首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: You just spent your summer holidays in Tom’s hometown, Tom’s home is at a small and qui...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions: Youhavejustreceivedaletterfromacompan
Directions: Thechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperw
Whatyousaidjustnow____meofthedaysIspentinthecountr
mentioned
informed
reminded
memorize
Manypeoplewatchedtheboy______ayo-yojustnow.
to play with
playing with
to play
plays
Directions:YoujustspentyoursummerholidaysinTom’sho
Directions:YourfriendhasjustwonthefirstprizeintheE
Directions: Yourfriendhasjustwonthefirstprizeinth
Directions:YourfriendStevenandJennyhavejusthadanew
Directions: Thechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperw
Directions: Thechartindicatestheamountofmoneyperw
Directions:Yougotsickjusttwoweeksbeforethefinalexa
Directions:Youjustcomebackfromyourholiday.Writeale
Directions: Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientistha
Whichdoyouenjoy______theweekendgoingwindow-shoppin
spending
to spend
being spent
to be spent
Directions:Yougotsickjusttwoweeksbeforethefinalex
------TheT-shirtlooksniceonyou!Howmuchdoesit______
take , afforded
cost , paid
cost , spent
spend, took
Directions:Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientisthasj
Thevoluntaryservicesavedyouasumofmoneythatyouother
would have spent
should have spent
must have spent
can have spent
Directions: YourfriendStevenandJennyhavejusthadan
Directions:Youandyourfriendjustarrivedhomefromatri
热门试题
更多
Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfricaaccordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofastsaysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence. ThenewstudypublishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNaturedeliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory. Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.TheycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumansfindingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries. Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimatesinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat’stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyesIdon’tknow"Amossaid. Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews. InhisownresearchHawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears. "I’mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulationsincludingtheirvariabilitybutitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans." "ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginideaexceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn’tbecomeextinct." [A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfricaspreadoutacrosstheworldbutatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge. [B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearthwhichisstillimpossibletosolve. [C]Attheendofthedayaresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossiblehesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It’sreallyhardtofindthetwo"Hawkssaid. [D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfricahypothesisusingsuchmorphology"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch. [E]DebateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyearswithonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica. [F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution. [G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 41
Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyablewhetheryouareabook-loverormerelytheretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.Butthedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible.Yousoonbecomeabsorbedinsomebookorotherandusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizethatyouhavespentfartoomuchtimethere. ThisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeisIthinkthemainattractionofabookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuchlikeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart’scontent.Ifitisagoodshopnoassistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyousir"Youneedn’tbuyanythingyoudon’twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinishedbrowsing.Thenandonlythenarehisservicesnecessary. Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisveryeasytoentertheshoplookingforabookonsayancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyofthelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing--somethingwhichhadonlyvaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubjecthoweverhappenedtobesowellillustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointerestingthatyoujusthadtobuyit.Thissortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Booksellersmustbebothlongsufferingandindulgent. Thereisastorywhichwei1illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatextbookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimtobuy.Hecouldn’tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.Everyafternoonthereforehewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.Onedayhoweverhewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandabouttoleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobereproachedhewenttowardhim.Tohissurprisetheownerpointedtothebookwhichwastuckedawayinacorner."Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit"hesaidandleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading. Accordingtothetextinagoodbookshop
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 11
设X1X2Xn来自正态分布N0σ2总体X的简单随机样本其样本均值和方差分别为和S2已知服从χ2m分布则m=______．
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople."Theburntchildfearsthefire"isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread. Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem. Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans. Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions. Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences. Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips. Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. 49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate. ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteach"anytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible."TheScopes"monkeytrial"famouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed. AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthat"historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon"gettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph
Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfricaaccordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofastsaysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence. ThenewstudypublishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNaturedeliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory. Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.TheycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumansfindingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries. Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimatesinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat’stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyesIdon’tknow"Amossaid. Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews. InhisownresearchHawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears. "I’mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulationsincludingtheirvariabilitybutitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans." "ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginideaexceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn’tbecomeextinct." [A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfricaspreadoutacrosstheworldbutatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge. [B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearthwhichisstillimpossibletosolve. [C]Attheendofthedayaresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossiblehesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It’sreallyhardtofindthetwo"Hawkssaid. [D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfricahypothesisusingsuchmorphology"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch. [E]DebateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyearswithonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica. [F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution. [G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 45
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 9
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. Thestudents’ambitiontosucceedmaybehinderedby
Directions: YoujustspentyoursummerholidaysinTom’shometownTom’shomeisatasmallandquietcountryside.Nowyouaregoingtowritehimaletterofthanksforallheandhisfamilydidforyouduringyourstaythere. Imaginesomedetailsofthesummaryholidays.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitnearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress10points
设X1X2Xn是来自区间[-aa]上均匀分布的总体X的简单随机样本则参数a的矩估计量为______．
Allmodernhumanoriginatedinsub-SaharanAfricaaccordingtoanewstudyboastedbyitsfoundersasthe"finalblow"againstanopposingviewpoint.Notsofastsaysoneanthropologistwhofindsflawsintheevidence. ThenewstudypublishedintheJuly19issueofthejournalNaturedeliverswhattheresearcherssaycouldbethefinalverdictinsupportofthesinglepoint"OutofAfrica"theory. Manicaandcolleaguestookmultiplemeasurementsofmorethan4500malefossilskullsfrom105populationsaroundtheglobe.TheycombinedtheresultswithdatafromstudiesofglobalgeneticvariationsinhumansfindingthatbothgeneticandskullvariabilitydecreasedwithdistancefromAfrica.SopopulationsinsoutheasternAfricaheldthehighestvariabilitycomparedwithpopulationsinothercountries. Theresultsheldevenwhenthescientistsaccountedforclimatesinceclimateconditionscanleadtochangesinskullfeatures."Inverycoldclimatesyoutendtogenerateaslightlythickerbrowridge.Whetherornotthat’stokeephorribleblizzardsoutofyoureyesIdon’tknow"Amossaid. Paststudiesbasedonskullmorphologyhavebeenweakandhavesupportedbothofthehumanoriginviews. InhisownresearchHawksisfundingthatnaturalselectionhasledtochangesinthousandsofgenesduringonlythepastfewthousandyears. "I’mreallythinkingjusttheoppositeofthispaper"Hawkssaid."Therearedifferencesintheskullbetweenpopulationsincludingtheirvariabilitybutitismostlyduetoveryrecenteffectsandnottheoriginofmodernhumans." "ThemuhiregionalideaisidenticaltotherecentAfricanoriginideaexceptforitspredictionthatEuropeansandAsianswerepartofthesinglepopulationoforiginanddidn’tbecomeextinct." [A]"HumansseemtohavepouredoutofAfricaspreadoutacrosstheworldbutatareallyquiteuniformratesuchthatyougetthislovelygraduallossofdiversity"saidstudyteammemberWilliamAmosoftheUniversityofCambridge. [B]Allmodernhumansoriginatedfromthesameancestorsandtheykeptevolvingasthesocietyadvances.Somespeciesdiedoutbutothersremainedtoliveontheearthwhichisstillimpossibletosolve. [C]Attheendofthedayaresolutiontothe"OutofAfrica"debatemaybeimpossiblehesaid.Mostoftheevidencecanbeinterpretedassupportingbothhuman-originstheories."It’sreallyhardtofindthetwo"Hawkssaid. [D]Thisstudy"addsastronglineofevidencetotheOutofAfricahypothesisusingsuchmorphology"saidpaleontologistWillHarcourt-SmithoftheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYork.Harcourt-Smithwasnotinvolvedinthecurrentresearch. [E]DebateovertheoriginsofmodernhumanshassimmeredamonganthropologistsforyearswithonetheoryassertingthatHomosapiensmigratedacrosstheworldfromasinglepointinAfrica.TheothertheorystatesthatmultiplepopulationsofHomosapiensindependentlyevolvedfromHomoerectusinregionsbeyondAfrica. [F]TherecentstudywasfundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCouncil.Ithasprovidedconclusiveevidenceconcerningtheactualprocessofhumanevolution. [G]"Wehavecombinedourgeneticdatawithnewmeasurementsofalargesampleofskullstoshowdefinitelythatmodernhumansoriginatedfromasingleareainsub-SaharanAfrica"saidleadresearcherAndreaManicaoftheUniversityofCambridge. 41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______ 43
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 15
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate. ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteach"anytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible."TheScopes"monkeytrial"famouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed. AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthat"historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon"gettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo. What’stheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthispassage
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. 1
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 13
