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{{B}}University Physics{{/B}}? ?University Physics is intended for students of science and engin...
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ???????{{B}}Medical Journals{{/B}}??Medicaljournalsarepublicationsthatreport medicalinformationtophysiciansandotherhealthprofessionals.? ?Inthepastthesejournalswereavailableonlyinprint.Withthe developmentofelectronicpublishingmanymedicaljournalsnowhaveWebsites ontheInternetandsomejournalspublishonlyonline.Afewmedicaljournals liketheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationareconsideredgeneral medicaljournalsbecausetheycovermanyfieldsofmedicine.Mostmedical journalsarespecialtyjournalsthatfocusonaparticularareaof medicine.??Medicaljournalspublishmanytypesofarticles. Researcharticlesreporttheresultsofresearchstudiesonarangeoftopics varyingfromthebasicmechanismsofdiseasestoclinicaltrialsthatcompare outcomesofdifferenttreatments.Reviewarticlessummarizeandanalyzethe informationavailableonaspecifictopicbasedonacarefulsearchofthe medicalliterature.??Becausetheresultsofindividualresearch studiescanbeaffectedbymanyfactorscombiningresultsfromdifferent studiesonthesametopiccanbehelpfulinreachingconclusionsaboutthe scientificevidenceforpreventingdiagnosingortreatingaparticulardisease. Caseconferencesandcasereportsmaybepublishedinmedicaljournalsto educatephysiciansaboutparticularillnessesandhowtotreatatthem. Editorialsinmedicaljournalsareshortessaysthatexpresstheviewsofthe authorsoftenregardingaresearchorreviewarticlepublishedinthesame issue.??Editorialsprovideperspectiveonhowthecurrentarticle fitswithotherinformationonthesametopic.Letterstotheeditorprovidea wayforreadersofthemedicaljournaltoexpresscommentsquestionsor criticismsaboutarticlespublishedinthat journal.Letterstotheeditorenablereadersofamedicaljournaltoexpresscommentson______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????{{B}}PassiveSmokingisWorkplace Killer{{/B}}??PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeaction on{{U}}?1?{{/U}}smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecond-handsmoke{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitality industry.??ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegein Londontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearand contributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart{{U}}?4?{{/U}}and strokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce.??Exposureinthe hospitality{{U}}?5?{{/U}}atworkoutweighstheconsequencesof exposureofliving{{U}}?6?{{/U}}asmokerforthosestaffJamrozik saidinaninterview.??Other{{U}}?7?{{/U}}havemeasured thelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwould translateintoavoidabledeaths.??Hisfindingsare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryin Britain.Theirexposuretosecond-handsmokeandtheir{{U}}?9?{{/U}}of dyingfromit.??Jamroziksaidtomefindingswouldapplyto{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar.? ?ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswho sponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanon smokingin{{U}}?12?{{/U}}places.??Environmental tobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis{{U}} ?13?{{/U}}damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneral publicshesaidinastatement.??Makingtheseplaces smoke-fleenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill{{U}} ?14?{{/U}}helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmoking completelysheadded.??Irelandrecentlybecamethefirst countrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic{{U}}?15 ?{{/U}}.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilar measures.??workplacen.工作场所车间??hospitalityn. 友好款待好客殷勤??imperialadj.英联邦的??outweighvt. 在重要性或价值上超过??vulnerableadj. 易受伤的脆弱的
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????{{B}}PassiveSmokingisWorkplace Killer{{/B}}??PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeaction on{{U}}?1?{{/U}}smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecond-handsmoke{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitality industry.??ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegein Londontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearand contributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart{{U}}?4?{{/U}}and strokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce.??Exposureinthe hospitality{{U}}?5?{{/U}}atworkoutweighstheconsequencesof exposureofliving{{U}}?6?{{/U}}asmokerforthosestaffJamrozik saidinaninterview.??Other{{U}}?7?{{/U}}havemeasured thelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwould translateintoavoidabledeaths.??Hisfindingsare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryin Britain.Theirexposuretosecond-handsmokeandtheir{{U}}?9?{{/U}}of dyingfromit.??Jamroziksaidtomefindingswouldapplyto{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar.? ?ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswho sponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanon smokingin{{U}}?12?{{/U}}places.??Environmental tobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis{{U}} ?13?{{/U}}damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneral publicshesaidinastatement.??Makingtheseplaces smoke-fleenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill{{U}} ?14?{{/U}}helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmoking completelysheadded.??Irelandrecentlybecamethefirst countrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic{{U}}?15 ?{{/U}}.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilar measures.??workplacen.工作场所车间??hospitalityn. 友好款待好客殷勤??imperialadj.英联邦的??outweighvt. 在重要性或价值上超过??vulnerableadj. 易受伤的脆弱的
