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[A]Howtounderstandgenerosity [B]Onewayistosticktoyourwords [C]Thetrueessenceofgenerosity [D]Beinggenerousneedsthoughts [E]Neverusegenerosityasadisguise [F]Smallthingsreflectmore Theword"gift"hasgotdangerouslydevaluedoflate.Salesmenuseso-calledfreegiftsasbaitandpublicistsusethemasbribes;thewealthycanmake"gifts"totheirchildrenortocharitieswithnomorenoblemotivethansavingtax. 41.________________________ WeneedtoclaimthewordbackthisChristmas.Wealsoneedtoclaimbacktheword"generous":whichtoooftengetsusedinthesensesofover-largeportionsoffoodhoteltowelsthesizeofsheetsorwomenspillingoutoftheirdresses.Forgenerosity--theabilitytomakerealgiftswithmodestyandloveexpectingnothingback--isoneofthethingswhichmostmakeushuman.YoudonotfindpigsorlionsgivingoneanotherthoughtfullittlepresentsdoyouMonkeysapparentlyofferoneanotherfleasattimesbutnotinanyprovablespiritofkindliness.Weshouldhonorgenerositymorethanwedo. 42.__________________ Perhapsithasbecomesuspectbecauseofthetalesofover-the-topgenerositysometimestoldingossipabouttheveryrich.ThelateChristinaOnassisgivingherdaughterapersonalzooandaflockofsheepwiththeirownshepherdforinstance;assortedtycoonsflyingtheirguestshalfwayroundtheworldforbirthdaypartieswherethereisanemeraldbraceletorcufflinksoneveryplace-setting.Inthiscontextgenerosityhascometomeanthatyouhurlmoneyaroundlikeadrunkensailor.Andthereisalwaysthesuspicionthatlikethesailoryouaredoingitjusttoprovethatyoucanaffordit.Thatisnotgiving:thatisshowingoff. 43.__________________ Buttherealthingwhenyoumeetitismagicalandasaqualityitbelongsequallytorichandpoor.Sometimesthepoor--likethewidowintheBiblewhogavehermite--arebestatit.TravelersinremotepartsfromPolandtoPerucomehomewithstoriesofbreadshelterevenbedssharedwithoutquestionwiththestrangeronthepeasantprinciplethat"AguestinthehouseisGodinthehouse".NearerhomeIlovedthestoriescollectedinmemoryofKatieSullivanthe23-year-oldmentalhomecare;assistantwhowasmurderedlastyear.Particularlytheoneaboutthedayshewaswalkingtothepubandlaggedbehindandherstudentfriendscaughtaglimpseofheremptyingherwholepurseintoatramp’shandswhenshethoughttheyweren’tlooking.Laterinthepubtheyteasedheraboutnotdrinkingtryingtomakeheradmitwhatshehaddone;butshesteadfastlypretendedshedidn’twantadrink. 44.__________________ Tactisthekeytorealgenerosity:tactandrealthoughtforthepersonyouaregivingthepresentto.Youcanbuyanyoneapicturebyafashionableandexpensiveartistifyoucanaffordit;butitmightbekindertospendatenthoftheamount--andabitoftroubleongettingtheframedoriginalofacartoonyouknowhascheeredthemupatabadtime.Anyonecanbuyamanagoldwatch;butittakesagenerouswifetodowhatonelatelydidandtrackdownanantiquegoldstrapwhichpreciselyfitstheoldoneheinheritedfromhisbelovedfather. 45.__________________ IntheAgathaChristienovelTheHollowHenriettadisplaysremarkablekindnesstowardsashyunintellectualwomanwhoisn’tfittingintoasparklinghouseparty.Gretaiswearingadreadfulcardigansheknittedherself;Henriettanotonlypraisesitbutasksforthepattern.HavinggotthepatternmoreoversheheroicallyknitsthedreadfulthingandwearsitherselfnexttimeshemeetsGreta.ThatiswhatIcallfollow-through.Soistheweddingpresentafriendgotfromabrokebutdomesticsister-in-law:shepromisedtobakeheraloafofspecialdeliciouswholemealbreadeveryweekforthefirstyearofhermarriageanddidso. 43
[A]Howtounderstandgenerosity [B]Onewayistosticktoyourwords [C]Thetrueessenceofgenerosity [D]Beinggenerousneedsthoughts [E]Neverusegenerosityasadisguise [F]Smallthingsreflectmore Theword"gift"hasgotdangerouslydevaluedoflate.Salesmenuseso-calledfreegiftsasbaitandpublicistsusethemasbribes;thewealthycanmake"gifts"totheirchildrenortocharitieswithnomorenoblemotivethansavingtax. 41.________________________ WeneedtoclaimthewordbackthisChristmas.Wealsoneedtoclaimbacktheword"generous":whichtoooftengetsusedinthesensesofover-largeportionsoffoodhoteltowelsthesizeofsheetsorwomenspillingoutoftheirdresses.Forgenerosity--theabilitytomakerealgiftswithmodestyandloveexpectingnothingback--isoneofthethingswhichmostmakeushuman.YoudonotfindpigsorlionsgivingoneanotherthoughtfullittlepresentsdoyouMonkeysapparentlyofferoneanotherfleasattimesbutnotinanyprovablespiritofkindliness.Weshouldhonorgenerositymorethanwedo. 