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Inrecentyearstherehasbeena_____increaseinteachers’
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ThenumberofprivatecarsincreaseinChinainrecentyear
Butinrecentyearsithasbecomemoreandmoreevidentthatt
InrecentyearsiPhonesgetverypwithpeople.
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Theexpense费用ofrunningacarriserecentyears.
Thecountryhasmadehugeeconomic经济的inrecentyears.
MaYungotalotofinrecentyears.achieve
Withtherecentincreaseintourismourhometownhas______
taken up
taken on
taken in
taken off
Withtherecentincreaseintourismourhometownhasanewl
Ourforeigntradehase_________greatlyinrecentyears.
millionoftreeshavebeenplantedinthenorthwesternpart
Inrecentyearsourcityseemsmuchcleanthanbefore.
Intherecentyearsmanynewlawsandruleshavebeendrawnup
go without
go after
go against
go by
ManyforeignersaresurprisedatthedevelopmentofChina
Hisparentsweresatisfiedwithhisachieveinrecentyears
Thecountryhashugeprogressinrecentyears.取得
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Inrecentyearsmanycountriesoftheworldhavebeenfacedw
Inrecentyearsmanycircusescloseasaresultofasharpde
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Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text3 CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate. TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source. ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment. SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement. UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees. FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. Kapor'spurposeoffundingOSAFisto
46We’realltoofamiliarwiththeconceptoftechnologyasadouble-edgedswordandwirelessisnoexception.Infactthebackedgeofthisrapierissharpenoughtodrawblood.Yestheideaofsheddingwiresandcablesisexhilarating:wecangoanywhereandstillmaintainintimatecontactwithourworkourlovedonesandourreal-timesportsscores.47ButthesamepersistentconnectednessmaywellleadustowardafutureinwhichourcellphonestagandtrackuslikeFedExpackagessometimeswhenwe’renotaware. ToseehowthismightworkcheckoutWorktrackaproductfromaCalifornia"mobileservices’’companyAligo.Thesystemissoldtoemployerswhowanttoautomateandverifydigitaltimelogsontheirworkersinthefield.Thefirstcustomersareintheheatingandair-conditioningbusiness.48WorkershaveGPS-equippedcellphonesthatlocatepreciselytheirpositionstocomputersintheheadoffice;thereforetheirjourneycanbecheckedagainstthe"CeoFence"theiremployersdrawupindicatingtheareawheretheirworkissituated. "Ifthey’renotintherightareathey’rereallynotworking"saysAligoCEORobentSmith."Anotificationwillcometothebackofficethatthey’renotwheretheyshouldbe".Thesystemalsotrackshowfasttheworkersdrivesotheemployercanverifytoinsurancecompaniesthatnooneisspeeding.Allofthisisperfectlylegalofcourseasemployershavetherighttomonitortheirworkers. Worktrackisonlyoneofanumberofservicesdevotedtotrackinghumans.49ForexampleparentsusesimilarschemestomakesuretheirkidsaresafeandmanydriversarealreadyallowingsafetymonitorstokeepGPSrecordsontheirtravels.Lookforthepracticetoreallyexplodeasmobile-phonemakerscontinuetoincorporateGPSintheirhandsets. Theprospectofbeingtracked"turnsthefreedomofmobiletelephonyupsidedown".50InfactifinformationfromtheGPSsignalsisretaineditwouldbetrivialtoretainalogofanindividual’smovementsoveraperiodofyears.Anevendarkerviewisproposedbytwoacademicswhowroteapaperwarningoftheadventof"geoslavery."Itsdefinition:"apracticeinwhichoneentitythemasterforciblyorstealthilymonitorsandexertscontroloverthephysicallocationofanotherindividualtoroutinelycontroltimelocationspeedanddirectionforeachandeverymovementoftheslave." ForexampleparentsusesimilarschemestomakesuretheirkidsaresafeandmanydriversarealreadyallowingsafetymonitorstokeepGPSrecordsontheirtravels
