯
塞尔维乌斯图里乌斯改革的原因内容和意义是什么
关于塞尔维乌斯改革的叙述中不正确的是
以地域部落取代氏族部落
按财产多寡划分公民为5个等级
由百人队成员组成库里亚大会
塞尔维乌斯改革标志着罗马国家的产生
提出时差利息论的奥地利学派代表人物是
门格尔
维塞尔
庞巴维克
瓦尔拉斯
下列关于塞尔维乌斯改革的叙述中不正确的是
以地域部落取代氏族部落
按财产多寡划分公民为5个等级
由百人队成员组成库利亚大会
塞尔维乌斯改革标志着罗马国家的产生
关于古代塞尔维乌斯改革的内容正确的是①塞尔维乌斯改革标志着希腊国家的产生②新建地域部落取代原来按血缘
③⑤⑥
②③④
①②③⑤
①④⑤⑥
塞维·图里乌改革
公元前6世际实行改革标志着罗马奴隶制国家与法的形成
梭伦
克里斯特尼
阿菲埃尔
塞尔维乌斯•土利乌斯
乌尔比安
对比凯末尔改革卡德纳斯改革的背景内容性质及意义
数理经济学派的主要代表人物是以下哪三位经济学家
门格尔、维塞尔、庞巴维克
罗雪尔、克尼斯、希尔德布兰德
杰文斯、瓦尔拉斯、帕累托
维克塞尔、威克斯蒂德、克拉克
公元前6世纪下列哪位人士实行改革标志着罗马奴隶制国家与法的形成
梭伦
克里斯特尼
乌尔比安
塞尔维乌斯·图利乌斯
公元前6世纪下列哪位人士实行改革标志着罗马奴隶制国家与法的形成
梭伦
克里斯特尼
乌尔比安
塞尔维乌斯·图利乌斯
建立元首政治开始了罗马帝国时代的是
洛慕路斯
塔克文
塞尔维乌斯
屋大维
创造边际效用一词的经济学家是
门格尔
庞巴维克
杰文斯
维塞尔
来库古改革提秀斯改革腓力二世改革塞尔维乌斯改革格拉古兄弟改革马略军事改革
关于塞尔维乌斯改革的叙述中不正确的是
以地域部落取代氏族部落
按财产多寡划分公民为5个等级
由百人队成员组成库里亚大会
塞尔维乌斯改革标志着罗马国家的产生
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MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit Itissuggestedinthelastparagraphthatcraftguilds
CharlesDarwinwedhiscousinEmmaandspawned10childrenincludingfourbrilliantscientists.AlbertEinstein’ssecondwifeElsawashisfirstcousin.QueenVictoriasaid“Ido”tohers.Sohavemillionsworldwide.InpartsofSaudiArabia39%ofallmarriagesarebetweenfirstcousins. IntheU.S.thoughthepracticebearsastigmaofinbreedingjustthissideofincest.Thetabooisnotonlysocialhutlegislative;24statesbanthemarriageoffirstcousins:fiveothersallowitonlyifthecoupleisunabletobearchildren.Amajorreasonforthisbanisthebeliefthatkidsoffirstcousinsaretragicallysusceptibletoseriouscongenitalillnesses. Thatviewmayhavetochange.AcomprehensivestudypublishedrecentlyintheJournalofGeneticCounselingindicatessuchchildrenrunanonlyslightlyhigherriskofsignificantgeneticdisorderslikecongenitalheartdefects—abouttwopercentagepointsabovetheaverage3%to4%.Saysthestudy’sleadauthorRobinBennettpresident-electoftheNationalSocietyofGeneticCounselorswhichfundedthestudy:“Asidefromathoroughmedicalfamilyhistorythereisnoneedtoofferanygenetictestingonthebasisofconsanguinityalone”. Publicationofthestudywilldomorethantweakpublicawareness;itwillenlightendoctorswhohaveurgedcousincouplesnottohavechildren.“Justthisweek”saysBennett“Isawa23-year-oldwomanwhohadhadatuballigationbecauseherparentswerecousinsandherdoctortoldhersheshouldn’thavechildren.” TheAmericanproscriptionagainstcousinmarriagesgrewinthe19thcenturyaswildernesssettlerstriedtodistinguishthemselvesfromthe“savage”IndianssaysMartinauthorofthebookForbiddenRelatives:TheAmericanMythofCousinMarriage.“ThetruthisthatEuropeansweremarryingtheircousinsandNativeAmericanswerenot.” Anddoesn’tGodhavesternwordsonthesubjectChristieSmith37aNevadawritersaysshefeltguiltywhenshefellinlovewithherfirstcousin’ssonMark.“Iwastryingsohardtoconvincemyselfnottohavethesefeelings”sherecalls“thatIwenttotheBiblelookingforconfirmationthatitwaswrong.AndwhatIfoundwastheexactopposite:supportforcousinmarriages.”ThepatriarchJacobmarriedtwoofhisfirstcousinsRachelandLeah.SmithmarriedMarkin1999. Themedicalbanislifted;thesocialstainmaytakelongertodisappear WhichofthefollowingistrueofthestudypublishedintheJournalofGeneticCounseling
Directions:Aforeigndelegationistovisityouruniversity.Youareassignedtomakeawelcomespeechonbehalfofthewholeuniversitystudents.Nowwriteawelcomespeechtoexpressyourwelcomeandmakebbriefintroductionofyouruniversity. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
贝叶斯纳什均衡Bayesian-Nashequilibrium
价格标准是
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat3foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong.Morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquidcrystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat3foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong.Morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquidcrystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Thequestionofwhereinsightscomefromhasbecomeahottopicinneurosciencedespitethefactthattheyarenoteasytoinduceexperimentallyinalaboratory.Dr.BhattacharyaandDr.Shethhavetakenacreativeapproach.Theyhaveselectedsomebrain-teasingbutpracticalproblemsinthehopethatthesewouldgetclosertomimickingrealinsight:Toqualifyapuzzlehadtobesimplenottoowidelyknownandwithoutamethodicalsolution.Theresearchersthenasked18youngadultstotrytosolvetheseproblemswhiletheirbrainwavesweremonitoredusinganelectroencephalographEEG. Atypicalbrain-teaserwentlikethis.Therearethreelightswitchesontheground-floorwallofathree-storeyhouse.Twooftheswitchesdonothingbutoneofthemcontrolsabulbonthesecondfloor.Whenyoubeginthebulbisoff.Youcanonlymakeonevisittothesecondfloor.Howdoyouworkoutwhichswitchistheonethatcontrolsthelight