42.__________________ Perhapsithasbecomesuspectbecauseofthetalesofover-the-topgenerositysometimestoldingossipabouttheveryrich.ThelateChristinaOnassisgivingherdaughterapersonalzooandaflockofsheepwiththeirownshepherdforinstance;assortedtycoonsflyingtheirguestshalfwayroundtheworldforbirthdaypartieswherethereisanemeraldbraceletorcufflinksoneveryplace-setting.Inthiscontextgenerosityhascometomeanthatyouhurlmoneyaroundlikeadrunkensailor.Andthereisalwaysthesuspicionthatlikethesailoryouaredoingitjusttoprovethatyoucanaffordit.Thatisnotgiving:thatisshowingoff. 43.__________________ Buttherealthingwhenyoumeetitismagicalandasaqualityitbelongsequallytorichandpoor.Sometimesthepoor--likethewidowintheBiblewhogavehermite--arebestatit.TravelersinremotepartsfromPolandtoPerucomehomewithstoriesofbreadshelterevenbedssharedwithoutquestionwiththestrangeronthepeasantprinciplethat"AguestinthehouseisGodinthehouse".NearerhomeIlovedthestoriescollectedinmemoryofKatieSullivanthe23-year-oldmentalhomecare;assistantwhowasmurderedlastyear.Particularlytheoneaboutthedayshewaswalkingtothepubandlaggedbehindandherstudentfriendscaughtaglimpseofheremptyingherwholepurseintoatramp’shandswhenshethoughttheyweren’tlooking.Laterinthepubtheyteasedheraboutnotdrinkingtryingtomakeheradmitwhatshehaddone;butshesteadfastlypretendedshedidn’twantadrink. 44.__________________ Tactisthekeytorealgenerosity:tactandrealthoughtforthepersonyouaregivingthepresentto.Youcanbuyanyoneapicturebyafashionableandexpensiveartistifyoucanaffordit;butitmightbekindertospendatenthoftheamount--andabitoftroubleongettingtheframedoriginalofacartoonyouknowhascheeredthemupatabadtime.Anyonecanbuyamanagoldwatch;butittakesagenerouswifetodowhatonelatelydidandtrackdownanantiquegoldstrapwhichpreciselyfitstheoldoneheinheritedfromhisbelovedfather. 45.__________________ IntheAgathaChristienovelTheHollowHenriettadisplaysremarkablekindnesstowardsashyunintellectualwomanwhoisn’tfittingintoasparklinghouseparty.Gretaiswearingadreadfulcardigansheknittedherself;Henriettanotonlypraisesitbutasksforthepattern.HavinggotthepatternmoreoversheheroicallyknitsthedreadfulthingandwearsitherselfnexttimeshemeetsGreta.ThatiswhatIcallfollow-through.Soistheweddingpresentafriendgotfromabrokebutdomesticsister-in-law:shepromisedtobakeheraloafofspecialdeliciouswholemealbreadeveryweekforthefirstyearofhermarriageanddidso. 41
Recentlegalresearchindicatesthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.46Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotasreliableascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthedegreeoffaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence. TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitnessTestimony’asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheldperceptionsabouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryisfragileandsubjecttochangeitshouldnotbeunderestimated. Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.47Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy. Thepapersayssubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofadeandwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." 48Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthenintegrateittoproducesomethingotherthanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender."Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesareverifiablyfalse." Thepapersaysitisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenpreschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandspontaneouslyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage. 49Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationtheirfirstresponseis.judgedwrong. 50Thepapersaysfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationtheirfirstresponseis.judgedwrong.