46We’realltoofamiliarwiththeconceptoftechnologyasadouble-edgedswordandwirelessisnoexception.Infactthebackedgeofthisrapierissharpenoughtodrawblood.Yestheideaofsheddingwiresandcablesisexhilarating:wecangoanywhereandstillmaintainintimatecontactwithourworkourlovedonesandourreal-timesportsscores.47ButthesamepersistentconnectednessmaywellleadustowardafutureinwhichourcellphonestagandtrackuslikeFedExpackagessometimeswhenwe’renotaware. ToseehowthismightworkcheckoutWorktrackaproductfromaCalifornia"mobileservices’’companyAligo.Thesystemissoldtoemployerswhowanttoautomateandverifydigitaltimelogsontheirworkersinthefield.Thefirstcustomersareintheheatingandair-conditioningbusiness.48WorkershaveGPS-equippedcellphonesthatlocatepreciselytheirpositionstocomputersintheheadoffice;thereforetheirjourneycanbecheckedagainstthe"CeoFence"theiremployersdrawupindicatingtheareawheretheirworkissituated. "Ifthey’renotintherightareathey’rereallynotworking"saysAligoCEORobentSmith."Anotificationwillcometothebackofficethatthey’renotwheretheyshouldbe".Thesystemalsotrackshowfasttheworkersdrivesotheemployercanverifytoinsurancecompaniesthatnooneisspeeding.Allofthisisperfectlylegalofcourseasemployershavetherighttomonitortheirworkers. Worktrackisonlyoneofanumberofservicesdevotedtotrackinghumans.49ForexampleparentsusesimilarschemestomakesuretheirkidsaresafeandmanydriversarealreadyallowingsafetymonitorstokeepGPSrecordsontheirtravels.Lookforthepracticetoreallyexplodeasmobile-phonemakerscontinuetoincorporateGPSintheirhandsets. Theprospectofbeingtracked"turnsthefreedomofmobiletelephonyupsidedown".50InfactifinformationfromtheGPSsignalsisretaineditwouldbetrivialtoretainalogofanindividual’smovementsoveraperiodofyears.Anevendarkerviewisproposedbytwoacademicswhowroteapaperwarningoftheadventof"geoslavery."Itsdefinition:"apracticeinwhichoneentitythemasterforciblyorstealthilymonitorsandexertscontroloverthephysicallocationofanotherindividualtoroutinelycontroltimelocationspeedanddirectionforeachandeverymovementoftheslave." ButthesamepersistentconnectednessmaywellleadustowardafutureinwhichourcellphonestagandtrackuslikeFedExpackagessometimeswhenwe’renotaware.
[A]PeoplecanlearntoimprovetheirskillsatrecognizingburnoutandatdoingsomethingaboutitLauderdalesuggests.Afrequentlyusedlow-riskstrategyisonehecalls"thequickbreak."Examplesincluderearrangingthefurnituregettinganewhaircutornewclothestakingavacationorgoingtoaconcertorfootballgame.Othermajorchangeresponsesincludecompromisingandtryingtoacceptthecurrentlevelofsuccessorincomemovingtoanewenvironmentorsituationorchangingoneselfbyloweringexpectationsofworkorredefiningitsmeaning. [B]Schoolteachersandfull-timehousewiveswithchildrenathomeareamongthehighest-riskgroupslikelytosufferfromburnoutsaysMichaelLauderdaledirectoroftheUniversityofTexasSchoolofSocialWork’sresearchcenterwhobeganstudyingburnout10yearsago.Hefirstnoticedsymptomsoftheconditionamonghumanserviceagencyworkersbutsaystheconditionaffectseveryonetoadegree.Burnouthebelievescomeswhen"wehaveexpectationsofourjobscareersmarriagesorlivesandtherealityweareexperiencingislessthanourexpectations". [C]Moderateburnoutischaracterizedbymoreillnessandabsenteeismanda"cocoonphenomenon"begins.Inthatstateworkers"seemtohavegrayfacesat3p.m.intheofficebutafterfiveit’slikeabutterflycomingoutofacocoon.Theirvoicesliltandtheyarespontaneouswhentheywalkoutoftheoffice.The"cocoonphenomenon"isaresultofpeoplecompartmentalizingtheirlivesLauderdalefeels.Accompanyingthatis"lotsofclock-watchingandcountingthedaysuntilFriday." [D]We’reinatimeofhighambiguityaboutwhatlifemeansintermsofsocialrolesandintermsofwhatwe’retodowithourlives.Idon’tthinkthatpeoplehavegreaterexpectationsnowthaninthepast--Ithinkit’sjusthardertokeepyourexperiencesinplacebecausethetimekeepchangingonyou.Anexampleoftherapidlychangingtimeswouldbeayoungcollegestudentwhoisadvisedtogetadegreeinbusiness."Ifyou’reasophomorenowbythetimeyougetthedegreepeoplewithbusinessdegreescouldbeaglutonthemarket