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{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????{{B}}PassiveSmokingisWorkplace Killer{{/B}}??PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeaction on{{U}}?1?{{/U}}smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecond-handsmoke{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitality industry.??ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegein Londontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearand contributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart{{U}}?4?{{/U}}and strokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce.??Exposureinthe hospitality{{U}}?5?{{/U}}atworkoutweighstheconsequencesof exposureofliving{{U}}?6?{{/U}}asmokerforthosestaffJamrozik saidinaninterview.??Other{{U}}?7?{{/U}}havemeasured thelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwould translateintoavoidabledeaths.??Hisfindingsare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryin Britain.Theirexposuretosecond-handsmokeandtheir{{U}}?9?{{/U}}of dyingfromit.??Jamroziksaidtomefindingswouldapplyto{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar.? ?ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswho sponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanon smokingin{{U}}?12?{{/U}}places.??Environmental tobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis{{U}} ?13?{{/U}}damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneral publicshesaidinastatement.??Makingtheseplaces smoke-fleenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill{{U}} ?14?{{/U}}helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmoking completelysheadded.??Irelandrecentlybecamethefirst countrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic{{U}}?15 ?{{/U}}.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilar measures.??workplacen.工作场所车间??hospitalityn. 友好款待好客殷勤??imperialadj.英联邦的??outweighvt. 在重要性或价值上超过??vulnerableadj. 易受伤的脆弱的
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}EffectsofEnvironmental Pollution{{/B}}??Ifpollutioncontinuestoincreaseatthepresent rateformationofaerosols浮质intheatmospherewillcausetheonset开始of aniceageinaboutfiftyyear’stime.ThisconclusionreachedbyDrS.I. Rasoo1andDrS.H.ScheideroftheUnitedStatesGoddardSpaceFlightCenter answertheapparentlyconflictingquestionsofwhetheranincreaseinthecarbon dioxide二氧化碳contentoftheatmospherewillcausetheEarthwarmupor increasingtheaerosolquestionisdominant.??Twospecters hauntingconservationistshavebeentheprospectthatenvironmentalpollution mightleadtotheplanet’sbecomingunbearablyhotorcold.Oneoftheseghosts hasnowbeenlaidbecauseitseemsthatevenanincreaseintheamountof carbondioxideintheatmospheretoeighttimesitspresentvaluewillproduce anincreaseintemperatureofonly2℃whichwouldtakeplaceoverseveral thousandyears.Buttheotherproblemnowloomslargerthanever.? ?Aerosolsarecollectionofsmallliquidorsolidparticlesdispersedin airorsomeothermedium.Theparticlesareallsotinythateachiscomposedof onlyafewhundredatoms.Becauseofthistheycanfloatintheairforavery longtime.Perhapsthemostcommonlyexperiencedaerosolisindustrialsmog烟雾 ofthekindthatplaguedLondoninthe1950sandisanevengreaterproblemin LosAngelestoday.ThesecollectionsofaerosolsreflecttheSun’sheatand therebycausetheEarthtocool.??DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderhave calculatedtheexacteffectofadustaerosollayerjustabovetheEarth’s surfaceinthetemperatureoftheplanet.Asthelayerbuildsupthepresent delicatebalancebetweentheamountofheatabsorbedfromtheSunandtheamount radiatedfromtheEarthisdisturbed.Theaerosollayernotonlyreflectsmuch oftheSun’slightbutalsotransmitstheinfrared红外线radiationfrombelow. Sowhiletheheatinputtosurfacedropsthelossofheatremainshighuntil theplanetcoolstoanewbalancedstate.??Withinfiftyyearsif nostepsaretakentostopthespreadofaerosolsintheatmosphereacooling oftheEarthbyasmuchas3.5~Cseemsinevitable.Ifthatlastsforonlyafew yearsitwouldstartanothericeageandbecausethegrowingicecapsateach polewouldthemselvesreflectmuchoftheSun’sradiationitwouldprobably continuetodevelopeveniftheaerosollayerweredestroyed.? ?Theonlybrightspotinthisgloomyforecastliesinthehopeexpressedby DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderthatnuclearpowdermayreplacefossilfuelsintime topreventtheaerosolcontentofatmospherefrombecoming critical.TheonlywaytostopthespreadofaerosolsintheatmosphereaccordingtoDrRasoolandDrSchneideristouse______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}EffectsofEnvironmental Pollution{{/B}}??Ifpollutioncontinuestoincreaseatthepresent rateformationofaerosols浮质intheatmospherewillcausetheonset开始of aniceageinaboutfiftyyear’stime.ThisconclusionreachedbyDrS.I. Rasoo1andDrS.H.ScheideroftheUnitedStatesGoddardSpaceFlightCenter answertheapparentlyconflictingquestionsofwhetheranincreaseinthecarbon dioxide二氧化碳contentoftheatmospherewillcausetheEarthwarmupor increasingtheaerosolquestionisdominant.??Twospecters hauntingconservationistshavebeentheprospectthatenvironmentalpollution mightleadtotheplanet’sbecomingunbearablyhotorcold.Oneoftheseghosts hasnowbeenlaidbecauseitseemsthatevenanincreaseintheamountof carbondioxideintheatmospheretoeighttimesitspresentvaluewillproduce anincreaseintemperatureofonly2℃whichwouldtakeplaceoverseveral thousandyears.Buttheotherproblemnowloomslargerthanever.? ?Aerosolsarecollectionofsmallliquidorsolidparticlesdispersedin airorsomeothermedium.Theparticlesareallsotinythateachiscomposedof onlyafewhundredatoms.Becauseofthistheycanfloatintheairforavery longtime.Perhapsthemostcommonlyexperiencedaerosolisindustrialsmog烟雾 ofthekindthatplaguedLondoninthe1950sandisanevengreaterproblemin LosAngelestoday.ThesecollectionsofaerosolsreflecttheSun’sheatand therebycausetheEarthtocool.??DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderhave calculatedtheexacteffectofadustaerosollayerjustabovetheEarth’s surfaceinthetemperatureoftheplanet.Asthelayerbuildsupthepresent delicatebalancebetweentheamountofheatabsorbedfromtheSunandtheamount radiatedfromtheEarthisdisturbed.Theaerosollayernotonlyreflectsmuch oftheSun’slightbutalsotransmitstheinfrared红外线radiationfrombelow. Sowhiletheheatinputtosurfacedropsthelossofheatremainshighuntil theplanetcoolstoanewbalancedstate.??Withinfiftyyearsif nostepsaretakentostopthespreadofaerosolsintheatmosphereacooling oftheEarthbyasmuchas3.5~Cseemsinevitable.Ifthatlastsforonlyafew yearsitwouldstartanothericeageandbecausethegrowingicecapsateach polewouldthemselvesreflectmuchoftheSun’sradiationitwouldprobably continuetodevelopeveniftheaerosollayerweredestroyed.? ?Theonlybrightspotinthisgloomyforecastliesinthehopeexpressedby DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderthatnuclearpowdermayreplacefossilfuelsintime topreventtheaerosolcontentofatmospherefrombecoming critical.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