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.WhatisMr.Grannis’sviewpointaboutAmerica’seconomy
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’spassionforthinness
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Whatisthemainideaofthetext
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.19
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph5that
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies
Recentlegalresearchindicatesthatincorrectidentificationisamajorfactorinmanymiscarriagesofjustice.46Italsosuggeststhatidentificationofpeoplebywitnessesinacourtroomisnotasreliableascommonlybelieved.Recentstudiesdonotsupportthedegreeoffaithjudgesjurorslawyersandthepolicehaveineyewitnessevidence. TheLawCommissionrecentlypublishedaneducationalpaper"TotalRecallTheReliabilityofWitnessTestimony’asacompanionguidetoaproposedcodeofevidence.Thepaperfindsthatcommonlyheldperceptionsabouthowourmindsworkandhowwellwerememberareoftenwrong.Butwhilehumanmemoryisfragileandsubjecttochangeitshouldnotbeunderestimated. Bothcommonsenseandresearchsaymemorydeclinesovertime.Theaccuracyofrecallandrecognitionareattheirbestimmediatelyafterencodingtheinformationdecliningatfirstrapidlythengradually.47Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy. Thepapersayssubsequentinterviewsormediareportscancreatesuchdistortions."Peopleareparticularlysusceptibletohavingtheirmemoriesmodifiedwhenthepassageoftimeallowstheoriginalmemorytofadeandwillbemostsusceptibleiftheyrepeatthemisinformationasfact." 48Witnessesmayseeorreadinformationaftertheeventthenintegrateittoproducesomethingotherthanwhatwasexperiencedsignificantlyreducingthereliabilityoftheirmemoryofaneventoroffender."Furtherwitnessesmaystronglybelieveintheirmemorieseventhoughaspectsofthosememoriesareverifiablyfalse." Thepapersaysitisgenerallyagreedthatthememoriesofadultsandchildrenarefallible.Neverthelessevenpreschoolerscanformreliablememories.Youngchildrendependoncontexttopromotememoryandspontaneouslyreportless.Childrenmayrecallmoreinformationwithadequatesupportbutthetypeofsupportandquestioningiscritical.Methodsofdrawingoutinformationhavetobecarefullymonitored. Althoughresearchshowstheaccuracyofbothadultsandchildrencanbeaffectedbyleadingorsuggestivequestionstheabilitytoresisttheinfluenceofexternalsuggestionincreaseswithage. 49Childrenmaychangetheiraccountofaneventnotbecausetheirmemoryhasalteredbutbecausetheywishtocomplywiththesuggestionofanadultinauthorityorbecausetheyinterpretrepeatedquestioningasanindicationtheirfirstresponseis.judgedwrong. 50Thepapersaysfurtherresearchisrequiredintointerviewtechniquesandconditionsunderwhichfalsememoriesandreportsofabusearemostlikelytoarise.Itseemsthatdecidingwhetheranymemoryistobefinallyassessedasreliableorthetreacherousallyofinventionwilllargelyremainachallengeforjudgesandjuries. Thelongerthedelaythemorelikelyitisthatinformationobtainedaftertheeventwillinterferewiththeoriginalmemorywhichreducesaccuracy.