.Theideathattheprivatesectorcouldsolvemostoftheworld’sproblemscouldvanishbythen." [E]Inthethirdstageofburnoutwhichhetermsdespair"thepersonpullsintoashellandminimizesworkandsocialcontactsasmuchaspossible.Thereisdepressionandcryinganincreaseindrinkingrisk-takinganddrugs.Irelatedalotofmyworkwithabusingparentsasbeingthethirdstageofburnout.Theyarehighlyburnedoutasparents." [F]Lauderdaledividesthesymptomsofburnoutintothreestages.Firstisconfusion.Theworkermayvoicegeneralcomplaintssuchas"Idon’tfeelverygood"or"Ijustdon’thaveanypep."Sometimeschronicbackachesheadachesorcoldsappear.Aworkermayseemtolosehissenseofhumor.Hemayseeminattentiveinadiscussionbecauseofthelistofthingstodorunningthroughhismind. [G]Althoughthebulkofliteratureaboutburnoutiswork-relatedthesyndromecanoccurinanyofthemultiplerolesmostpeopleperform--spousefriendparentemployeesupervisor.Alsoburnoutinajobmaynotbeginatworkbutmaybeaspilloverfromtheworker’sdissatisfactionwithotherrolessuchasbeingtheparentofateenager. Order: 43
Text4 Businesstravelersusedtobethecashcowsofthehotelbusiness.Armedwithcorporatecreditcardsandexpenseaccountsthey’dhappilylaydownhundredsofdollarspernightfortheprivilegeofaGodivachocolateontheirpillowandasunkenwhirlpooltubintheirbathroom.Butjustasprolongedcorporatebelttighteninghasforcedroadwarriorstousebudgetairlinesmoreandmoreofthemarenoweschewingfive-starlodginginfavorofcheaperaccommodations.IndeedearlierthisyeartheU.S.-basedNationalBusinessTravelAssociationreleasedfiguresshowingthat61percentofcorporatetravelmanagersplannedtobooktheirpeopleintolower-pricedhotelsinthecomingyear. Here’sthegoodnews:penny-pinchingistranslatingintobetterdealsatcheapandup-markethotelsalike.Servicesatmiddle-markethotelsarerisingtoaccommodateanewwaveofmoredemandingcorporatecustomers.Andluxuryhotelsareworkinghardertokeepbusinesstravelerscomingofferinglowerratesspecialpackagesandextraservices.Eventhoughbusiness-travelvolumeissettorisebymorethan4percentin2004afterthreedismalyearshotelswillcontinuetobeunderpressure--inlargepartbecauseaweakdollarisforcingAmericanbusinesstravelerstosearchforvalue. Someofthebestdealsarecomingfromthebigchains.InJanuaryStarwoodHotelsannounceditwouldupgradeitsglobalmiddle-marketbrandFourPointsbyrollingoutfreehigh-speedwirelessInternetaccessinallguestrooms.OntheflipsideupscalebrandslikeInterContinentalandRitzCarltonaresellingemptyroomsatdiscountratesviaonlineservices.Thathastheeffectofdepressingluxury-roompricesbecausecorporatetravelmanagerscannowdemandthathotelsmatchtheirowndiscountpricesallthetime.InterContinentalhotelsinFranceandGermanyhavebeenhitsohardthattheyareactuallyrepricingtheirroomstoreflectratesbeforethedollarbeganfalling.UpscalehotelslikeWaldorf-AstoriaSofitelarealsotryingtoofferextraservices. Butbewareofnewhiddenfees.Inanefforttomakeupsomeoftheirlostrevenuehotelsarestartingtochargecorporatetravelersforthingsthatusedtobefree--includingbreakfastbanquetormeetingrooms. Asidefromsavingcompaniesmoneythetrendinfrugalbusinesstravelmaygiverisetoawholenewmarketsegment:thebuy-to-lethotelroomLastweekinLondonBritishpropertydeveloperJohnnySandelsonlaunchedGuestInvestahotelinNottingHillwhereuserscanpurchasearoomfor￡235000useitforamaximumof52nightsayearthemselvesthenrentitouttherestofthetimetomakeextramoney.Itseemsanideawhosetimehascome:GuestInvestsaysithasalreadyfieldedhundredsofcallsfrombusinesspeopleinterestedinmakingacheaperhoteltheirsecondhome. Accordingtothepassagebusinesstravelersusedto
Text3 CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate. TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source. ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment. SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement. UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees. FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. Microsoftcompanyinthesoftwareworld
