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Text 4 As childhood-obesity rates skyrocket, doctors are seeing an alarming rise in a costly dise...
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在横线上填上运算符号或括号使等式成立．4444=144+44=24444=34444=4．
化简下列各式﹣﹣4=+﹣4=﹣|﹣4|=+|﹣4|=．
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1＝∠2∠BAC＝80°．求∠AGD． 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2＝ ∵
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4.04从右边起第一个4在位上表示4个第二个4在位上表示4个它比4.004．
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个．
0.424中最左边的4表示4个0.1最右边的4表示4个0.01．．判断对错
例4在下面添上运算符号和小括号组成3个不同的等式使得数都是2．4444=24444=24444=2
下列等式成立的是
-|-4|-|4|=0
-4-4=0
|-4|-|4|=0
-4-|-4|=0
24.04是位小数左边的4在位上表示4个右边的4在位上表示4个．
5.00分在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
下列式子可以用=连接的是
5+4
12-5
7+（-4）
7-（+4）
2+4（-2）
-12
2（3-4）
23-4
有一组数据44346410这组数据的平均数是中位数是众数是．
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4是5的%4比5少%5比4多%．
在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=9．
找规律在横线上填入适当的数.145494134．
一个比的后项是4比值是4前项是假如这个比的前项是4比值是4后项是．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=94444=34444=15．
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SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchingharddrivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OneWaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganisingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. ComparedwithSoBig.FBlasterwasavirusthatwas
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusionfollowedbyalistofexplanationsorexamples.Choosethebestexplanation/examplefromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedsubheading/generalization41--45.Thereisoneextraexplanation/examplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.S cientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusioninatabletopexperimentusingtriedandtruetechniquesthatareexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuchclaims. Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogenerateastrongelectricfield.WhiletheenergycreatedwastoosmalltoharnesscheapfusionpowerthetechniquecouldhavepotentialusesinmedicinespacecraftpropulsiontheoildrillingindustryandhomelandsecuritysaidSethPuttermanaphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles. PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLABrianNaranjoandJimGimzewskireporttheirresultsinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature. 41.Helduptoridicule Previousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwithskepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists. 42.Soundtheoreticalbasis FusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarlessskepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesofphysics. 43.Energyinwaiting Fusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceandacleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossilfuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years. 44.Processoffusion IntheUCL’Aexperimentscientistsplacedatinycrystalthatcangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamberfilledwithdeuteriumgasaformofhydrogencapableoffusion.Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit. 45.Commercialuses UCLA’sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefiningthetechniqueforpotentialcommercialusesincludingdesigningportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedforoilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports. IntheNaturereportPuttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthecrystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersforminiaturespacecraft."InsuchanapplicationthemethodwouldnotrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergenerationButratheronionpropulsionPuttermansaid. "Aswildasitisthat’saconservativeapplication"hesaid. A.Infusionlightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperatureprocessthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.ItisconsideredenvironmentallyfriendlyBecauseitproducesvirtuallynoairpollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-termradioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclearpowerplantswhereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreateenergyinaprocessknownasfission. B.TheresultingelectricfieldcreatedaBeamofchargeddeuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytargetwhichwasembeddedwithyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsinthebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetargettheyfused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwithsubatomicparticlesknownasneutronsacharacteristicoffusion.Theexperimentdidnothoweverproducemoreenergythantheamountputin--anachievementthatwouldbeahugebreakthrough. C.Anothertechniqueknownassonoluminescencegeneratesheatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Somescientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereactionbutthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate. D.InaNaturecommentaryMichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidgeNationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways"remarkablylow-tech’drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirstrecordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.."Thisdoesn’thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey’reusingatriedandtruemethod"DavidRuzicprofessorofnuclearandplasmaengineeringattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbane-ChampaigntoldTheAssociatedPress."There’snomysteryintermsofthephysics.’ E.InoneofthemostnotablecasesDr.B.StanleyPonsoftheUniversityofUtahandMartinFleischmannofSouthamptonUniversityinEnglandshockedtheworldin1989whentheyannouncedthattheyhadachievedso-calledcoldfusionatroomtemperature.Theirworkwasdiscreditedafterrepeatedattemptstoreproduceitfailed. F.Thetechnologyalsocouldconceivablygiverisetoimplantableradiationsourceswhichcouldtargetcancercellswhileminimizingdamagetohealthytissue."Youcouldbringatinycrystalintothebodyplaceitnexttoatumorturnontheradiationandblastthetumor"PuttermantoldMSNBC.com. 42
Directions: ReadthefollowingtenetcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81. HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquarter-century. 46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.Kilbydesigned’.shortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail. Hisachievement--theintegration--yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000. 47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera. "It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetoday"Richardm.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday."That’showbroaditsimpactis." ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48"WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillion"hesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments. 49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyceinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby. In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas. TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.Kilbydesigned’.shortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