{{*HTML*}} ?????????{{B}}HowDid EnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage{{/B}}??TheriseofEnglishisa remarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshort bookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??Itiscertainlyquitea theme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglish didnotexit.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibleto modemearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeak CherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe??and withaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16th centuryandaftertheNormanConquestthereformationandthearrivalof commercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5 millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.Asthesecondmillennium approachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwritten thananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomea trulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeople welloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedto it.??Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthis staggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichthe expansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasa worldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthe caseisvirtuallywon.??Sowhathappened?? ?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.In otherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutan armyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughoutthe worldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritish empirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesame linguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fuelofthe Englishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40let alone400yearsago.??ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudy isthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobal reachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusic andfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationofthe World-Wide-WedasapowerfulreinforceofAmericanculturalandlinguistic dominance.??Oneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernsthe roleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreading Englishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworld wars.??Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystal proposesthe.recognitionofanewformofEnglish—WSSEWorldStandardSpoken English—whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglish wouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid. Englishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworld communityforeverCrystalwrites.Paragraph5______
{{*HTML*}} ?????????{{B}}HowDid EnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage{{/B}}??TheriseofEnglishisa remarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshort bookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??Itiscertainlyquitea theme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglish didnotexit.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibleto modemearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeak CherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe??and withaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16th centuryandaftertheNormanConquestthereformationandthearrivalof commercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5 millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.Asthesecondmillennium approachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwritten thananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomea trulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeople welloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedto it.??Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthis staggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichthe expansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasa worldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthe caseisvirtuallywon.??Sowhathappened?? ?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.In otherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutan armyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughoutthe worldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritish empirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesame linguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fuelofthe Englishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40let alone400yearsago.??ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudy isthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobal reachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusic andfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationofthe World-Wide-WedasapowerfulreinforceofAmericanculturalandlinguistic dominance.??Oneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernsthe roleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreading Englishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworld wars.??Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystal proposesthe.recognitionofanewformofEnglish—WSSEWorldStandardSpoken English—whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglish wouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid. Englishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworld communityforeverCrystalwrites.Thetwointernationalorganizationsfoundedafterthetwoworldwarsmadetheircontribution______.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ???{{B}}UndergroundCoalFiresaLooming Catastrophe{{/B}}??CoalburningdeepundergroundinChinaIndia andIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlifescientistshave warned.Theselarge-scaleundergroundblazescausethegroundtemperatureto heatupandkillsurroundingsvegetationproducegreenhousegasesandcaneven igniteforestfiresapanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingofthe AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresulting releaseofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocal watersourcesandsoilstheywarned.??Coalfiresareaglobal catastrophesaidAssociateProfessorGlennStracherofEastGeorgiaCollegein SwainsboroUSA.Butsurprisinglyfewpeopleknowaboutthem.? ?Coalcanheatuponitsownandeventuallycatchfireandburnifthere isacontinuousoxygensupply.Theheatproducedisnotcausedtodisappearand undertherightcombinationsofsunlightandoxygencantriggerspontaneous catchingfireandburning.Thiscanoccurundergroundincoalstockpiles abandonedminesorevenascoalistransported.SuchfiresinChinaconsumeup to200milliontonesofcoalperyeardelegatesweretold.Incomparisonthe USeconomyconsumesaboutonebilliontonsofcoalannuallysaidStracher whoseanalysisofthelikelyimpactofcoalfireshasbeenacceptedfor publicationintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcologyonceunderwaycoal firescanburnfordecadesevencenturies.Intheprocesstheyreleaselarge volumesofgreenhousegases;poisonousgasesfumesandblackparticlesintothe atmosphere.??Themembersofthepaneldiscussedtheimpactthese firesmaybehavingonglobalandregionalclimatechangeandagreedthatthe undergroundnatureofthefiresmakesthemdifficulttoprotect.Oneofthe membersofthepanelAssistantProfessorPaulVanDijkoftheInternational InstituteforGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservationintheNetherlands hasbeenworkingwiththeChinesegovernmenttodetectandmonitorfiresinthe northernregionsofthecountry.??Ultimatelytheremotesensing andothertechniquesshouldallowscientiststoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxide thesesfiresareemitting.Onesuggestedmethodofcontainingthefireswas presentedbyCaryColaozzioftheengineeringfirmGoodsonwhichhasdeveloped aheat-resistantgroutathinmortarusedtofillcracksandcreviceswhich isdesignedtobepumpedintothecoalfiretocutofftheoxygen supply.Accordingtothethirdparagraphwhatwillhappenwhentheundergroundheatdoesnotdisappear?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????{{B}}HowDid EnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage{{/B}}??TheriseofEnglishisa remarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshort bookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??Itiscertainlyquitea theme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglish didnotexit.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibleto modemearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeak CherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe??and withaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16th centuryandaftertheNormanConquestthereformationandthearrivalof commercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5 millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.Asthesecondmillennium approachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwritten thananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomea trulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeople welloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedto it.??Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthis staggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichthe expansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasa worldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthe caseisvirtuallywon.??Sowhathappened?? ?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.In otherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutan armyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughoutthe worldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritish empirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesame linguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fuelofthe Englishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40let alone400yearsago.??ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudy isthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobal reachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusic andfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationofthe World-Wide-WedasapowerfulreinforceofAmericanculturalandlinguistic dominance.??Oneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernsthe roleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreading Englishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworld wars.??Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystal proposesthe.recognitionofanewformofEnglish—WSSEWorldStandardSpoken English—whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglish wouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid. Englishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworld communityforeverCrystalwrites.ThekindofEnglishspoken1500yearsagowassodifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaktoday______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ???????{{B}}IntheGlobal Economy{{/B}}??Mostnationstoday—regardlessoftheirdegreeof economicdevelopmentortheirpoliticalphilosophiesmrecognizetheimportance ofmarketing.Indeedeconomicgrowthindevelopingnationsdependsgreatlyon theabilitytodesigneffectivemarketingsystemsfortheirrawmaterialsand industrialoutput.??Todayaglobalmarketplaceisemerging.In manyperhapsmostnationalmarketscompaniesfornumerouscountriescompete aggressively.??ConsidertheUSmarketforexample.Untilthelate 1970stheUnitedStatesprovidedalargedomesticmarketforAmericanfirms andtherewasnosignificantforeigncompetitioninmostindustriesinthat market.Butthepicturechangeddramaticallythroughthe1980sasforeignfirms improvedtheirproductsandtheirmarketingexpertiseandthensuccessfully enteredtheAmericanmarket.Manyimportedproductshaveachievedlargesalesm officeequipmentautosapparelswatchessemiconductorsandconsumer electronicsforexample.AsaresulttheUnitedStateshasbeenrunninglarge