[A]PeoplecanlearntoimprovetheirskillsatrecognizingburnoutandatdoingsomethingaboutitLauderdalesuggests.Afrequentlyusedlow-riskstrategyisonehecalls"thequickbreak."Examplesincluderearrangingthefurnituregettinganewhaircutornewclothestakingavacationorgoingtoaconcertorfootballgame.Othermajorchangeresponsesincludecompromisingandtryingtoacceptthecurrentlevelofsuccessorincomemovingtoanewenvironmentorsituationorchangingoneselfbyloweringexpectationsofworkorredefiningitsmeaning. [B]Schoolteachersandfull-timehousewiveswithchildrenathomeareamongthehighest-riskgroupslikelytosufferfromburnoutsaysMichaelLauderdaledirectoroftheUniversityofTexasSchoolofSocialWork’sresearchcenterwhobeganstudyingburnout10yearsago.Hefirstnoticedsymptomsoftheconditionamonghumanserviceagencyworkersbutsaystheconditionaffectseveryonetoadegree.Burnouthebelievescomeswhen"wehaveexpectationsofourjobscareersmarriagesorlivesandtherealityweareexperiencingislessthanourexpectations". [C]Moderateburnoutischaracterizedbymoreillnessandabsenteeismanda"cocoonphenomenon"begins.Inthatstateworkers"seemtohavegrayfacesat3p.m.intheofficebutafterfiveit’slikeabutterflycomingoutofacocoon.Theirvoicesliltandtheyarespontaneouswhentheywalkoutoftheoffice.The"cocoonphenomenon"isaresultofpeoplecompartmentalizingtheirlivesLauderdalefeels.Accompanyingthatis"lotsofclock-watchingandcountingthedaysuntilFriday." [D]We’reinatimeofhighambiguityaboutwhatlifemeansintermsofsocialrolesandintermsofwhatwe’retodowithourlives.Idon’tthinkthatpeoplehavegreaterexpectationsnowthaninthepast--Ithinkit’sjusthardertokeepyourexperiencesinplacebecausethetimekeepchangingonyou.Anexampleoftherapidlychangingtimeswouldbeayoungcollegestudentwhoisadvisedtogetadegreeinbusiness."Ifyou’reasophomorenowbythetimeyougetthedegreepeoplewithbusinessdegreescouldbeaglutonthemarket.Theideathattheprivatesectorcouldsolvemostoftheworld’sproblemscouldvanishbythen." [E]Inthethirdstageofburnoutwhichhetermsdespair"thepersonpullsintoashellandminimizesworkandsocialcontactsasmuchaspossible.Thereisdepressionandcryinganincreaseindrinkingrisk-takinganddrugs.Irelatedalotofmyworkwithabusingparentsasbeingthethirdstageofburnout.Theyarehighlyburnedoutasparents." [F]Lauderdaledividesthesymptomsofburnoutintothreestages.Firstisconfusion.Theworkermayvoicegeneralcomplaintssuchas"Idon’tfeelverygood"or"Ijustdon’thaveanypep."Sometimeschronicbackachesheadachesorcoldsappear.Aworkermayseemtolosehissenseofhumor.Hemayseeminattentiveinadiscussionbecauseofthelistofthingstodorunningthroughhismind. [G]Althoughthebulkofliteratureaboutburnoutiswork-relatedthesyndromecanoccurinanyofthemultiplerolesmostpeopleperform--spousefriendparentemployeesupervisor.Alsoburnoutinajobmaynotbeginatworkbutmaybeaspilloverfromtheworker’sdissatisfactionwithotherrolessuchasbeingtheparentofateenager. Order: 45
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text1 Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice" Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead." Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa. ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2 JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono. Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway." Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica. FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. Accordingtothetextsustainableeconomy
