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Directions: You wish to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to the admissions off...
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Ifyouwishtostudyhardyoumustseefilms_____.
more often
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—Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouwereacollegestudentagain
has not studied biology
did study biology
had studied biology
studied biology
—Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouwereacollegestudentagain
has not studied psychology
had studied psychology
did study psychology
studied psychology
PartA Directions: LastweekyougottoknowthatZhangHo
Directions:Youwishtostudyatacertainforeignuniversi
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has not studied psychology
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BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital. Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthefutureoftheprojectmentionedinthispassage
Thisyear’sSumantraGhoshalConferenceheldatLondonBusinessSchooldebatedwhetherstrategyresearchhasbecomeirrelevanttothepracticeofmanagement.ThelateMrGhoshalpublishedapaperin2005scoldingbusinessschoolsforpouring"badtheory"ontheirstudents.ThatsameyearWarrenBennisandJamesO’ToolebothattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniapublishedanarticleintheHarvardBusinessReviewcriticisingMBAprogrammesforpayingtoomuchattentionto"scientific"researchandnotenoughtowhatcurrentandfuturemanagersactuallyneeded.Businessschoolstheyarguedwouldbebetteroffactingmoreliketheirprofessionalcounterpartssuchasmedicalorlawschoolsnurturingskilledpractitionersaswellasfrequentpublishers. Howeverbusinessschoolprofessorshaveatendencynottochange.Sinceuniversitiestakejournalrankingsintoaccountwhenawardingtenureacademicsarerewardedmorewhentheypublishinresearchjournals.PopularmediarankingsofMBAprogrammesalthoughnotTheEconomist’salsotakeresearchoutputintoaccount. In2008theAssociationtoAdvanceCollegiateSchoolsofBusinessAACSBtookupthedebatepublishingareportonmakingbusinessresearchmoreuseful.Itsuggestedthattenurecommitteesbecomemoreflexible.Ascholardedicatedtopopularisingmanagementideasforexampleshouldbeevaluatedonbooksalesandattentionfromthenewsmedianotonarticlesinresearchjournals.ThiswouldallowfacultytoreachouttowideraudiencesratherthanbeasMessrsBennisandO’Tooleputit"damnedaspopularisers". Butthatmightalsoriskgrantingtenureonthebasisoftrendybutultimatelyunhelpfulideas.Inanycasesomearguethattherelevanceofbusinessresearchisunderstated.JanWilliamsvicechairofAACSBarguesthatdoingresearchallowsfacultymemberstostayattheforefrontoftheirsubjectandthatinturnimprovestheirteaching."Wecan’tteachstudentsoutdatedmaterial"hesays. WhatismoreapaperinAcademyofManagementLearning&Educationsuggeststhatfacultymembers’researchproductivityandtheirstudents’earningsaftergraduationmaybepositivelylinked.Certainlythebestknownschoolsoftenhavestrongresearchreputationstomatchtheirrecognitioninthewiderworld.Soshouldastudentworryaboutafaculty’sresearchabilitywhenapplyingtoaschoolIfbusinessschoolswithbetterresearchersproducebetter-paidgraduatesthenperhapstheyshould.Butonlyuptoapoint:whatMBAstudentsmostneedisskillfulteachingandhelpindevelopingtheircriticalthinkingskillsfirst;accesstofrontierresearchcomesafterwards.AsMessrsBennisandO’Tooleputit:"Businessprofessorstoooftenforgetthatexecutivedecision-makersarenotfact-collectors;theyarefactusersandintegrators. TherankingofMBAprogrammesismentionedinbracketsinorderto
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 13
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow.1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise.False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaareburnedup.47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo!2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek.False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness.3.Toloseweightyoushouldalwaysworkupagoodsweatwhenexercising.False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight.4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch.True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing.5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises.True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth.6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes.True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout.