Thisproblemoroneequivalenttoitwaspresentedonacomputerscreentoavolunteerwhenthatvolunteerpressedabutton.Theelectricalactivityofthevolunteer’sbrainhisbrainwavepatternwasrecordedbytheEEGfromthebutton’spress.Eachvolunteerwasgiven30secondstoreadthepuzzleandanother60to90secondstosolveit. Somepeopleworkeditout;othersdidnot.ThesignificantpointthoughwasthattheEEGpredictedwhowouldfallwhere.Thosevolunteerswhowentontohaveaninsightinthiscasethatontheironeandonlyvisittothesecondfloortheycouldusenotjustthelighthuttheheatproducedbyabulbasevidenceofanactiveswitchhadhaddifferentbrainwaveactivityfromthosewhonevergotit.Intherightfrontalcortexapartofthebrainassociatedwithshiftingmentalstatestherewasanincreaseinhigh-frequencygammawavesthosewith47-48cyclesasecond.Moreoverthedifferencewasnoticeableuptoeightsecondsbeforethevolunteerrealisedhehadfoundthesolution.Dr.Sheththinksthismayhecapturingthe“transformationalthought”inactionbeforethebrain’s“owner”isconsciouslyawareofit. Thisfindingposesfascinatingquestionsabouthowthebrainreallyworks.Consciousthoughtitseemsdoesnotsolveproblems.Insteadunconsciousprocessinghappensinthebackgroundandonlydeliverstheanswertoconsciousnessonceithasbeenarrivedat.Foodforfurtherthoughtindeed. Throughwhichcharacterofthebraindidthescientistsstudythebrain
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MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit Inmedievalmarketstherewaslittleretailtradebecause
什么是票据贴现如何计算贴现额
Thequestionofwhereinsightscomefromhasbecomeahottopicinneurosciencedespitethefactthattheyarenoteasytoinduceexperimentallyinalaboratory.Dr.BhattacharyaandDr.Shethhavetakenacreativeapproach.Theyhaveselectedsomebrain-teasingbutpracticalproblemsinthehopethatthesewouldgetclosertomimickingrealinsight:Toqualifyapuzzlehadtobesimplenottoowidelyknownandwithoutamethodicalsolution.Theresearchersthenasked18youngadultstotrytosolvetheseproblemswhiletheirbrainwavesweremonitoredusinganelectroencephalographEEG. Atypicalbrain-teaserwentlikethis.Therearethreelightswitchesontheground-floorwallofathree-storeyhouse.Twooftheswitchesdonothingbutoneofthemcontrolsabulbonthesecondfloor.Whenyoubeginthebulbisoff.Youcanonlymakeonevisittothesecondfloor.Howdoyouworkoutwhichswitchistheonethatcontrolsthelight Thisproblemoroneequivalenttoitwaspresentedonacomputerscreentoavolunteerwhenthatvolunteerpressedabutton.Theelectricalactivityofthevolunteer’sbrainhisbrainwavepatternwasrecordedbytheEEGfromthebutton’spress.Eachvolunteerwasgiven30secondstoreadthepuzzleandanother60to90secondstosolveit. Somepeopleworkeditout;othersdidnot.ThesignificantpointthoughwasthattheEEGpredictedwhowouldfallwhere.Thosevolunteerswhowentontohaveaninsightinthiscasethatontheironeandonlyvisittothesecondfloortheycouldusenotjustthelighthuttheheatproducedbyabulbasevidenceofanactiveswitchhadhaddifferentbrainwaveactivityfromthosewhonevergotit.Intherightfrontalcortexapartofthebrainassociatedwithshiftingmentalstatestherewasanincreaseinhigh-frequencygammawavesthosewith47-48cyclesasecond.Moreoverthedifferencewasnoticeableuptoeightsecondsbeforethevolunteerrealisedhehadfoundthesolution.Dr.Sheththinksthismayhecapturingthe“transformationalthought”inactionbeforethebrain’s“owner”isconsciouslyawareofit. Thisfindingposesfascinatingquestionsabouthowthebrainreallyworks.Consciousthoughtitseemsdoesnotsolveproblems.Insteadunconsciousprocessinghappensinthebackgroundandonlydeliverstheanswertoconsciousnessonceithasbeenarrivedat.Foodforfurtherthoughtindeed. Howdobrainsworkaccordingtothepassage