Plasticisthepanaceaoftheages.Nearlyeveryman-madeobject12oforatleast3itsverystructuretothiswondercompound.Rainslickerscomputerterminalsautomobileenginepartscoffeecupsandthesugarstirrerstoobreastimplantstoysoldiers--theyareallmadeupofplasticoroneofitsmany4.Sincethe5ofcivilizationhumankindhasbeenexperimenting6amultifunctionalmaterial--onethathadtobeequallystrongandlightweight--tocarrycontainandprotectvaluables.7itcouldcarrycontainandprotecthumanstooevenBetter.Generationsoftinkerersandscientistssetoff8thechallengestrikinggoldsome170yearsago.Bymixingnaturalrubberwithsulphurtheycreatedtheworld’smostutilizedmaterialever.Indevelopinga9malleableanddurablesubstancethemostimportantinventionsoftheindustrialageweretofollowshortlythereafter.Theautomobileandairplaneindustriesto10justtwoowetheirveryexistencetoplastic.And11celluloidplasticstripstheLumiereBrotherswouldneverhavebroughtmovingpicturestothebigscreen. Thedevelopmentofplasticisastoryofhuman12ingenuityandluck.13thelegendnowgoesin1839theAmericaninventorCharlesGoodyearthefamoustyrecompanywouldlaterusehisnamewasexperimentingwiththesulphurtreatmentofnaturalrubberwhenhedroppedapieceofsulphurtreatedrubberonastove;Theheatseemedtogiverubber14properties.Itwasstrongermore15toabrasionmoreelasticmuchless16totemperature17togasesandhighlyresistanttochemicalsandelectric18.Eyeingthisasacheaplyandeasilyreproducedconstructionmaterialawhirlwindofwork19andthebirthof20plasticandplastic-derivativeswerebornfromcamphortocelluloidtorayon;cellophanepolyvinylchlorideorPVC;styrofoamandnylonweresoontofollow. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
PerhapsOnlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10millioncopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalisationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishersScholasticinAmericaandBritain’sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewherehaveorganisedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast.HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200millioncopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMs.RowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialised.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-ColainsistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix’;noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban’thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwaning." Theauthorbelievesthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
Directions: Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthechangesofpeople’sdaily expensesinXcity.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethechanges 2analysethereasonsandgiveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtenetcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81. HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquarter-century. 46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.Kilbydesigned’.shortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail. Hisachievement--theintegration--yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000. 47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera. "It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetoday"Richardm.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday."That’showbroaditsimpactis." ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48"WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillion"hesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments. 49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyceinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby. In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas. TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchingharddrivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OneWaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganisingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. Thetoneofthetextcanbestdescribedas
PerhapsOnlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10millioncopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalisationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishersScholasticinAmericaandBritain’sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewherehaveorganisedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast.HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200millioncopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMs.RowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialised.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-ColainsistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix’;noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban’thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwaning." WhentheauthorsaystherewillbenoescapingPottermaniaheimpliesthat
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievious”and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality.’ IntimespastunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohavethedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonsoand-sowasfiredfromtheoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup".What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipeesinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:Whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethiatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’t.beashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetopicofnuclearfusionfollowedbyalistofexplanationsorexamples.Choosethebestexplanation/examplefromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedsubheading/generalization41--45.Thereisoneextraexplanation/examplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.S cientistssaytheyhaveachievedsmall-scalenuclearfusioninatabletopexperimentusingtriedandtruetechniquesthatareexpectedtogeneratefarlesscontroversythanpastsuchclaims. Thislatestexperimentreliedonatinycrystaltogenerateastrongelectricfield.WhiletheenergycreatedwastoosmalltoharnesscheapfusionpowerthetechniquecouldhavepotentialusesinmedicinespacecraftpropulsiontheoildrillingindustryandhomelandsecuritysaidSethPuttermanaphysicistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles. PuttermanandhiscolleaguesatUCLABrianNaranjoandJimGimzewskireporttheirresultsinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature. 41.Helduptoridicule Previousclaimsoftabletopfusionhavebeenmetwithskepticismandevenderisionbyphysicists. 42.Soundtheoreticalbasis FusionexpertssaidtheUCLAexperimentwillfacefarlessskepticismbecauseitconformstowell-knownprinciplesofphysics. 43.Energyinwaiting Fusionpowerhasbeentoutedastheultimateenergysourceandacleaneralternativetofossilfuelslikecoalandoil.Fossilfuelsareexpectedtorunshortinabout50years. 44.Processoffusion IntheUCL’Aexperimentscientistsplacedatinycrystalthatcangenerateastrongelectricfieldintoavacuumchamberfilledwithdeuteriumgasaformofhydrogencapableoffusion.Thentheresearchersactivatedthecrystalbyheatingit. 45.Commercialuses UCLA’sPuttermansaidfutureexperimentswillfocusonrefiningthetechniqueforpotentialcommercialusesincludingdesigningportableneutrongeneratorsthatcouldbeusedforoilwelldrillingorscanningluggageandcargoatairports. IntheNaturereportPuttermanandhiscolleaguessaidthecrystal-basedmethodcouldbeusedin"microthrustersforminiaturespacecraft."InsuchanapplicationthemethodwouldnotrelyonnuclearfusionforpowergenerationButratheronionpropulsionPuttermansaid. "Aswildasitisthat’saconservativeapplication"hesaid. A.Infusionlightatomsarejoinedinahigh-temperatureprocessthatfreeslargeamountsofenergy.ItisconsideredenvironmentallyfriendlyBecauseitproducesvirtuallynoairpollutionanddoesnotposethesafetyandlong-termradioactivewasteconcernsassociatedwithmodernnuclearpowerplantswhereheavyuraniumatomsaresplittocreateenergyinaprocessknownasfission. B.TheresultingelectricfieldcreatedaBeamofchargeddeuteriumatomsthatstruckanearbytargetwhichwasembeddedwithyetmoredeuterium.Whensomeofthedeuteriumatomsinthebeamcollidedwiththeircounterpartsinthetargettheyfused.Thereactiongaveoffanisotopeofheliumalongwithsubatomicparticlesknownasneutronsacharacteristicoffusion.Theexperimentdidnothoweverproducemoreenergythantheamountputin--anachievementthatwouldbeahugebreakthrough. C.Anothertechniqueknownassonoluminescencegeneratesheatthroughthecollapseoftinybubblesinaliquid.Somescientistsclaimthatnuclearfusionoccursduringthereactionbutthoseclaimshavesparkedsharpdebate. D.InaNaturecommentaryMichaelSaltmarshoftheOakRidgeNationalLaboratorysaidtheprocesswasinsomeways"remarkablylow-tech’drawinguponprinciplesthatwerefirstrecordedbytheGreekphilosopherTheophrastusin314B.C.."Thisdoesn’thaveanycontroversyinitbecausethey’reusingatriedandtruemethod"DavidRuzicprofessorofnuclearandplasmaengineeringattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbane-ChampaigntoldTheAssociatedPress."There’snomysteryintermsofthephysics.’ E.InoneofthemostnotablecasesDr.B.StanleyPonsoftheUniversityofUtahandMartinFleischmannofSouthamptonUniversityinEnglandshockedtheworldin1989whentheyannouncedthattheyhadachievedso-calledcoldfusionatroomtemperature.Theirworkwasdiscreditedafterrepeatedattemptstoreproduceitfailed. F.Thetechnologyalsocouldconceivablygiverisetoimplantableradiationsourceswhichcouldtargetcancercellswhileminimizingdamagetohealthytissue."Youcouldbringatinycrystalintothebodyplaceitnexttoatumorturnontheradiationandblastthetumor"PuttermantoldMSNBC.com. 44
Directions: ReadthefollowingtenetcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2. JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81. HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquarter-century. 46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.Kilbydesigned’.shortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail. Hisachievement--theintegration--yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000. 47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera. "It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetoday"Richardm.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday."That’showbroaditsimpactis." ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48"WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillion"hesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments. 49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyceinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby. In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas. WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionhesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievious”and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality.’ IntimespastunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohavethedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonsoand-sowasfiredfromtheoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup".What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipeesinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:Whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethiatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’t.beashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." ByGossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingPara.5ProfessorAaronBen-Ze’evmeansgossip
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickstarttheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmersunconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut--thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.CuttingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidisesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. Theselet-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.Moregenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaim.Closeanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Withthespreadofinter-active electronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplaced tofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoI suspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelor difficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhat todowith.WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeel theyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3 you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsense and4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeing packagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebut withanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthe presumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesand fantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7by theoverallworshipoftheglobalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsome wonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersof prizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywill bechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatest enemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10 consumer.Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwill havetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11 anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic 12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand 13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude 14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylast year.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobelthe achievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.But thereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainst it.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekingless to17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising 18andmagazines19spacetoreflective pieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullness neverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafew writerswill20belookingfornew departures.
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickstarttheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmersunconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut--thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.CuttingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidisesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. Theselet-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.Moregenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaim.Closeanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Thenewpackageofmeasuresisinevitablyacomplicatedonedueto
PerhapsOnlyasmallboytrainingtobeawizardattheHogwartsschoolofmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10millioncopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalisationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishersScholasticinAmericaandBritain’sBloomsburyinEnglishelsewherehaveorganisedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast.HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200millioncopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMs.RowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialised.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-ColainsistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammeevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix’;noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban’thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwaning." Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchingharddrivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OneWaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganisingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. SoBig.Fdamagedcomputerprogramsmainlyby
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