annualtradedeficitsmeaningthatimportsgreatlyexceedexports.? ?Intheearly1980sthecompetitionfacingUSfirmscameprimarilyfrom Japanesecompanies.LatercompaniesinthefourAsiantigersaddedto competitivepressures.Inthe1990scontinuingcompetitionfromthesePacific RimcountriesandregionswillbeaugmentedbyanewchallengefromWestern Europe.Startingin1992the12-nationEuropeancommunitywilleliminate internaltradebarriersandadoptuniformtechnicalfinancialandmarketing standards.AmoreintegratedEuropeanCommunitywillopenmajormarketing opportunitiesforinternationallymindedUSfirmsbutatthesametimeitis expectedtostiffencompetition.??MoreandmoreAmericanfirms— manylargeonesandevensomerathersmallones--aremovingintoforeign markets.Manycompaniesareconcludingthatachievingprofitandgrowth objectivesismostlikelythroughacombinationofdomesticandinternational marketingratherthansolerelianceondomestic marketing.AfurtherintegrationofEuropeanCommunitymaybringmoreUScompetitorsintothemarketofitsmembernations.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????{{B}}PassiveSmokingisWorkplace Killer{{/B}}??PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeaction on{{U}}?1?{{/U}}smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecond-handsmoke{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitality industry.??ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegein Londontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearand contributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart{{U}}?4?{{/U}}and strokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce.??Exposureinthe hospitality{{U}}?5?{{/U}}atworkoutweighstheconsequencesof exposureofliving{{U}}?6?{{/U}}asmokerforthosestaffJamrozik saidinaninterview.??Other{{U}}?7?{{/U}}havemeasured thelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwould translateintoavoidabledeaths.??Hisfindingsare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryin Britain.Theirexposuretosecond-handsmokeandtheir{{U}}?9?{{/U}}of dyingfromit.??Jamroziksaidtomefindingswouldapplyto{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar.? ?ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswho sponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanon smokingin{{U}}?12?{{/U}}places.??Environmental tobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis{{U}} ?13?{{/U}}damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneral publicshesaidinastatement.??Makingtheseplaces smoke-fleenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill{{U}} ?14?{{/U}}helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmoking completelysheadded.??Irelandrecentlybecamethefirst countrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic{{U}}?15 ?{{/U}}.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilar measures.??workplacen.工作场所车间??hospitalityn. 友好款待好客殷勤??imperialadj.英联邦的??outweighvt. 在重要性或价值上超过??vulnerableadj. 易受伤的脆弱的
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????{{B}}PassiveSmokingisWorkplace Killer{{/B}}??PressuremountedonBritainonMondaytotakeaction on{{U}}?1?{{/U}}smokingwithnewresearchshowingsecond-handsmoke{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}aboutoneworkereachweekinthehospitality industry.??ProfessorKonradJamrozikofImperialCollegein Londontoldaconferenceonenvironmentaltobaccothatsecond-hand{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}kills49employeesinpubsbarsrestaurantsandhotelseachyearand contributesto700deathsfromlungcancerheart{{U}}?4?{{/U}}and strokeacrossthetotalnationalworkforce.??Exposureinthe hospitality{{U}}?5?{{/U}}atworkoutweighstheconsequencesof exposureofliving{{U}}?6?{{/U}}asmokerforthosestaffJamrozik saidinaninterview.??Other{{U}}?7?{{/U}}havemeasured thelevelsofexposuretopassivesmokingbutJamrozikcalculatedhowitwould translateintoavoidabledeaths.??Hisfindingsare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}onthenumberofpeopleworkinginthehospitalityindustryin Britain.Theirexposuretosecond-handsmokeandtheir{{U}}?9?{{/U}}of dyingfromit.??Jamroziksaidtomefindingswouldapplyto{{U}} ?10?{{/U}}countriesinEuropebecausetoagreateror{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}extentlevelsofsmokinginthecommunityaresimilar.? ?ProfessorCarolBlackpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicianswho sponsoredthemeetingsaidtheresearchisproofoftheneedforabanon smokingin{{U}}?12?{{/U}}places.??Environmental tobaccosmokeinpubsbarsrestaurantsandotherpublicplacesis{{U}} ?13?{{/U}}damagingtothehealthofemployeesaswellasthegeneral publicshesaidinastatement.??Makingtheseplaces smoke-fleenotonlyprotectsvulnerablestaffandthepublic.Itwill{{U}} ?14?{{/U}}helpover300000peopleinBritaintostopsmoking completelysheadded.??Irelandrecentlybecamethefirst countrytointroduceanationalbanonsmokinginpublic{{U}}?15 ?{{/U}}.NewYorkandpartsofAustraliahavetakensimilar measures.??workplacen.工作场所车间??hospitalityn. 友好款待好客殷勤??imperialadj.英联邦的??outweighvt. 在重要性或价值上超过??vulnerableadj. 易受伤的脆弱的
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}EffectsofEnvironmental Pollution{{/B}}??Ifpollutioncontinuestoincreaseatthepresent rateformationofaerosols浮质intheatmospherewillcausetheonset开始of aniceageinaboutfiftyyear’stime.ThisconclusionreachedbyDrS.I. Rasoo1andDrS.H.ScheideroftheUnitedStatesGoddardSpaceFlightCenter answertheapparentlyconflictingquestionsofwhetheranincreaseinthecarbon dioxide二氧化碳contentoftheatmospherewillcausetheEarthwarmupor increasingtheaerosolquestionisdominant.??Twospecters hauntingconservationistshavebeentheprospectthatenvironmentalpollution mightleadtotheplanet’sbecomingunbearablyhotorcold.Oneoftheseghosts hasnowbeenlaidbecauseitseemsthatevenanincreaseintheamountof carbondioxideintheatmospheretoeighttimesitspresentvaluewillproduce anincreaseintemperatureofonly2℃whichwouldtakeplaceoverseveral thousandyears.Buttheotherproblemnowloomslargerthanever.? ?Aerosolsarecollectionofsmallliquidorsolidparticlesdispersedin airorsomeothermedium.Theparticlesareallsotinythateachiscomposedof onlyafewhundredatoms.Becauseofthistheycanfloatintheairforavery longtime.Perhapsthemostcommonlyexperiencedaerosolisindustrialsmog烟雾 