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit WeknowfromParagraph1thatcraftsmen
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[A]RefuseGimmicks [B]BeWaryofPriceLevels [C]SayNotoUselessThings [D]NeverPayListPrice [E]StanduptoTemptations [F]Switch—orThreatento [G]Don’tBuyonImpulse InrecentyearsthebasicmarketprinciplesofcompetitionandchoicehaveexpandedintonewaspectsofAmericanlife.Consumersnowfaceabewilderingarrayofoptionsforairtravelphoneservicemedicalcareevenpostalservice.CarbuyerscanshopontheInternetforthebestpriceatanydealershipintheirarea.Insomepartsofthecountryhomeownerscanpurchaseelectricityfromamenuofcompanies.Allthischoicetranslatesintounprecedentedconsumerpower. Oneofthepersistentmythsofcapitalistcultureisthatbusinesspeoplelovecompetition.Theydon’t.Theyspendtheirwakinghoursplottingwaystoavoiditandkeeppriceshigh.Thesedaystheyuseinformationtechnologiesthatgivethemintricatedataonindividualshoppersandthenpresentmultiplepricestogeteachconsumertocoughupthemaximumheiswillingtopay.Theairlineshavemasteredthisgameofferingmanylevelsoffares. SohowcanyoumakethemostofyournewpowerasaconsumerHerearerulestohelpyoufindyourway. 41.______ IntheNewEconomycompetitionissostrongthatfewerstoresandservicesareimmunetopricepressuresosharpenyourbargainingskills.Askretailerstomatchpricesyou’veseenontheInternet.Askatthecheckoutcounterifthereareanycouponsordiscountsyoucanuse.Askhotelclerksiftherearebetterratesavailable.You’llbesurprisedhowoftentheanswerisyes. 42.______ Ascompetitionheatsupandpushespricesdownbusinessesscrambletoboosttheirprofitsbyheapingonextras:rustproofingyourcarservicecontractsonyourapplianceprepaidgasolineforyourrentalcar.Thesestuntsaredevisedtomakeyoupaymoreatthelastminuteandprobablyaren’tagooddeal. 43.______ Theinformationhighwayisatwo-waystreet.Asaconsumeryoucangetmoredata.ButwhileyouareroamingtheWebbusinessesarestudyingyourhabitsandvulnerabilities. HaveaweaknessforchocolatesDon’tbesurprisedifAmazon.Comofferstosellyouaboxwhileyou’rebrowsingforbooks.They’reusingawrinkleonthelast-minutemarketingpitchperfectedbyMcDonald’s:“Wouldyoulikefrieswiththat”Theployworksremarkablywell. 44.______ Versioningisatacticusedbybusinessestoseparatestatus-consciousconsumersfromthebargain-hungryones—sincetheformermeanbiggerprofitmargins.“Deluxe”and“platinum”arecodewordsusedtoenticestatusseekerstoopentheirwallets. Addathirdpricelevelandthepursesofevenbargain-hungryshopperscanbepriedopen.Researchshowsthatmanyconsumerswhomightpickthelower-pricedoptionwhengivenjusttwochoiceswillchoosethemedium-pricedalternativeifgiventhree.“Consumerstrytoavoidextremeoptions”writeCarlShapiroandHalR.VarianintheirbookInformationRules. Consumersin.theNewEconomyfacemoredemandsontheirtimeandattentionthaneverbeforesothey’reinclinedtomakethemostfamiliarchoice.Considerthis:ithadbeenadecadeandahalfsincethebreakupofAT＆Tyetitisstillbyfarthelargestlong-distanceprovider—evenwhileotherphonecompaniesoffer$50worthoffreeserviceforswitching.Morethaneveritpaystochangeservicesandbrands. Ifyoudon’twantthehasslesofswitchingrememberthatbusinessesareeagertohangontoconsumers.Thenexttimeyougetatemptingofferfromacredit-cardissueroraphonecompanycallyourcurrentproviderandaskthemtomatchthedeal.You’llbepleasedtofindhowoftenthey’llagree. 41
Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefactsunalloyedunslantedobjectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretationthemeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentConfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthedaytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewstorecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthingwiththepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnewsas“local”newsbecauseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftineconomicstrainintermsindeedofourverywayoflife. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense. Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefactsenough Astothefirstqueryconsiderhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.ThenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepieceThisisimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.47Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree. Thusinthepresentationofaso-called“factual”or“objective”storyatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheir“newsneutralism”arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews. 49Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty. Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat3foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong.Morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquidcrystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Concreteisprobablyusedmorewidelythananyothersubstanceexceptwateryetitremainslargelyunappreciated.“Somepeopleviewthe20thcenturyastheatomicagethespaceagethecomputerage—butanargumentcanbemadethatitwastheconcreteage”sayscementspecialistHendrikVanOss.“It’samiraclematerial.”IndeedmorethanatonofconcreteisproducedeachyearforeverymanwomanandchildonEarth.Yetconcreteisgenerallyignoredoutsidetheengineeringworldavictimofitsownubiquityandtheindustry’sconservativepaceofdevelopment.Nowthankstoenvironmentalpressuresandentrepreneurialinnovationanewgenerationofconcretesisemerging.Thishigh-techassortmentofconcreteconfectionspromisestobestrongerlighterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythaneverbefore. Concreteisalsoaclimate-changevillain.Itismadebymixingwaterwithanaggregatesuchassandorgravelandcement.Cementisusuallymadebyheatinglimestoneandclaytoover2500degreesF.Theresultingchemicalreactionalongwithfuelburnedtoheatthekilnproducesbetween7%and10%ofglobalcarbon-dioxideemissions.“Whenwehavetorepeatedlyregeneratethesematerialsbecausethey’renotdurablewereleasemoreemissions”saysVictorLiwhohascreatedaconcretesuffusedbysyntheticfibersthatmakeitstrongermoredurableandabletobendlikeametal.Li’screationdoesnotrequirereinforcementapropertysharedbyotherconcretesthatusechemicaladditives.UsinglesswatermakesconcretestrongerbutuntilthedevelopmentofplasticizersitalsomadeconcretestickydryandhardtohandlesaysChristianMeyeracivilengineeringprofessoratColumbiaUniversity. MakingstrongerconcretessaysLiallowslesstobeusedreducingwasteandgivingarchitectsmorefreedom.“Youcanhavesuchfuturisticdesignsifyoudon’thavetoputrebarinthereorstructuralbeams”saysVanOss.Amoredirectly“green”c6neretehasbeendevelopedbytheAustraliancompanyTecEeo.Theyaddmagnesiumtotheircementformingaporousconcretethatactuallyscrubscarbondioxidefromtheair. Whileexpertsagreethatthesenewconcretewillsomedaybewidelyusedthetimetableisuncertain.Concretecompaniesareresponsivetoenvironmentalconcernsandarealwayslookingtostretchtheutilityoftheirproductbuttheconstructionindustryisslowtochange.“Whenyoustartmonkeyingaroundwithmaterialsthegoverningbodiesthebuildingdepartmentsareverycautiousbeforetheyletyouuseanunprovenmaterial”Meyersays.InthenextfewdecadessaysVanOssbuildingcodeswillchangeopeningthewayforinnovativematerials.Butwhilenewconcretesmaybestrongerandmoredurabletheyarealsomoreexpensive—andwhetherthetendencyofdevelopersandthepublictofocusonshort-termratherthanlong-termcostswillalsochangeisanothermatter. Accordingtothetextconcreteisalsoaclimate-changevillainmainlybecause
补偿贸易
CharlesDarwinwedhiscousinEmmaandspawned10childrenincludingfourbrilliantscientists.AlbertEinstein’ssecondwifeElsawashisfirstcousin.QueenVictoriasaid“Ido”tohers.Sohavemillionsworldwide.InpartsofSaudiArabia39%ofallmarriagesarebetweenfirstcousins. IntheU.S.thoughthepracticebearsastigmaofinbreedingjustthissideofincest.Thetabooisnotonlysocialhutlegislative;24statesbanthemarriageoffirstcousins:fiveothersallowitonlyifthecoupleisunabletobearchildren.Amajorreasonforthisbanisthebeliefthatkidsoffirstcousinsaretragicallysusceptibletoseriouscongenitalillnesses. Thatviewmayhavetochange.AcomprehensivestudypublishedrecentlyintheJournalofGeneticCounselingindicatessuchchildrenrunanonlyslightlyhigherriskofsignificantgeneticdisorderslikecongenitalheartdefects—abouttwopercentagepointsabovetheaverage3%to4%.Saysthestudy’sleadauthorRobinBennettpresident-electoftheNationalSocietyofGeneticCounselorswhichfundedthestudy:“Asidefromathoroughmedicalfamilyhistorythereisnoneedtoofferanygenetictestingonthebasisofconsanguinityalone”. Publicationofthestudywilldomorethantweakpublicawareness;itwillenlightendoctorswhohaveurgedcousincouplesnottohavechildren.