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 5
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 3
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 1
Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyablewhetheryouareabook-loverormerelytheretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.Butthedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible.Yousoonbecomeabsorbedinsomebookorotherandusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizethatyouhavespentfartoomuchtimethere. ThisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeisIthinkthemainattractionofabookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuchlikeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart’scontent.Ifitisagoodshopnoassistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyousir"Youneedn’tbuyanythingyoudon’twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinishedbrowsing.Thenandonlythenarehisservicesnecessary. Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisveryeasytoentertheshoplookingforabookonsayancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyofthelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing--somethingwhichhadonlyvaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubjecthoweverhappenedtobesowellillustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointerestingthatyoujusthadtobuyit.Thissortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Booksellersmustbebothlongsufferingandindulgent. Thereisastorywhichwei1illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatextbookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimtobuy.Hecouldn’tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.Everyafternoonthereforehewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.Onedayhoweverhewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandabouttoleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobereproachedhewenttowardhim.Tohissurprisetheownerpointedtothebookwhichwastuckedawayinacorner."Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit"hesaidandleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading. Theauthorimpliesthatitisveryeasytoenterabookshopandbuy
设X1X2Xn是来自总体X的简单随机样本X的概率密度为-∞＜x＜+∞λ＞0则λ的最大似然估计量=______．
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople."Theburntchildfearsthefire"isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread. Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem. Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans. Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions. Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences. Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips. Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts. Inparagraph6theauthorimpliesthat
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 17
Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes..emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople."Theburntchildfearsthefire"isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread. Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem. Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans. Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudieswithspecialreferencetoracescreedsandnationalitiessciencemattersofhealthandsafetytheveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions. Howeverwhenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudesitisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences. Toillustratefirst-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesamewayaclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussionresearchoutsidereadingandall-daytrips. Finallyateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudesbecauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts. Thetextspeciallystatesthat
Anyonewhodoubtsthatchildrenarebornwithahealthyamountofambitionneedspendonlyafewminuteswithababyeagerlylearningtowalkoraheadstrongtoddlerstartingtotalk.Nomatterhowmanytimesthelittleonesstumbleintheirinitialeffortsmostkeepontryingdeterminedtomastertheiramazingnewskill.Itisonlyseveralyearslateraroundthestartofmiddleorjuniorhighschoolmanypsychologistsandteachersagreethatagoodnumberofkidsseemtolosetheirnaturaldrivetosucceedandendupjoiningtheranksofunderachievers. It’snotquitethatsimple.“Kidscanbegiventheopportunitiestobecomepassionateaboutasubjectoractivitybuttheycan’tbeforced”saysJacquelynneEcclesapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganwholedalandmark25-yearstudyexaminingwhatmotivatedfirstgradestudentsinthreeschooldistricts.Evensoagrowingnumberofeducatorsandpsychologistsdobelieveitispossibletounearthambitioninstudentswhodon’tseemtohavemuch.Theysaythatbyinstillingconfidenceencouragingsomerisktakingbeingacceptingoffailureandexpandingtheareasinwhichchildrenmaybesuccessfulbothparentsandteacherscanreignitethatinnatedesiretoachieve. Figuringoutwhythefirewentoutisthefirststep.Assumingthatakiddoesn’tsufferfromanemotionalorlearningdisabilityorisn’tinvolvedinsomefamilycrisisathomemanyeducatorsattributeasuddenlackofmotivationtoafearoffailureorpeerpressurethatconveysthemessagethatdoingwellacademicallysomehowisn’tcool.“Kidsgetsocaughtupinthemoment-to-momentissueofwilltheylooksmartordumbanditblocksthemfromthinkingaboutthelongterm”saysCarolDweckapsychologyprofessoratStanford.“Youhavetoteachthemthattheyareinchargeoftheirintellectualgrowthandthattheirintelligenceismalleable.” HowardasocialpsychologistandpresidentoftheEfficacyInstituteanorganizationthatworkswithteachersandparentstohelpimprovechildren’sacademicperformanceandothereducatorssayit’simportanttoexposekidstoaworldbeyondhomeworkandteststhroughvolunteerworksportshobbiesandotherextracurricularactivities.“Thecruxoftheissueisthatmanystudentsexperienceeducationasirrelevanttotheirlifegoalsandambitions”saysMichaelNakkualaHarvardeducationprofessorwhorunsaBoston-areamentoringprogramwhichworkstogetlow-incomeunderachieversintouchwiththeiraspirations.Thekeytogettingkidstoaimhigheratschoolistodisabusethemofthenotionthatclassworkisirrelevanttoshowthemhowdoingwellatschoolcanactuallyhelpthemfulfilltheirdreamsbeyondit.Likeanyambitioustoddlertheyneedtounderstandthatyouhavetolearntowalkbeforeyoucanrun. WhatdoestheexpressiontodisabusethemofthenotionLine7Para.4mean
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. 47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown.