ofthekindthatplaguedLondoninthe1950sandisanevengreaterproblemin LosAngelestoday.ThesecollectionsofaerosolsreflecttheSun’sheatand therebycausetheEarthtocool.??DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderhave calculatedtheexacteffectofadustaerosollayerjustabovetheEarth’s surfaceinthetemperatureoftheplanet.Asthelayerbuildsupthepresent delicatebalancebetweentheamountofheatabsorbedfromtheSunandtheamount radiatedfromtheEarthisdisturbed.Theaerosollayernotonlyreflectsmuch oftheSun’slightbutalsotransmitstheinfrared红外线radiationfrombelow. Sowhiletheheatinputtosurfacedropsthelossofheatremainshighuntil theplanetcoolstoanewbalancedstate.??Withinfiftyyearsif nostepsaretakentostopthespreadofaerosolsintheatmosphereacooling oftheEarthbyasmuchas3.5~Cseemsinevitable.Ifthatlastsforonlyafew yearsitwouldstartanothericeageandbecausethegrowingicecapsateach polewouldthemselvesreflectmuchoftheSun’sradiationitwouldprobably continuetodevelopeveniftheaerosollayerweredestroyed.? ?Theonlybrightspotinthisgloomyforecastliesinthehopeexpressedby DrRasoo1andDrSchneiderthatnuclearpowdermayreplacefossilfuelsintime topreventtheaerosolcontentofatmospherefrombecoming critical.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthearticleistowarnof______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ???????{{B}}IntheGlobal Economy{{/B}}??Mostnationstoday—regardlessoftheirdegreeof economicdevelopmentortheirpoliticalphilosophiesmrecognizetheimportance ofmarketing.Indeedeconomicgrowthindevelopingnationsdependsgreatlyon theabilitytodesigneffectivemarketingsystemsfortheirrawmaterialsand industrialoutput.??Todayaglobalmarketplaceisemerging.In manyperhapsmostnationalmarketscompaniesfornumerouscountriescompete aggressively.??ConsidertheUSmarketforexample.Untilthelate 1970stheUnitedStatesprovidedalargedomesticmarketforAmericanfirms andtherewasnosignificantforeigncompetitioninmostindustriesinthat market.Butthepicturechangeddramaticallythroughthe1980sasforeignfirms improvedtheirproductsandtheirmarketingexpertiseandthensuccessfully enteredtheAmericanmarket.Manyimportedproductshaveachievedlargesalesm officeequipmentautosapparelswatchessemiconductorsandconsumer electronicsforexample.AsaresulttheUnitedStateshasbeenrunninglarge annualtradedeficitsmeaningthatimportsgreatlyexceedexports.? ?Intheearly1980sthecompetitionfacingUSfirmscameprimarilyfrom Japanesecompanies.LatercompaniesinthefourAsiantigersaddedto competitivepressures.Inthe1990scontinuingcompetitionfromthesePacific RimcountriesandregionswillbeaugmentedbyanewchallengefromWestern Europe.Startingin1992the12-nationEuropeancommunitywilleliminate internaltradebarriersandadoptuniformtechnicalfinancialandmarketing standards.AmoreintegratedEuropeanCommunitywillopenmajormarketing opportunitiesforinternationallymindedUSfirmsbutatthesametimeitis expectedtostiffencompetition.??MoreandmoreAmericanfirms— manylargeonesandevensomerathersmallones--aremovingintoforeign markets.Manycompaniesareconcludingthatachievingprofitandgrowth objectivesismostlikelythroughacombinationofdomesticandinternational marketingratherthansolerelianceondomestic marketing.TheUShasbeenimportingmuchmoregoodsthanwhatithasbeenexporting.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ???????{{B}}IntheGlobal Economy{{/B}}??Mostnationstoday—regardlessoftheirdegreeof economicdevelopmentortheirpoliticalphilosophiesmrecognizetheimportance ofmarketing.Indeedeconomicgrowthindevelopingnationsdependsgreatlyon theabilitytodesigneffectivemarketingsystemsfortheirrawmaterialsand industrialoutput.??Todayaglobalmarketplaceisemerging.In manyperhapsmostnationalmarketscompaniesfornumerouscountriescompete aggressively.??ConsidertheUSmarketforexample.Untilthelate 1970stheUnitedStatesprovidedalargedomesticmarketforAmericanfirms andtherewasnosignificantforeigncompetitioninmostindustriesinthat market.Butthepicturechangeddramaticallythroughthe1980sasforeignfirms improvedtheirproductsandtheirmarketingexpertiseandthensuccessfully enteredtheAmericanmarket.Manyimportedproductshaveachievedlargesalesm officeequipmentautosapparelswatchessemiconductorsandconsumer electronicsforexample.AsaresulttheUnitedStateshasbeenrunninglarge annualtradedeficitsmeaningthatimportsgreatlyexceedexports.? ?Intheearly1980sthecompetitionfacingUSfirmscameprimarilyfrom Japanesecompanies.LatercompaniesinthefourAsiantigersaddedto competitivepressures.Inthe1990scontinuingcompetitionfromthesePacific RimcountriesandregionswillbeaugmentedbyanewchallengefromWestern Europe.Startingin1992the12-nationEuropeancommunitywilleliminate internaltradebarriersandadoptuniformtechnicalfinancialandmarketing standards.AmoreintegratedEuropeanCommunitywillopenmajormarketing opportunitiesforinternationallymindedUSfirmsbutatthesametimeitis expectedtostiffencompetition.??MoreandmoreAmericanfirms— manylargeonesandevensomerathersmallones--aremovingintoforeign markets.Manycompaniesareconcludingthatachievingprofitandgrowth objectivesismostlikelythroughacombinationofdomesticandinternational marketingratherthansolerelianceondomestic marketing.Aglobalmarketplacemeansfiercecompetitionamongcompanies.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ???{{B}}UndergroundCoalFiresaLooming Catastrophe{{/B}}??CoalburningdeepundergroundinChinaIndia andIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlifescientistshave warned.Theselarge-scaleundergroundblazescausethegroundtemperatureto heatupandkillsurroundingsvegetationproducegreenhousegasesandcaneven igniteforestfiresapanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingofthe AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresulting releaseofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocal watersourcesandsoilstheywarned.??Coalfiresareaglobal catastrophesaidAssociateProfessorGlennStracherofEastGeorgiaCollegein SwainsboroUSA.Butsurprisinglyfewpeopleknowaboutthem.? ?Coalcanheatuponitsownandeventuallycatchfireandburnifthere isacontinuousoxygensupply.Theheatproducedisnotcausedtodisappearand undertherightcombinationsofsunlightandoxygencantriggerspontaneous catchingfireandburning.Thiscanoccurundergroundincoalstockpiles abandonedminesorevenascoalistransported.SuchfiresinChinaconsumeup to200milliontonesofcoalperyeardelegatesweretold.Incomparisonthe USeconomyconsumesaboutonebilliontonsofcoalannuallysaidStracher whoseanalysisofthelikelyimpactofcoalfireshasbeenacceptedfor publicationintheInternationalJournalofCoalEcologyonceunderwaycoal firescanburnfordecadesevencenturies.Intheprocesstheyreleaselarge volumesofgreenhousegases;poisonousgasesfumesandblackparticlesintothe atmosphere.??Themembersofthepaneldiscussedtheimpactthese firesmaybehavingonglobalandregionalclimatechangeandagreedthatthe undergroundnatureofthefiresmakesthemdifficulttoprotect.Oneofthe membersofthepanelAssistantProfessorPaulVanDijkoftheInternational InstituteforGeo-InformationScienceandEarthObservationintheNetherlands hasbeenworkingwiththeChinesegovernmenttodetectandmonitorfiresinthe northernregionsofthecountry.??Ultimatelytheremotesensing andothertechniquesshouldallowscientiststoestimatehowmuchcarbondioxide thesesfiresareemitting.Onesuggestedmethodofcontainingthefireswas presentedbyCaryColaozzioftheengineeringfirmGoodsonwhichhasdeveloped aheat-resistantgroutathinmortarusedtofillcracksandcreviceswhich isdesignedtobepumpedintothecoalfiretocutofftheoxygen supply.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPaulVanDijkisNOTtrue?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ?{{B}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess?{{/B}}??Whyonearthwould aninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleit justdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstand whatcallhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Underthe rightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthe pressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’s impossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo. Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinue untilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllison Redlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorydeterminehowlikelypeopleareto confesstothingstheydidn’tdo.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}Theresearchersthen intentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthe altkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytaking responsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasy itcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsin theexperimentimmediatelyconfessed{{U}}?3?{{/U}}.Ofthe15-to 16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to 13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreat risksaysSaulKassinProfessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilar studieswithsimilarresults.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}??Both KassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperiments consistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—and stillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthe stressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvinced thatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}??A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedat computersandtoldnottohitMtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthe systems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfession becomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’s workingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalaw professorattheUniversityofCalitbmiaatBerkeley.??D.But adultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocent personadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalso foundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalse confession.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ???????{{B}}Medical Journals{{/B}}??Medicaljournalsarepublicationsthatreport medicalinformationtophysiciansandotherhealthprofessionals.? ?Inthepastthesejournalswereavailableonlyinprint.Withthe developmentofelectronicpublishingmanymedicaljournalsnowhaveWebsites ontheInternetandsomejournalspublishonlyonline.Afewmedicaljournals liketheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationareconsideredgeneral medicaljournalsbecausetheycovermanyfieldsofmedicine.Mostmedical journalsarespecialtyjournalsthatfocusonaparticularareaof medicine.??Medicaljournalspublishmanytypesofarticles. Researcharticlesreporttheresultsofresearchstudiesonarangeoftopics varyingfromthebasicmechanismsofdiseasestoclinicaltrialsthatcompare outcomesofdifferenttreatments.Reviewarticlessummarizeandanalyzethe informationavailableonaspecifictopicbasedonacarefulsearchofthe medicalliterature.??Becausetheresultsofindividualresearch studiescanbeaffectedbymanyfactorscombiningresultsfromdifferent studiesonthesametopiccanbehelpfulinreachingconclusionsaboutthe scientificevidenceforpreventingdiagnosingortreatingaparticulardisease. Caseconferencesandcasereportsmaybepublishedinmedicaljournalsto educatephysiciansaboutparticularillnessesandhowtotreatatthem. Editorialsinmedicaljournalsareshortessaysthatexpresstheviewsofthe authorsoftenregardingaresearchorreviewarticlepublishedinthesame issue.??Editorialsprovideperspectiveonhowthecurrentarticle fitswithotherinformationonthesametopic.Letterstotheeditorprovidea wayforreadersofthemedicaljournaltoexpresscommentsquestionsor criticismsaboutarticlespublishedinthat journal.Howmanymajortypesofarticlesarementionedinthepassage?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????