“Justthisweek”saysBennett“Isawa23-year-oldwomanwhohadhadatuballigationbecauseherparentswerecousinsandherdoctortoldhersheshouldn’thavechildren.” TheAmericanproscriptionagainstcousinmarriagesgrewinthe19thcenturyaswildernesssettlerstriedtodistinguishthemselvesfromthe“savage”IndianssaysMartinauthorofthebookForbiddenRelatives:TheAmericanMythofCousinMarriage.“ThetruthisthatEuropeansweremarryingtheircousinsandNativeAmericanswerenot.” Anddoesn’tGodhavesternwordsonthesubjectChristieSmith37aNevadawritersaysshefeltguiltywhenshefellinlovewithherfirstcousin’ssonMark.“Iwastryingsohardtoconvincemyselfnottohavethesefeelings”sherecalls“thatIwenttotheBiblelookingforconfirmationthatitwaswrong.AndwhatIfoundwastheexactopposite:supportforcousinmarriages.”ThepatriarchJacobmarriedtwoofhisfirstcousinsRachelandLeah.SmithmarriedMarkin1999. Themedicalbanislifted;thesocialstainmaytakelongertodisappear WhydidChristieSmithresorttotheBible
Concreteisprobablyusedmorewidelythananyothersubstanceexceptwateryetitremainslargelyunappreciated.“Somepeopleviewthe20thcenturyastheatomicagethespaceagethecomputerage—butanargumentcanbemadethatitwastheconcreteage”sayscementspecialistHendrikVanOss.“It’samiraclematerial.”IndeedmorethanatonofconcreteisproducedeachyearforeverymanwomanandchildonEarth.Yetconcreteisgenerallyignoredoutsidetheengineeringworldavictimofitsownubiquityandtheindustry’sconservativepaceofdevelopment.Nowthankstoenvironmentalpressuresandentrepreneurialinnovationanewgenerationofconcretesisemerging.Thishigh-techassortmentofconcreteconfectionspromisestobestrongerlighterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythaneverbefore. Concreteisalsoaclimate-changevillain.Itismadebymixingwaterwithanaggregatesuchassandorgravelandcement.Cementisusuallymadebyheatinglimestoneandclaytoover2500degreesF.Theresultingchemicalreactionalongwithfuelburnedtoheatthekilnproducesbetween7%and10%ofglobalcarbon-dioxideemissions.“Whenwehavetorepeatedlyregeneratethesematerialsbecausethey’renotdurablewereleasemoreemissions”saysVictorLiwhohascreatedaconcretesuffusedbysyntheticfibersthatmakeitstrongermoredurableandabletobendlikeametal.Li’screationdoesnotrequirereinforcementapropertysharedbyotherconcretesthatusechemicaladditives.UsinglesswatermakesconcretestrongerbutuntilthedevelopmentofplasticizersitalsomadeconcretestickydryandhardtohandlesaysChristianMeyeracivilengineeringprofessoratColumbiaUniversity. MakingstrongerconcretessaysLiallowslesstobeusedreducingwasteandgivingarchitectsmorefreedom.“Youcanhavesuchfuturisticdesignsifyoudon’thavetoputrebarinthereorstructuralbeams”saysVanOss.Amoredirectly“green”c6neretehasbeendevelopedbytheAustraliancompanyTecEeo.Theyaddmagnesiumtotheircementformingaporousconcretethatactuallyscrubscarbondioxidefromtheair. Whileexpertsagreethatthesenewconcretewillsomedaybewidelyusedthetimetableisuncertain.Concretecompaniesareresponsivetoenvironmentalconcernsandarealwayslookingtostretchtheutilityoftheirproductbuttheconstructionindustryisslowtochange.“Whenyoustartmonkeyingaroundwithmaterialsthegoverningbodiesthebuildingdepartmentsareverycautiousbeforetheyletyouuseanunprovenmaterial”Meyersays.InthenextfewdecadessaysVanOssbuildingcodeswillchangeopeningthewayforinnovativematerials.Butwhilenewconcretesmaybestrongerandmoredurabletheyarealsomoreexpensive—andwhetherthetendencyofdevelopersandthepublictofocusonshort-termratherthanlong-termcostswillalsochangeisanothermatter. Thelastsentenceofthetextshowsthat
Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefactsunalloyedunslantedobjectivelyselectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupplyinterpretationthemeaningofthefacts.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentConfrontingAmericanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsofthedaytomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunitynewstorecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthingwiththepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnewsas“local”newsbecauseanyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraftineconomicstrainintermsindeedofourverywayoflife. 46Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretationyouareenteringchoppyanddangerouswaterstheswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense. Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselftothe“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:WhatarethefactsAnd:Arethebarefactsenough Astothefirstqueryconsiderhowaso-called“factual”storycomesabout.Thereportercollectssayfiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestrictedheselectsthetenwhichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.ThenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepieceThisisimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.47Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree. Thusinthepresentationofaso-called“factual”or“objective”storyatleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.48Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretationinwhichreporterandeditorcallingupontheirresearchresourcestheirgeneralbackgroundandtheir“newsneutralism”arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews. 49Thetwoareasofjudgmentpresentationofthenewsanditsinterpretationarebothobjectiveratherthansubjectiveprocesses—asobjectivethatisasanyhumanbeingcanbe.Noteinpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachievedneverthelesstheidealmustalwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.50Ifaneditorisintentonslantingthenewshecandoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretationandhecandoitbytheselectionofthosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promotingittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty. Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageonewhereithasalargeimpactoronpagetwenty-fourwhereithaslittle
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutit1developapointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearlyconventionalwisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat3foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicturetaking. Thefansarewrong.Morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically4whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotography5weknowitisbeginningtoseemoutof6withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorder7savingpicturesasdigital8andwatchingthemonTVisnolesspractical—andinmanywaysmore9thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe10. Paperisalsoterribly11.Picturesthatareincorrectlyframed12orlightedarenonethelesscommittedtofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe13.Stillimagesthatare14digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer15aTVscreenorasmallliquidcrystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsinelectronicmemory17beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmitted18. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
运用现金流量贴现模式对目标公司进行价值评估需要解决的基本问题是
自动转账制度ATS
[A]RefuseGimmicks [B]BeWaryofPriceLevels [C]SayNotoUselessThings [D]NeverPayListPrice [E]StanduptoTemptations [F]Switch—orThreatento [G]Don’tBuyonImpulse InrecentyearsthebasicmarketprinciplesofcompetitionandchoicehaveexpandedintonewaspectsofAmericanlife.Consumersnowfaceabewilderingarrayofoptionsforairtravelphoneservicemedicalcareevenpostalservice.CarbuyerscanshopontheInternetforthebestpriceatanydealershipintheirarea.Insomepartsofthecountryhomeownerscanpurchaseelectricityfromamenuofcompanies.Allthischoicetranslatesintounprecedentedconsumerpower. Oneofthepersistentmythsofcapitalistcultureisthatbusinesspeoplelovecompetition.Theydon’t.Theyspendtheirwakinghoursplottingwaystoavoiditandkeeppriceshigh.Thesedaystheyuseinformationtechnologiesthatgivethemintricatedataonindividualshoppersandthenpresentmultiplepricestogeteachconsumertocoughupthemaximumheiswillingtopay.Theairlineshavemasteredthisgameofferingmanylevelsoffares. SohowcanyoumakethemostofyournewpowerasaconsumerHerearerulestohelpyoufindyourway. 