It’sgenerallybeensaidthathistoryiswrittenbythewinners.ThiswasnevermoretruethanonMarch12whentheTexasboardofeducationvoted10-5infavourofcurriculumstandardsthatwouldpromoteconservativetakesoncontroversialissuesinthepagesofthestate’stextbooks.ThechangesexpectedtowinfinalapprovalinMayincludeanincreasedemphasisonandsympathetictreatmentofsuchRepublicanstandardsastheNationalRifleAssociationandtheMoralMajority.TheyalsoboasttheadvantageofcapitalismandtheroleofChristianityinthenation’sfounding.EvenThomasJefferson’sprofilewillbereduced;someboardmemberswerelessthanfondofhisideasaboutthedivisionofchurchandstate. ThisisnotTexas’firstsuchskirmish.Sincethe1970sthestatehastriedtodropbooksthatwereseenastooliberaloranti-Christiantoomitpassagesonthegay-rightsmovementandtotonedownglobal-warmingarguments.Butthenation’sbattleovertextbooksstretchesbackalmosthalfacenturyearlier.In1925Tennessee’sButlerActwhichwasabolishedin1967madeitillegaltoteach"anytheorythatdeniesthestoryoftheDivineCreationofmanastaughtintheBible."TheScopes"monkeytrial"famouslyfollowed.In1974aclasheruptedinKanawbaCountyWestVirginiaoverthecontroversialwritingsofsuchauthorsasGeorgeorwellArthurMillerandAllenGinsbergOppositionwassoheatedthatsomeschoolswerefirebombed. AsoneofAmerica’slargesttextbookbuyerstheLonghornStatehasagooddealofswayoverwhatissoldtoschoolsnationwide.AndwhileNapoleonmayhavemaintainedthat"historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon"gettingTexanstocometogetheronthepastmayprovetobetheirWaterloo. Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 7
Areteensandyoungadultsmorenarcissistic自恋的todaythaninthepastThat’stheviewofaCaliforniaresearcherwhostudies1people. InhernewbookTheNarcissism2:LivingintheAgeofEntitlementpsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityand3W.KeithCampbelloftheUniversityofGeorgiasayresearchshows4youngpeopletodayhave"narcissistictraits"thanin5generations.SuchtraitsTwengesaysincludeavery.6andinflatedsenseofselfwhichis7byapreoccupationwithMySpaceFacebookandYouTube. "We’vebeenonthisself-admirationcultural8foralongtime"Twengesays.9Twenge’stakeontoday’syoungpeopleisn’tuniversal.StudiesbyotherresearchersincludingCanadian10Dr.KalioftheUniversityofWesternOntariohaveusedthesamedatabutfound11results."Theyputadifferent12onit"Kalisays. Twenge’sstudieshavefoundmorenarcissistictraitsanda13rateofincreaseamongcollegestudentstodaybutKalifoundthatstudents’narcissismwas14greaterin2006thanin1976.Twenge’smostrecentpaperstudiedthesamedataasKali--morethan20000collegestudentsfrom2002to2007.15researchersusedtheNarcissisticPersonalityInventorytomeasurenarcissistic16andfindingsbybothhavebeen17inpeerreviewedjournals. Twenge’sbook18justamonthafterTheMirrorEffect:HowCelebrityNarcissismIsSeducingAmericaabookco-writtenbybehavioral19DrewPinsky20suggestedthatacelebrity-obsessedcultureiscausingmorenarcissism. 19
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号