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 43
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 3
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 41
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 17
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned-andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways. Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion-aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter. DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking"theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".Thatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmakethe’parliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion. ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificantthefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters. ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommissi6n.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections--eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals. ThewordireLine1Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital. ThewordswapLine4Para.1mostprobablymeans
It’snevertooearlyortoolateforaparenttobecomeateacher.Inthisageofteacheraccountabilityendlessschooltestingincreasedpressureandcompetitionandtheproliferationof"educational"toystoomanypeopleforgetthatsuccessbeginsathome. FreemanA.HrabowskiⅢpresidentoftheUniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCountyandco-authorofBeatingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanMalesandOvercomingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanYoungWomensaysthatintheinterviewsheandhisco-authorsconductedtheoverwhelmingfactorintheirchildren’sacademicachievementwasthatparentsinspiredandenvisionedtheirchildren’ssuccess.Theythoughtandtalkedaboutwhatwouldberequiredtohavea.successfulchild. "Itjustmakessuchadifferencewhenthere’ssomeoneinthathouseworkingtorelatetothatchildandinspirethatchild"Hrabowskisays."Theseparentsofthehighachieversdiscussedarereallyinspirationalintheircommitmenttotheirchildren." ProfessorBarbaraT.BowmanoneofthefacultyfoundersofChicago’sEriksonInstituteanindependentinstitutionofhighereducationthatprepareschilddevelopmentprofessionalsforleader-shipsaysthatBlackchildrenmustlearnintwodifferentcultures-theAfrican-Americancultureinwhichtheyliveandthemainstreamcultureonwhichschoolandeducationarebased. Bowmanalsosaystherelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsiscritical."Itistheearlyresponsivenessofthecaregivertotheinfant’sbehaviorthatcreatesasenseofwell-beingandoptimismthataffectsthechild’sinterestinlearning"saysBowmanwhoservedaspresidentoftheinstitutefrom1994tolastyear."Childrenwholikeandwanttopleasetheadultlearnbetterwhattheadultwantsthemtolearn." InthisdayofhighlycompetitivetestingandthestressofgettinghighSATorACTscoresit’simportantalsotoavoidpressuringoroverexposingyourchild.Yoursonordaughterisprobablyalreadyfacingstressatschoolandontheplayground.Yourroleistohelphimorherrelieveandmanagethatstress.Helpthemtounderstandthatlifedoesnotendorbeginwithatest.Andwhileacademicsuccessisimportantit’salsoimportanttokeepeverythinginperspective.Failureisarelativeterminthegrandschemeofthings.Ifyourchilddidpoorlyonatestbutansweredaparticularlytoughquestioncorrectlystressthepositive.Ontheotherhandifschoolworkcomestooeasilytoyourchildfindotherwaystochallengehimorhersotheyunderstandthatlifewon’talwaysbethatway. Whetherachildisinterestedinlearningdependson
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 15
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 5
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 7
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 11
Directions:Youwishtoimmigratetoacountrybutarenotsureabouttherequirementsandapplicationprocedure.Writealettertotheimmigrationofficerofthiscountryto 1introduceyourself 2askforconcretequestionsandexplainyourexpectationandthen 3showyourhopeforearlyreply. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned-andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways. Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEuropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPolandonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion-aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter. DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotestedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking"theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".Thatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmakethe’parliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion. ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificantthefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters. ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommissi6n.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections--eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals. Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthetext
YouworkforacompanywhichisgoingtobuyasetofequipmentfromGermany.Youareaskedtotranslatealotofspecificationsandinstructionswithinfourmonthswhichisimpossible.Thereforeyoudecidetoadvertisefortwoexperiencedtranslatorsassoonaspossible.Writeane-mailtoMr.MaxRemingtonthePublicRelation’smanager.Askforanadvertisementfortwotranslators.YoushoulduseMax@ge.cornforreceiverandP.Wu@yahoocomforsender 1Explainthereason; 2Mentionitsurgency. Youshouldwriteabout100words.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 1
It’snevertooearlyortoolateforaparenttobecomeateacher.Inthisageofteacheraccountabilityendlessschooltestingincreasedpressureandcompetitionandtheproliferationof"educational"toystoomanypeopleforgetthatsuccessbeginsathome. FreemanA.HrabowskiⅢpresidentoftheUniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCountyandco-authorofBeatingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanMalesandOvercomingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanYoungWomensaysthatintheinterviewsheandhisco-authorsconductedtheoverwhelmingfactorintheirchildren’sacademicachievementwasthatparentsinspiredandenvisionedtheirchildren’ssuccess.Theythoughtandtalkedaboutwhatwouldberequiredtohavea.successfulchild. "Itjustmakessuchadifferencewhenthere’ssomeoneinthathouseworkingtorelatetothatchildandinspirethatchild"Hrabowskisays."Theseparentsofthehighachieversdiscussedarereallyinspirationalintheircommitmenttotheirchildren." ProfessorBarbaraT.BowmanoneofthefacultyfoundersofChicago’sEriksonInstituteanindependentinstitutionofhighereducationthatprepareschilddevelopmentprofessionalsforleader-shipsaysthatBlackchildrenmustlearnintwodifferentcultures-theAfrican-Americancultureinwhichtheyliveandthemainstreamcultureonwhichschoolandeducationarebased. Bowmanalsosaystherelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsiscritical."Itistheearlyresponsivenessofthecaregivertotheinfant’sbehaviorthatcreatesasenseofwell-beingandoptimismthataffectsthechild’sinterestinlearning"saysBowmanwhoservedaspresidentoftheinstitutefrom1994tolastyear."Childrenwholikeandwanttopleasetheadultlearnbetterwhattheadultwantsthemtolearn." InthisdayofhighlycompetitivetestingandthestressofgettinghighSATorACTscoresit’simportantalsotoavoidpressuringoroverexposingyourchild.Yoursonordaughterisprobablyalreadyfacingstressatschoolandontheplayground.Yourroleistohelphimorherrelieveandmanagethatstress.Helpthemtounderstandthatlifedoesnotendorbeginwithatest.Andwhileacademicsuccessisimportantit’salsoimportanttokeepeverythinginperspective.Failureisarelativeterminthegrandschemeofthings.Ifyourchilddidpoorlyonatestbutansweredaparticularlytoughquestioncorrectlystressthepositive.Ontheotherhandifschoolworkcomestooeasilytoyourchildfindotherwaystochallengehimorhersotheyunderstandthatlifewon’talwaysbethatway. Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital. WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutCecile
Thisyear’sSumantraGhoshalConferenceheldatLondonBusinessSchooldebatedwhetherstrategyresearchhasbecomeirrelevanttothepracticeofmanagement.ThelateMrGhoshalpublishedapaperin2005scoldingbusinessschoolsforpouring"badtheory"ontheirstudents.ThatsameyearWarrenBennisandJamesO’ToolebothattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniapublishedanarticleintheHarvardBusinessReviewcriticisingMBAprogrammesforpayingtoomuchattentionto"scientific"researchandnotenoughtowhatcurrentandfuturemanagersactuallyneeded.Businessschoolstheyarguedwouldbebetteroffactingmoreliketheirprofessionalcounterpartssuchasmedicalorlawschoolsnurturingskilledpractitionersaswellasfrequentpublishers. Howeverbusinessschoolprofessorshaveatendencynottochange.Sinceuniversitiestakejournalrankingsintoaccountwhenawardingtenureacademicsarerewardedmorewhentheypublishinresearchjournals.PopularmediarankingsofMBAprogrammesalthoughnotTheEconomist’salsotakeresearchoutputintoaccount. In2008theAssociationtoAdvanceCollegiateSchoolsofBusinessAACSBtookupthedebatepublishingareportonmakingbusinessresearchmoreuseful.Itsuggestedthattenurecommitteesbecomemoreflexible.Ascholardedicatedtopopularisingmanagementideasforexampleshouldbeevaluatedonbooksalesandattentionfromthenewsmedianotonarticlesinresearchjournals.ThiswouldallowfacultytoreachouttowideraudiencesratherthanbeasMessrsBennisandO’Tooleputit"damnedaspopularisers". Butthatmightalsoriskgrantingtenureonthebasisoftrendybutultimatelyunhelpfulideas.Inanycasesomearguethattherelevanceofbusinessresearchisunderstated.JanWilliamsvicechairofAACSBarguesthatdoingresearchallowsfacultymemberstostayattheforefrontoftheirsubjectandthatinturnimprovestheirteaching."Wecan’tteachstudentsoutdatedmaterial"hesays. WhatismoreapaperinAcademyofManagementLearning&Educationsuggeststhatfacultymembers’researchproductivityandtheirstudents’earningsaftergraduationmaybepositivelylinked.Certainlythebestknownschoolsoftenhavestrongresearchreputationstomatchtheirrecognitioninthewiderworld.Soshouldastudentworryaboutafaculty’sresearchabilitywhenapplyingtoaschoolIfbusinessschoolswithbetterresearchersproducebetter-paidgraduatesthenperhapstheyshould.Butonlyuptoapoint:whatMBAstudentsmostneedisskillfulteachingandhelpindevelopingtheircriticalthinkingskillsfirst;accesstofrontierresearchcomesafterwards.AsMessrsBennisandO’Tooleputit:"Businessprofessorstoooftenforgetthatexecutivedecision-makersarenotfact-collectors;theyarefactusersandintegrators. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
It’snevertooearlyortoolateforaparenttobecomeateacher.Inthisageofteacheraccountabilityendlessschooltestingincreasedpressureandcompetitionandtheproliferationof"educational"toystoomanypeopleforgetthatsuccessbeginsathome. FreemanA.HrabowskiⅢpresidentoftheUniversityofMarylandBaltimoreCountyandco-authorofBeatingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanMalesandOvercomingtheOdds:RaisingAcademicallySuccessfulAfricanAmericanYoungWomensaysthatintheinterviewsheandhisco-authorsconductedtheoverwhelmingfactorintheirchildren’sacademicachievementwasthatparentsinspiredandenvisionedtheirchildren’ssuccess.Theythoughtandtalkedaboutwhatwouldberequiredtohavea.successfulchild. "Itjustmakessuchadifferencewhenthere’ssomeoneinthathouseworkingtorelatetothatchildandinspirethatchild"Hrabowskisays."Theseparentsofthehighachieversdiscussedarereallyinspirationalintheircommitmenttotheirchildren." ProfessorBarbaraT.BowmanoneofthefacultyfoundersofChicago’sEriksonInstituteanindependentinstitutionofhighereducationthatprepareschilddevelopmentprofessionalsforleader-shipsaysthatBlackchildrenmustlearnintwodifferentcultures-theAfrican-Americancultureinwhichtheyliveandthemainstreamcultureonwhichschoolandeducationarebased. Bowmanalsosaystherelationshipbetweenchildrenandtheirparentsiscritical."Itistheearlyresponsivenessofthecaregivertotheinfant’sbehaviorthatcreatesasenseofwell-beingandoptimismthataffectsthechild’sinterestinlearning"saysBowmanwhoservedaspresidentoftheinstitutefrom1994tolastyear."Childrenwholikeandwanttopleasetheadultlearnbetterwhattheadultwantsthemtolearn." InthisdayofhighlycompetitivetestingandthestressofgettinghighSATorACTscoresit’simportantalsotoavoidpressuringoroverexposingyourchild.Yoursonordaughterisprobablyalreadyfacingstressatschoolandontheplayground.Yourroleistohelphimorherrelieveandmanagethatstress.Helpthemtounderstandthatlifedoesnotendorbeginwithatest.Andwhileacademicsuccessisimportantit’salsoimportanttokeepeverythinginperspective.Failureisarelativeterminthegrandschemeofthings.Ifyourchilddidpoorlyonatestbutansweredaparticularlytoughquestioncorrectlystressthepositive.Ontheotherhandifschoolworkcomestooeasilytoyourchildfindotherwaystochallengehimorhersotheyunderstandthatlifewon’talwaysbethatway. Accordingtotheauthortheparentsofhighachieversareusually
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 45
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 9
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention.
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. 19
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. 1
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow.1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise.False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaareburnedup.47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo!2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek.False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness.3.Toloseweightyoushouldalwaysworkupagoodsweatwhenexercising.False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight.4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch.True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing.5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises.True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth.6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes.True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout.
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