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Influencedbythepopulartrendtheauthor
[A]Howtounderstandgenerosity [B]Onewayistosticktoyourwords [C]Thetrueessenceofgenerosity [D]Beinggenerousneedsthoughts [E]Neverusegenerosityasadisguise [F]Smallthingsreflectmore Theword"gift"hasgotdangerouslydevaluedoflate.Salesmenuseso-calledfreegiftsasbaitandpublicistsusethemasbribes;thewealthycanmake"gifts"totheirchildrenortocharitieswithnomorenoblemotivethansavingtax. 41.________________________ WeneedtoclaimthewordbackthisChristmas.Wealsoneedtoclaimbacktheword"generous":whichtoooftengetsusedinthesensesofover-largeportionsoffoodhoteltowelsthesizeofsheetsorwomenspillingoutoftheirdresses.Forgenerosity--theabilitytomakerealgiftswithmodestyandloveexpectingnothingback--isoneofthethingswhichmostmakeushuman.YoudonotfindpigsorlionsgivingoneanotherthoughtfullittlepresentsdoyouMonkeysapparentlyofferoneanotherfleasattimesbutnotinanyprovablespiritofkindliness.Weshouldhonorgenerositymorethanwedo. 42.__________________ Perhapsithasbecomesuspectbecauseofthetalesofover-the-topgenerositysometimestoldingossipabouttheveryrich.ThelateChristinaOnassisgivingherdaughterapersonalzooandaflockofsheepwiththeirownshepherdforinstance;assortedtycoonsflyingtheirguestshalfwayroundtheworldforbirthdaypartieswherethereisanemeraldbraceletorcufflinksoneveryplace-setting.Inthiscontextgenerosityhascometomeanthatyouhurlmoneyaroundlikeadrunkensailor.Andthereisalwaysthesuspicionthatlikethesailoryouaredoingitjusttoprovethatyoucanaffordit.Thatisnotgiving:thatisshowingoff. 43.__________________ Buttherealthingwhenyoumeetitismagicalandasaqualityitbelongsequallytorichandpoor.Sometimesthepoor--likethewidowintheBiblewhogavehermite--arebestatit.TravelersinremotepartsfromPolandtoPerucomehomewithstoriesofbreadshelterevenbedssharedwithoutquestionwiththestrangeronthepeasantprinciplethat"AguestinthehouseisGodinthehouse".NearerhomeIlovedthestoriescollectedinmemoryofKatieSullivanthe23-year-oldmentalhomecare;assistantwhowasmurderedlastyear.Particularlytheoneaboutthedayshewaswalkingtothepubandlaggedbehindandherstudentfriendscaughtaglimpseofheremptyingherwholepurseintoatramp’shandswhenshethoughttheyweren’tlooking.Laterinthepubtheyteasedheraboutnotdrinkingtryingtomakeheradmitwhatshehaddone;butshesteadfastlypretendedshedidn’twantadrink. 44.__________________ Tactisthekeytorealgenerosity:tactandrealthoughtforthepersonyouaregivingthepresentto.Youcanbuyanyoneapicturebyafashionableandexpensiveartistifyoucanaffordit;butitmightbekindertospendatenthoftheamount--andabitoftroubleongettingtheframedoriginalofacartoonyouknowhascheeredthemupatabadtime.Anyonecanbuyamanagoldwatch;butittakesagenerouswifetodowhatonelatelydidandtrackdownanantiquegoldstrapwhichpreciselyfitstheoldoneheinheritedfromhisbelovedfather. 45.__________________ IntheAgathaChristienovelTheHollowHenriettadisplaysremarkablekindnesstowardsashyunintellectualwomanwhoisn’tfittingintoasparklinghouseparty.Gretaiswearingadreadfulcardigansheknittedherself;Henriettanotonlypraisesitbutasksforthepattern.HavinggotthepatternmoreoversheheroicallyknitsthedreadfulthingandwearsitherselfnexttimeshemeetsGreta.ThatiswhatIcallfollow-through.Soistheweddingpresentafriendgotfromabrokebutdomesticsister-in-law:shepromisedtobakeheraloafofspecialdeliciouswholemealbreadeveryweekforthefirstyearofhermarriageanddidso. 45
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