41.______ IntheNewEconomycompetitionissostrongthatfewerstoresandservicesareimmunetopricepressuresosharpenyourbargainingskills.Askretailerstomatchpricesyou’veseenontheInternet.Askatthecheckoutcounterifthereareanycouponsordiscountsyoucanuse.Askhotelclerksiftherearebetterratesavailable.You’llbesurprisedhowoftentheanswerisyes. 42.______ Ascompetitionheatsupandpushespricesdownbusinessesscrambletoboosttheirprofitsbyheapingonextras:rustproofingyourcarservicecontractsonyourapplianceprepaidgasolineforyourrentalcar.Thesestuntsaredevisedtomakeyoupaymoreatthelastminuteandprobablyaren’tagooddeal. 43.______ Theinformationhighwayisatwo-waystreet.Asaconsumeryoucangetmoredata.ButwhileyouareroamingtheWebbusinessesarestudyingyourhabitsandvulnerabilities. HaveaweaknessforchocolatesDon’tbesurprisedifAmazon.Comofferstosellyouaboxwhileyou’rebrowsingforbooks.They’reusingawrinkleonthelast-minutemarketingpitchperfectedbyMcDonald’s:“Wouldyoulikefrieswiththat”Theployworksremarkablywell. 44.______ Versioningisatacticusedbybusinessestoseparatestatus-consciousconsumersfromthebargain-hungryones—sincetheformermeanbiggerprofitmargins.“Deluxe”and“platinum”arecodewordsusedtoenticestatusseekerstoopentheirwallets. Addathirdpricelevelandthepursesofevenbargain-hungryshopperscanbepriedopen.Researchshowsthatmanyconsumerswhomightpickthelower-pricedoptionwhengivenjusttwochoiceswillchoosethemedium-pricedalternativeifgiventhree.“Consumerstrytoavoidextremeoptions”writeCarlShapiroandHalR.VarianintheirbookInformationRules. Consumersin.theNewEconomyfacemoredemandsontheirtimeandattentionthaneverbeforesothey’reinclinedtomakethemostfamiliarchoice.Considerthis:ithadbeenadecadeandahalfsincethebreakupofAT＆Tyetitisstillbyfarthelargestlong-distanceprovider—evenwhileotherphonecompaniesoffer$50worthoffreeserviceforswitching.Morethaneveritpaystochangeservicesandbrands. Ifyoudon’twantthehasslesofswitchingrememberthatbusinessesareeagertohangontoconsumers.Thenexttimeyougetatemptingofferfromacredit-cardissueroraphonecompanycallyourcurrentproviderandaskthemtomatchthedeal.You’llbepleasedtofindhowoftenthey’llagree. 43
Concreteisprobablyusedmorewidelythananyothersubstanceexceptwateryetitremainslargelyunappreciated.“Somepeopleviewthe20thcenturyastheatomicagethespaceagethecomputerage—butanargumentcanbemadethatitwastheconcreteage”sayscementspecialistHendrikVanOss.“It’samiraclematerial.”IndeedmorethanatonofconcreteisproducedeachyearforeverymanwomanandchildonEarth.Yetconcreteisgenerallyignoredoutsidetheengineeringworldavictimofitsownubiquityandtheindustry’sconservativepaceofdevelopment.Nowthankstoenvironmentalpressuresandentrepreneurialinnovationanewgenerationofconcretesisemerging.Thishigh-techassortmentofconcreteconfectionspromisestobestrongerlighterandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythaneverbefore. Concreteisalsoaclimate-changevillain.Itismadebymixingwaterwithanaggregatesuchassandorgravelandcement.Cementisusuallymadebyheatinglimestoneandclaytoover2500degreesF.Theresultingchemicalreactionalongwithfuelburnedtoheatthekilnproducesbetween7%and10%ofglobalcarbon-dioxideemissions.“Whenwehavetorepeatedlyregeneratethesematerialsbecausethey’renotdurablewereleasemoreemissions”saysVictorLiwhohascreatedaconcretesuffusedbysyntheticfibersthatmakeitstrongermoredurableandabletobendlikeametal.Li’screationdoesnotrequirereinforcementapropertysharedbyotherconcretesthatusechemicaladditives.UsinglesswatermakesconcretestrongerbutuntilthedevelopmentofplasticizersitalsomadeconcretestickydryandhardtohandlesaysChristianMeyeracivilengineeringprofessoratColumbiaUniversity. MakingstrongerconcretessaysLiallowslesstobeusedreducingwasteandgivingarchitectsmorefreedom.