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions:Writealettertooneofyourhighschoolclassmateswhoisinanearbycityandinvitehim/hertoyourcityatthisweekend.Somenecessarydetailsmustbeincluded.Writeyourletterneatlywithnolessthan100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text4 Businesstravelersusedtobethecashcowsofthehotelbusiness.Armedwithcorporatecreditcardsandexpenseaccountsthey’dhappilylaydownhundredsofdollarspernightfortheprivilegeofaGodivachocolateontheirpillowandasunkenwhirlpooltubintheirbathroom.Butjustasprolongedcorporatebelttighteninghasforcedroadwarriorstousebudgetairlinesmoreandmoreofthemarenoweschewingfive-starlodginginfavorofcheaperaccommodations.IndeedearlierthisyeartheU.S.-basedNationalBusinessTravelAssociationreleasedfiguresshowingthat61percentofcorporatetravelmanagersplannedtobooktheirpeopleintolower-pricedhotelsinthecomingyear. Here’sthegoodnews:penny-pinchingistranslatingintobetterdealsatcheapandup-markethotelsalike.Servicesatmiddle-markethotelsarerisingtoaccommodateanewwaveofmoredemandingcorporatecustomers.Andluxuryhotelsareworkinghardertokeepbusinesstravelerscomingofferinglowerratesspecialpackagesandextraservices.Eventhoughbusiness-travelvolumeissettorisebymorethan4percentin2004afterthreedismalyearshotelswillcontinuetobeunderpressure--inlargepartbecauseaweakdollarisforcingAmericanbusinesstravelerstosearchforvalue. Someofthebestdealsarecomingfromthebigchains.InJanuaryStarwoodHotelsannounceditwouldupgradeitsglobalmiddle-marketbrandFourPointsbyrollingoutfreehigh-speedwirelessInternetaccessinallguestrooms.OntheflipsideupscalebrandslikeInterContinentalandRitzCarltonaresellingemptyroomsatdiscountratesviaonlineservices.Thathastheeffectofdepressingluxury-roompricesbecausecorporatetravelmanagerscannowdemandthathotelsmatchtheirowndiscountpricesallthetime.InterContinentalhotelsinFranceandGermanyhavebeenhitsohardthattheyareactuallyrepricingtheirroomstoreflectratesbeforethedollarbeganfalling.UpscalehotelslikeWaldorf-AstoriaSofitelarealsotryingtoofferextraservices. Butbewareofnewhiddenfees.Inanefforttomakeupsomeoftheirlostrevenuehotelsarestartingtochargecorporatetravelersforthingsthatusedtobefree--includingbreakfastbanquetormeetingrooms. Asidefromsavingcompaniesmoneythetrendinfrugalbusinesstravelmaygiverisetoawholenewmarketsegment:thebuy-to-lethotelroomLastweekinLondonBritishpropertydeveloperJohnnySandelsonlaunchedGuestInvestahotelinNottingHillwhereuserscanpurchasearoomfor￡235000useitforamaximumof52nightsayearthemselvesthenrentitouttherestofthetimetomakeextramoney.Itseemsanideawhosetimehascome:GuestInvestsaysithasalreadyfieldedhundredsofcallsfrombusinesspeopleinterestedinmakingacheaperhoteltheirsecondhome. Howdohotelsreacttothepenny-pinchingpolicy
Text2 JeffreySachsisamacroeconomistbytraininganexpertinthevagariesofbusinesscyclesandinternationalfinance.Butgivethemanl0minutesonstageandascholarlysymposiumstartstofeellikearevivalmeeting."LetmetakeyoutoMalawi"heurgesatypicalaudienceleaningintothemicrophoneandloweringhisvoice.LikemostcountriesinsouthernAfricaMalawihasSeenravagedbyAIDSfortwodecades.OneadultinsevenisHIV-positiveandsome2millionchildrenhavebeenorphaned.ButinsteadofhurlingnumbersathislistenersSachstransportsthemtoQueenElizabethCentralHospitalinBlantyreasitehevisitedthisyearwhiletravelingwiththerockstarBono. Atoneendofthefacilityisasmalloutpatientclinicwherepeoplewhocanpay$1adayreceivelife-sustainingAIDSdrugs."Theytakethemedicineandtheygetbetter"Sachsdeclares."Theyreturntowork.Theygobacktocarefortheirchildren"Unfortunately$1adayisnearlytwicewhatatypicalMalawianliveson.SomostAIDSpatientsendupinwardsliketheonejustdownthehallfromtheoutpatientclinic."ladiesandgentlemen’Sachstellsthenowhushedhall"thisplagueisexploding.Itsconsequenceswillmaketheworldquake.Richcountriescouldstopthedevastation.Andmostarestilllookingaway." Sachsisnotthefirsttosoundthisalarmbuthespeakswithspecialauthority.AsthenewlyappointeddirectorofColumbiaUniversity’sEarthInstituteheheadsahugeinterdisciplinaryefforttohelppoorcountriesbuildsustainableeconomies.Insteadoftreatingclimatechangeepidemicdiseaseandsocialupheavalasdistinctphenomenatheinstitute’s800scientistsstudythelinksamongsuchproblems--andworktotranslatetheirinsightsintoaction.Sachsalsochairsblue-ribbonpanelsfortheWorldHealthOrganizationadvisesU.N.Secretary-GeneralKofiAnnanondevelopmentissuesandcirclestheglobepleadingwithpolicymakerstosupporttheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS.Inthecomingyearhe’llhelpseednewtreatment-and-preventionprogramsthroughoutAsiaandAfrica. FromSachs’sperspectivecontrollingAIDSisnotonlyamoralimperativebutalsoapracticalnecessity.Asheisforevertryingtoconvincepoliticalleadersdiseasecanperpetuatepovertyruineconomiesandunderminecivicorder.AsaSachs-ledWHOcommissionconcludedlastyear"Theburdenofdiseaseinsomelow-incomeregions...standsasabarriertoeconomicgrowthandmustbeaddressedfrontallyandcentrallyinanycomprehensivedevelopmentstrategy."Asagrouptheworld’srichestcountriesnowspend.just$6billionayearinhealth-relateddevelopmentassistance.TheSachscommissionconcludedthatbyraisingthecommitmentto$27billionby2007and$38billionby2015wewouldsave8millionliveseveryyearwhileimprovingathirdoftheworld’sprospectsforprosperity. JeffreySachsdescribedthesituationinMalawiinorderto
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text1 Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice" Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead." Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa. ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. WecaninferthatthekeyfeatureofNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityisthat
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]PeoplecanlearntoimprovetheirskillsatrecognizingburnoutandatdoingsomethingaboutitLauderdalesuggests.Afrequentlyusedlow-riskstrategyisonehecalls"thequickbreak."Examplesincluderearrangingthefurnituregettinganewhaircutornewclothestakingavacationorgoingtoaconcertorfootballgame.Othermajorchangeresponsesincludecompromisingandtryingtoacceptthecurrentlevelofsuccessorincomemovingtoanewenvironmentorsituationorchangingoneselfbyloweringexpectationsofworkorredefiningitsmeaning. [B]Schoolteachersandfull-timehousewiveswithchildrenathomeareamongthehighest-riskgroupslikelytosufferfromburnoutsaysMichaelLauderdaledirectoroftheUniversityofTexasSchoolofSocialWork’sresearchcenterwhobeganstudyingburnout10yearsago.Hefirstnoticedsymptomsoftheconditionamonghumanserviceagencyworkersbutsaystheconditionaffectseveryonetoadegree.Burnouthebelievescomeswhen"wehaveexpectationsofourjobscareersmarriagesorlivesandtherealityweareexperiencingislessthanourexpectations". [C]Moderateburnoutischaracterizedbymoreillnessandabsenteeismanda"cocoonphenomenon"begins.Inthatstateworkers"seemtohavegrayfacesat3p.m.intheofficebutafterfiveit’slikeabutterflycomingoutofacocoon.Theirvoicesliltandtheyarespontaneouswhentheywalkoutoftheoffice.The"cocoonphenomenon"isaresultofpeoplecompartmentalizingtheirlivesLauderdalefeels.Accompanyingthatis"lotsofclock-watchingandcountingthedaysuntilFriday." [D]We’reinatimeofhighambiguityaboutwhatlifemeansintermsofsocialrolesandintermsofwhatwe’retodowithourlives.Idon’tthinkthatpeoplehavegreaterexpectationsnowthaninthepast--Ithinkit’sjusthardertokeepyourexperiencesinplacebecausethetimekeepchangingonyou.Anexampleoftherapidlychangingtimeswouldbeayoungcollegestudentwhoisadvisedtogetadegreeinbusiness."Ifyou’reasophomorenowbythetimeyougetthedegreepeoplewithbusinessdegreescouldbeaglutonthemarket.Theideathattheprivatesectorcouldsolvemostoftheworld’sproblemscouldvanishbythen." [E]Inthethirdstageofburnoutwhichhetermsdespair"thepersonpullsintoashellandminimizesworkandsocialcontactsasmuchaspossible.Thereisdepressionandcryinganincreaseindrinkingrisk-takinganddrugs.Irelatedalotofmyworkwithabusingparentsasbeingthethirdstageofburnout.Theyarehighlyburnedoutasparents." [F]Lauderdaledividesthesymptomsofburnoutintothreestages.Firstisconfusion.Theworkermayvoicegeneralcomplaintssuchas"Idon’tfeelverygood"or"Ijustdon’thaveanypep."Sometimeschronicbackachesheadachesorcoldsappear.Aworkermayseemtolosehissenseofhumor.Hemayseeminattentiveinadiscussionbecauseofthelistofthingstodorunningthroughhismind. [G]Althoughthebulkofliteratureaboutburnoutiswork-relatedthesyndromecanoccurinanyofthemultiplerolesmostpeopleperform--spousefriendparentemployeesupervisor.Alsoburnoutinajobmaynotbeginatworkbutmaybeaspilloverfromtheworker’sdissatisfactionwithotherrolessuchasbeingtheparentofateenager. Order: 41