{{B}}HowDid EnglishBecomeaGlobalLanguage{{/B}}??TheriseofEnglishisa remarkabletaleasProfessorDavidCrystalremindsusinhisattractiveshort bookEnglishasaGlobalLanguage.??Itiscertainlyquitea theme.WhenJuliusCaesarlandedinBritainmorethan2000yearsagoEnglish didnotexit.FivehundredyearslaterEnglishvirtuallyincomprehensibleto modemearswasprobablyspokenbyaboutasfewpeopleascurrentlyspeak CherokeethelanguageofasmallNorthAmericanIndiantribe??and withaslittleinfluence.About1000yearslaterattheendofthe16th centuryandaftertheNormanConquestthereformationandthearrivalof commercialprintingtechnologyEnglishwasthenativespeechofbetween5 millionand7millionpeople.Andyetnowlookatit.Asthesecondmillennium approachesEnglishismorewidelyscatteredmorewidelyspokenandwritten thananyotherlanguagehaseverbeen.Inthetitleofthebookithasbecomea trulygloballanguage.AccordingtoDavidCrystalabout2.09billionpeople welloverone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationareroutinelyexposedto it.??Asherightlypointsoutwhatisimpressiveaboutthis staggeringfigureisnotsomuchthegrandtotalbutthespeedwithwhichthe expansionhastakenplacesincethe1950’s.In1950thecaseforEnglishasa worldlanguagewouldhavebeennomorethanplausible.Fiftyyearsonandthe caseisvirtuallywon.??Sowhathappened?? ?Someoneoncesaidthatalanguageisadialectwithanarmyandanavy.In otherwordswhentheBritishnavysetouttoconquertheworlditsetoutan armyofEnglishspeakers.AstheBritishempirespreadthroughoutthe worldEnglishbecamethebasisoflawcommerceandeducation.TheBritish empirewassucceededbyanothertheAmericanwhichsharedvirtuallythesame linguisticheritage.AmericanEnglishwhichhasbecometherocket-fuelofthe Englishlanguagehasmagicallyfounditswayintoareasundreamedof40let alone400yearsago.??ThemostvaluablepartofCrystal’sstudy isthesectiondevotedtoaspeedyanalysisoftheculturalbasisofthisglobal reachnotablytheinfluenceofbroadcastingpressadvertisingpopularmusic andfilm.Heisalsoup-to-dateandinformativeinhisidentificationofthe World-Wide-WedasapowerfulreinforceofAmericanculturalandlinguistic dominance.??Oneofhismostinterestingpassagesconcernsthe roleplayedbytheLeagueofNationsandlatertheUnitedNationsinspreading Englishasaninternationallanguageintheaftermathofthetwoworld wars.??Whatdoesthefuturehold?TothisquestionCrystal proposesthe.recognitionofanewformofEnglish—WSSEWorldStandardSpoken English—whichalmostbydefinitionrulesoutthepossibilitythatEnglish wouldfragmentintomutuallyunintelligiblelanguagesasLatinoncedid. Englishinsomeshapeorformwillfinditselfintheserviceoftheworld communityforeverCrystalwrites.Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ???????{{B}}Medical Journals{{/B}}??Medicaljournalsarepublicationsthatreport medicalinformationtophysiciansandotherhealthprofessionals.? ?Inthepastthesejournalswereavailableonlyinprint.Withthe developmentofelectronicpublishingmanymedicaljournalsnowhaveWebsites ontheInternetandsomejournalspublishonlyonline.Afewmedicaljournals liketheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationareconsideredgeneral medicaljournalsbecausetheycovermanyfieldsofmedicine.Mostmedical journalsarespecialtyjournalsthatfocusonaparticularareaof medicine.??Medicaljournalspublishmanytypesofarticles. Researcharticlesreporttheresultsofresearchstudiesonarangeoftopics varyingfromthebasicmechanismsofdiseasestoclinicaltrialsthatcompare outcomesofdifferenttreatments.Reviewarticlessummarizeandanalyzethe informationavailableonaspecifictopicbasedonacarefulsearchofthe medicalliterature.??Becausetheresultsofindividualresearch studiescanbeaffectedbymanyfactorscombiningresultsfromdifferent studiesonthesametopiccanbehelpfulinreachingconclusionsaboutthe scientificevidenceforpreventingdiagnosingortreatingaparticulardisease. Caseconferencesandcasereportsmaybepublishedinmedicaljournalsto educatephysiciansaboutparticularillnessesandhowtotreatatthem. Editorialsinmedicaljournalsareshortessaysthatexpresstheviewsofthe authorsoftenregardingaresearchorreviewarticlepublishedinthesame issue.??Editorialsprovideperspectiveonhowthecurrentarticle fitswithotherinformationonthesametopic.Letterstotheeditorprovidea wayforreadersofthemedicaljournaltoexpresscommentsquestionsor criticismsaboutarticlespublishedinthat journal.Themainreadersofmedicaljournalsare______.
Soldiershaveto{{U}}obey{{/U}}orders.
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ?{{B}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess?{{/B}}??Whyonearthwould aninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleit justdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstand whatcallhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Underthe rightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthe pressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’s impossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo. Theansweris:toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinue untilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllison Redlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorydeterminehowlikelypeopleareto confesstothingstheydidn’tdo.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}Theresearchersthen intentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthe altkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytaking responsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasy itcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsin theexperimentimmediatelyconfessed{{U}}?3?{{/U}}.Ofthe15-to 16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to 13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreat risksaysSaulKassinProfessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilar studieswithsimilarresults.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}??Both KassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperiments consistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—and stillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthe stressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvinced thatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}??A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedat computersandtoldnottohitMtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthe systems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfession becomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’s workingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalaw professorattheUniversityofCalitbmiaatBerkeley.??D.But adultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocent personadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalso foundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalse confession.
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