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第一篇 Recycling Around the World Recycling is one of the best environmental success stories of th...
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被白先勇评价为第一篇台湾中国作家受西方存在主义影响产生的第一篇探讨人类基本存在困境的小说是丛甦的哪部
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第二篇Hurricane飓风Katrina Ahurricaneisafiercelypowerfulrotating旋转的formoftropicalstormthatcanbe124to1240milesindiameter.ThetermhurricaneisderivedfromHuricanthenameofanativeAmericanstormgod.Hurricanesaretypicalofacalmcentralregionoflowpressurebetween12to60milesindiameterknownastheeye.Theyoccurintropicalregions.Overitslifetimeoneofthesecanreleaseasmuchenergyas10000nuclearbombs. Theseedforhurricaneformationisacluster聚集ofthunderstomsoverwarmtropicalwaters.Hurricanescanonlyformandbefedwhenthesea-surfacetemperatureexceeds27℃andthesurroundingatmosphereiscalm.TheserequirementsaremetbetweenJuneandNovemberinthenorthernpartoftheworld. Undertheseconditionslargequantitiesofwaterevaporate蒸发andcondense冷凝intocloudsandrain-releasingheatintheprocess.ItisthisheatenergycombinedwiththerotationoftheEarththatdrivesahurricane. Whenthewarmcolumnofairfromtheseasurfacefirstbeginstoriseitcausesanareaoflowpressure.Thisinturncreateswindasairisdrawnintothearea.Thisspinningwinddragsupmoremoistairfromtheseasurfaceinaprocessthatstrengthensthestorm.Coldairfallsbacktotheoceansurfacethroughtheeyeandontheoutsideofthestorm. Initiallywhenwindspeedsreach23milesperhourthesemildwetandgreyweathersystemsareknownasdepressionsorlowairpressure.HurricaneKatrinaformedinthiswayoverthesouth-easternBahamason23August2005.KatrinahashadadevastatingimpactontheGulfCoastoftheUSleavingadisasterzoneof90000squaremilesinitswake尾迹-almostthesizeoftheUK.Thousandshavebeenkilledorinjuredandmorethanhalfamillionpeoplehavebecomehomelessinahumanitarian人道主义的crisisofascalenotseenintheUSsincetheGreatDepression.Thecostofthedamagemaytop$100billion. WhichofthefollowingisNOTarequirementfortheformationofahurricane?
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WeavingwithLightIntheSierraMadremountainrangeofwestcentralMexicothenativeHuicholpeoplelivemuchthewaytheirancestorsdid--Withoutelectricity.That’sbecauseit’stooexpensivetostringpowerlinestotheremotemountainareaswheretheylive.TohelpsupportthemselvestheHuicholcreatebeautifulartwork.Theyselltheirartincitieshundredsofmilesawayfromtheirvillages.Andwithoutelectricity--athomeorontheroadtheycanonlyworkduringdaylighthours.Whenitgetsdarktheymuststopwhateverthey’redoing.NowateamofscientistsdesignersandarchitectsisusingnewtechnologiestoprovidetheHuicholwithlightafterthesunsets.Thescientists’techniqueinvolvesweavingtinyelectroniccrystalsintofabricsthatcanbemadeintoclothesbagsorotheritems.Bycollectingthesun’senergyduringthedaytheselightweightfabricsprovidebrightwhitelightatnight.TheirinventorshavenamedthefabricsPortable轻便的Lights.PortableLightshavethepotentialtotransformthelivesofpeoplewithoutelectricityaroundtheworld.AtthecoreofPortableLightstechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodes高亮度发光二极管orHBLEDs.Thesetinylightsappearindigitalclockstelevisionsandstreetlights.LEDsarecompletelydifferentfromthelightbulbs灯泡.Mostofthoseglassbulbsbelongtoatypecalledincandescentlights白炽灯.Insideelectricityheatsametalcoil线圈toabout2200degreesCelsius.Atthattemperaturebulbsgiveofflightwecansee.Ninetypercentofenergyproducedbyincandescentlightshoweverisheat--andinvisible.Withallthatwastedenergybulbsburnoutquickly.Theyarealsoeasilybroken.LEDsontheotherhandareliketinypiecesofrockmadeupofmolecules分子thatarearrangedinacrystalstructure.WhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanLEDthecrystalstructureproduceslight.Unlikeincandescentbulbstheycanproducelightofvariouscolors.WithinanLEDthetypeofmoleculesandtheirparticulararrangementdetermineswhatcolorisproduced.TomakealivingtheHuicholcreateartworkand
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WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
第二篇TheBookofLifeSofarscientistshavenamedabout1.8millionlivingspecies物种andthat’sjustasmallpartofwhatprobablyexistsonEarth.Withsomanyplantsanimalsandothercreaturescoveringtheplanetitcanbetoughtofigureoutwhattypeofspiderismovingupyourlegorwhatkindofbirdisflyingby.Asoon-to-be-launchedWebsitemighthelp.AninternationalteamofresearchershasannouncedthecreationofaWeb-basedEncyclopedia百科全书ofLifeEoL.TheprojectaimstocatalogeveryspeciesonEarthinasingleeasy-to-usereferenceguide.Togettheencyclopediastartedthecreatorswilluseinformationfromscientificdatabases数据库thatalreadyexist.Andeventuallyinspecialsectionsofthesitenon-scientistswithspecialized专门的knowledgewillgettojoinin.Bird-watchersforexamplewillbeabletoinputwhichbirdsthey’veseenandwhere.Thetechnologyforthiskindoftoolhasonlyrecentlybecomeavailable.AstheEoLdevelopsyoumightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems生态系统intheirneighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccuratescientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaven’tbeenreviewed.AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEoListhatyou’llbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterestsageandcurrentknowledge.Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreportforexampleyoucouldusethenovicesettingtogetbasicinformationabouttheanimals.Ontheexpertsettingontheotherhandyoucouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistoryliteratureandexplorationofbears.Itnowtakesyearsforscientiststocollectallthedatatheyneedtodescribeandanalyzespecies.ThecreatorsoftheEncyclopediaofLifehopethattheirnewtoolwillspeedthatprocess.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.EachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinItshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.______46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries--FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.______47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.DoescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyouDyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.______48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtraditionPeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.______49Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDayThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.______50DoyouliketheideaofinventinganewholidayIfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.A.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.B.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.C.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.D.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.E.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.F.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.