“Youcanhavesuchfuturisticdesignsifyoudon’thavetoputrebarinthereorstructuralbeams”saysVanOss.Amoredirectly“green”c6neretehasbeendevelopedbytheAustraliancompanyTecEeo.Theyaddmagnesiumtotheircementformingaporousconcretethatactuallyscrubscarbondioxidefromtheair. Whileexpertsagreethatthesenewconcretewillsomedaybewidelyusedthetimetableisuncertain.Concretecompaniesareresponsivetoenvironmentalconcernsandarealwayslookingtostretchtheutilityoftheirproductbuttheconstructionindustryisslowtochange.“Whenyoustartmonkeyingaroundwithmaterialsthegoverningbodiesthebuildingdepartmentsareverycautiousbeforetheyletyouuseanunprovenmaterial”Meyersays.InthenextfewdecadessaysVanOssbuildingcodeswillchangeopeningthewayforinnovativematerials.Butwhilenewconcretesmaybestrongerandmoredurabletheyarealsomoreexpensive—andwhetherthetendencyofdevelopersandthepublictofocusonshort-termratherthanlong-termcostswillalsochangeisanothermatter. BysayingitwastheconcreteageLine3Para.1VanOssmeansthat
[A]RefuseGimmicks [B]BeWaryofPriceLevels [C]SayNotoUselessThings [D]NeverPayListPrice [E]StanduptoTemptations [F]Switch—orThreatento [G]Don’tBuyonImpulse InrecentyearsthebasicmarketprinciplesofcompetitionandchoicehaveexpandedintonewaspectsofAmericanlife.Consumersnowfaceabewilderingarrayofoptionsforairtravelphoneservicemedicalcareevenpostalservice.CarbuyerscanshopontheInternetforthebestpriceatanydealershipintheirarea.Insomepartsofthecountryhomeownerscanpurchaseelectricityfromamenuofcompanies.Allthischoicetranslatesintounprecedentedconsumerpower. Oneofthepersistentmythsofcapitalistcultureisthatbusinesspeoplelovecompetition.Theydon’t.Theyspendtheirwakinghoursplottingwaystoavoiditandkeeppriceshigh.Thesedaystheyuseinformationtechnologiesthatgivethemintricatedataonindividualshoppersandthenpresentmultiplepricestogeteachconsumertocoughupthemaximumheiswillingtopay.Theairlineshavemasteredthisgameofferingmanylevelsoffares. SohowcanyoumakethemostofyournewpowerasaconsumerHerearerulestohelpyoufindyourway. 41.______ IntheNewEconomycompetitionissostrongthatfewerstoresandservicesareimmunetopricepressuresosharpenyourbargainingskills.Askretailerstomatchpricesyou’veseenontheInternet.Askatthecheckoutcounterifthereareanycouponsordiscountsyoucanuse.Askhotelclerksiftherearebetterratesavailable.You’llbesurprisedhowoftentheanswerisyes. 42.______ Ascompetitionheatsupandpushespricesdownbusinessesscrambletoboosttheirprofitsbyheapingonextras:rustproofingyourcarservicecontractsonyourapplianceprepaidgasolineforyourrentalcar.Thesestuntsaredevisedtomakeyoupaymoreatthelastminuteandprobablyaren’tagooddeal. 43.______ Theinformationhighwayisatwo-waystreet.Asaconsumeryoucangetmoredata.ButwhileyouareroamingtheWebbusinessesarestudyingyourhabitsandvulnerabilities. HaveaweaknessforchocolatesDon’tbesurprisedifAmazon.Comofferstosellyouaboxwhileyou’rebrowsingforbooks.They’reusingawrinkleonthelast-minutemarketingpitchperfectedbyMcDonald’s:“Wouldyoulikefrieswiththat”Theployworksremarkablywell. 44.______ Versioningisatacticusedbybusinessestoseparatestatus-consciousconsumersfromthebargain-hungryones—sincetheformermeanbiggerprofitmargins.“Deluxe”and“platinum”arecodewordsusedtoenticestatusseekerstoopentheirwallets. Addathirdpricelevelandthepursesofevenbargain-hungryshopperscanbepriedopen.Researchshowsthatmanyconsumerswhomightpickthelower-pricedoptionwhengivenjusttwochoiceswillchoosethemedium-pricedalternativeifgiventhree.“Consumerstrytoavoidextremeoptions”writeCarlShapiroandHalR.VarianintheirbookInformationRules. Consumersin.theNewEconomyfacemoredemandsontheirtimeandattentionthaneverbeforesothey’reinclinedtomakethemostfamiliarchoice.Considerthis:ithadbeenadecadeandahalfsincethebreakupofAT＆Tyetitisstillbyfarthelargestlong-distanceprovider—evenwhileotherphonecompaniesoffer$50worthoffreeserviceforswitching.Morethaneveritpaystochangeservicesandbrands. Ifyoudon’twantthehasslesofswitchingrememberthatbusinessesareeagertohangontoconsumers.Thenexttimeyougetatemptingofferfromacredit-cardissueroraphonecompanycallyourcurrentproviderandaskthemtomatchthedeal.You’llbepleasedtofindhowoftenthey’llagree. 45
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