Withthedepletionofthecodfisheryandsomanyothercoastalfishstocksworldwidethefishingindustryhasturnedtothehighseastoexploittheirresources.Fishingoperationsarenow1theseamountsoceanicridgesandplateausofthedeepocean2nationaljurisdictionwhereownershipandresponsibilitydonot3toanynation. 4adecadeormorewehavecausedsignificantdamageto5unknownecosystemsdepletedspeciesandprobablydoomedmanyothersto6.Everydaycommercialfishingfleets7primarilyfromjust11nationsventure8thehighseastofishthedeepocean.What’sleftistrulyalonelyinfertileunderseadesert. Thehighseasareveryspecial.Itisherewhereyoucanfind9groupingsofanimalsthat10theirenergyfromsources11thesunaroundvolcanoesonthedeepseafloor.Itisonlyherewhereyoucanfindareasstillfreefromintroducedspecies12intheseasaroundAntarctica.Anditisherewhereyoucanfind13organismsthataremorethan8000yearsoldlikemanyofthemassivedeep-seacorms. Butwhatreallysetsthehighseas14fromallotherareasweknowisthe15lackofprotectionforanyofthisnaturalheritage. AUnitedNationsmeetingrecentlyfinallypaygreatattentiontothehighseasandputthemonthe16.Governmentofficialsfromaroundtheworldgatheredtogetherwithscientistsrepresentativesfromthefishing17conservationgroupsandotherstake-holderstodiscussconservationand18useofmarinebiologicaldiversityinthehighseas1964percentoftheEarth’ssurface. Theyneedtomovequickly.20thefragilityoftheseenvironmentswesimplydohothavetheluxuryoftimebutwecanactbeforeitistoolate. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text3 CananyonecompetewithMicrosoftintheworldofsoftwareapplicationsForyearsnowBillGates&Co.havehadclearsailing:theWindowsoperatingsystemmonopolyhashelpedmaketheirkeyproducts--likeWordandOutlook--intounbeatablejuggernauts.MeanwhileinnovationinthoseareasproceedsonlyatthepacethatMicrosoftdeemsappropriate. TheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationhasadifferentidea:topromotefreesoftwareandinnovationbycreatingcoolnewapplicationsonabare-bonesbudget.Thenot-for-profitOSAFwasinitiallyfundedwith$5millionfromformerLotusDevelopmentCorp.founderMitchKapor.ForKaporthisisafascinatingdeparture.TwentyyearsagoheintroducedoneofthefirstkillerapplicationsofthePCagetheLotus1-2-3spreadsheet;itwasunabashedlyfor-profitandwasclosed-source. ButKaporalwayshadhisheartinthecountercultureandafterleavinghiscompanyheco-foundedtheElectronicFrontierFoundationacyber-rightsorganization.Thoughhehasseensuccessasaninvestorhefeelsstronglyabouttheopen-sourcemovementwhichpositsthatintheageofcomplexsoftwaremanypeopleworkingfornothingcanduplicateorevenexceedtheeffortsoftherake-in-thebucksgang.Andbecausethesourcecodeisavailabletoallanyonecanimprovetheproduct.ThecontinuedsuccessoftheLinux-poweredoperatingsystemandApacheWebserversshowsthatopensourceisnowilddreambutaseriouschallengetotheestablishment. SometimenextyeartheOSAFwillbegintestingitsfirstproductapersonal-informationmanagerthatdirectlytakesonMicrosoft’sOutlook.NamedafterthefamousmysterynovelistChandlerwillrunonMacWindowsandLinuxbeloadedwithcleverfeaturesandallowuserstoshareinformationwithothersonthingslikecalendarentries.Andofcourseitwillbefree.Kaporhassignedupanall-starteamincludingLouMontulliNetscapeNavigatorbrowserandprogramminglegendAndyHertzfeld.Alsoparticipating:thousandsofvolunteerswhobelieveinthebarn-raisingspiritoftheopen-sourcemovement. UltimatelyKaporhopestheprojectwillbeself-supportingwithmoneycomingfromcorporatesponsorshipsfoundationsandlicensingfees. FortheimmediatefutureKaporthinksthatChandlerwillbesimplyanotheralternativeintheshadowofthegiant.ButlongtermtheOSAFseesaseachangeintheindustryitself."IfChandlerworksIcan’tseewhywecouldn’tdoawordprocessororaspreadsheet"saysKapor.Afterallhepredicts"in10yearsOfficeandWindowswillbecommodities."MeaningthattheOpenSourceApplicationsFoundationoranyoneelsewillbeabletoplugitsproducts--includinganoperatingsystem-intoyourcomputingworld.Microsoft’swillcostmoney.Theotherswillbefree.IfKaporhashiswayit’salonggood-byeforMicrosoft’sdominance. WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheOSAF
Text1 Theclocktowerlooksoutovera38-hectarecampusgracedbyanornamentallakeandapillaredcentralhall.AddalittleivyanditcouldbealmostanyrespectedseatoflearningintheWest.Onlythehemisphereiswrong.ThisisNingbocampusofNottinghamUniversityinChina’sZhejiangprovincehalfaworldawayfromitsBritishhome.TeachingisinEnglishthefirstlanguageofthestaff.LastyearthecollegeajointventurewithaChineseenterpriseopeneditsdoorsto900localstudentslookingforaninternationaleducationwithoutleavinghome.Withinfiveyearstheirnumbersareforecasttoreach4000.SayNottinghamUniversityprovostInaGow:"WhygoallthewaytoBritainwhenyoucanstudyinChinaathalftheprice" Goodquestion.Internationaleducationisnowaglobalindustryworth$30billionayearwithsome2millionstudentsstudyingabroadafigurethat’sforecasttotrebleby2020.InparticularthesurgingeconomiesofIndiaandChinaareproducingfarmorewould-begraduatesthantheirowncollegescanaccommodate.ButpreferencesarechangingfastasthriftystudentsgiveuptheirtraditionalfavoritesintheWestandchoosetostayclosertohome.Thatmeansachangeinstrategyforrecruit-hungrycollegesandgovernments.SaysAndreasSchleicheraneducationexpertattheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment"Therealinternationaldimensionisthatwenolongermovestudentsaroundtheworld;wemovetheprovidersandcontentsinstead." Itdoesn’ttakeaPh.D.tospotthetrends.TheUnitedStatesstillattractsmorethanaquarterofalloverseasstudentsbutitsmarketshareisslipping.BritaininthesecondslotsawthenumberofapplicantsfromChinadipby20percentlastyear.Factorsincludeexpenseandtighterentryregulation.TheUnitedStateslastyearrelaxedsomeofitscontrolsbutnotbeforelosingsomeoftherichstudentbusinessfromtheMiddleEast.Britishuniversitiesarecomplainingloudlyatthegovernment’sdecisiontodoublethepriceofastudentvisa. ThebigbeneficiariesarebackintheEastclosetohomeforIndianandChinesestudents.WithgenerousstatehelpAustraliancollegesnowattract9percentofoverseasstudentsafteradecadeofdouble-digitincreases.Australians’goal:560000foreignstudents--almostthreetimestoday’sfigure--by2025withAsiansaccountingforsome70percentofthetotal.What’sgoodforthecollegesisalsogoodforthenationalaccounts.InternationaleducationnowranksasAustralia’sfourthlargestsourceofexportdollarsaftercoaltourismandironore. AccordingtoAndreasSchleicherthetrendsofeducationisthat
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart1distinctivefrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturythedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththe2toestablishitasafineart.3thechargethatphotographerswasasoullessmechanicalduplicationof4photographers5thatitwasinsteadaprivileged6ofseeingarevoltagainstcommonplacevisionand7worthyanartthanpainting. Ironically8photographyissecurelyestablishedasafineartmanyphotographersfinditpretentiousor9tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwillingto10whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart11toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithit.Thisshowstheextent12whichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe13ofModernism.thebettertheartthemoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart. Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary14ofart15aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Photography16Poppaintingreassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart. Photography17hasdevelopedallthe18andself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe19ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—20anart. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
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