第一篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Accordingtothepassageresourceslikewindare
第一篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingisthemostpollutingenergyresource?
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
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SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.EachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinItshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.______46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries--FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.______47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.DoescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyouDyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.______48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtraditionPeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.______49Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDayThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.______50DoyouliketheideaofinventinganewholidayIfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.A.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.B.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.C.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.D.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.E.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.F.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.
BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Blackholesexistbutaredifficulttoobserve.
WeavingwithLightIntheSierraMadremountainrangeofwestcentralMexicothenativeHuicholpeoplelivemuchthewaytheirancestorsdid--Withoutelectricity.That’sbecauseit’stooexpensivetostringpowerlinestotheremotemountainareaswheretheylive.TohelpsupportthemselvestheHuicholcreatebeautifulartwork.Theyselltheirartincitieshundredsofmilesawayfromtheirvillages.Andwithoutelectricity--athomeorontheroadtheycanonlyworkduringdaylighthours.Whenitgetsdarktheymuststopwhateverthey’redoing.NowateamofscientistsdesignersandarchitectsisusingnewtechnologiestoprovidetheHuicholwithlightafterthesunsets.Thescientists’techniqueinvolvesweavingtinyelectroniccrystalsintofabricsthatcanbemadeintoclothesbagsorotheritems.Bycollectingthesun’senergyduringthedaytheselightweightfabricsprovidebrightwhitelightatnight.TheirinventorshavenamedthefabricsPortable轻便的Lights.PortableLightshavethepotentialtotransformthelivesofpeoplewithoutelectricityaroundtheworld.AtthecoreofPortableLightstechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodes高亮度发光二极管orHBLEDs.Thesetinylightsappearindigitalclockstelevisionsandstreetlights.LEDsarecompletelydifferentfromthelightbulbs灯泡.Mostofthoseglassbulbsbelongtoatypecalledincandescentlights白炽灯.Insideelectricityheatsametalcoil线圈toabout2200degreesCelsius.Atthattemperaturebulbsgiveofflightwecansee.Ninetypercentofenergyproducedbyincandescentlightshoweverisheat--andinvisible.Withallthatwastedenergybulbsburnoutquickly.Theyarealsoeasilybroken.LEDsontheotherhandareliketinypiecesofrockmadeupofmolecules分子thatarearrangedinacrystalstructure.WhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanLEDthecrystalstructureproduceslight.Unlikeincandescentbulbstheycanproducelightofvariouscolors.WithinanLEDthetypeofmoleculesandtheirparticulararrangementdetermineswhatcolorisproduced.AllofthefollowingaredisadvantagesofincandescentlightsEXCEPTthat
Ihavebeentryingto{{U}}quit{{/U}}smoking.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Thenearestblackholesarehundredsoflightyearsawayfromus.
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.EachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinItshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.______46Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries--FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.______47Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.DoescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyouDyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.______48Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtraditionPeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.______49Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDayThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.______50DoyouliketheideaofinventinganewholidayIfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.A.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.B.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.C.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.D.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.E.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.F.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.
第二篇Hurricane飓风Katrina Ahurricaneisafiercelypowerfulrotating旋转的formoftropicalstormthatcanbe124to1240milesindiameter.ThetermhurricaneisderivedfromHuricanthenameofanativeAmericanstormgod.Hurricanesaretypicalofacalmcentralregionoflowpressurebetween12to60milesindiameterknownastheeye.Theyoccurintropicalregions.Overitslifetimeoneofthesecanreleaseasmuchenergyas10000nuclearbombs. Theseedforhurricaneformationisacluster聚集ofthunderstomsoverwarmtropicalwaters.Hurricanescanonlyformandbefedwhenthesea-surfacetemperatureexceeds27℃andthesurroundingatmosphereiscalm.TheserequirementsaremetbetweenJuneandNovemberinthenorthernpartoftheworld. Undertheseconditionslargequantitiesofwaterevaporate蒸发andcondense冷凝intocloudsandrain-releasingheatintheprocess.ItisthisheatenergycombinedwiththerotationoftheEarththatdrivesahurricane. Whenthewarmcolumnofairfromtheseasurfacefirstbeginstoriseitcausesanareaoflowpressure.Thisinturncreateswindasairisdrawnintothearea.Thisspinningwinddragsupmoremoistairfromtheseasurfaceinaprocessthatstrengthensthestorm.Coldairfallsbacktotheoceansurfacethroughtheeyeandontheoutsideofthestorm. Initiallywhenwindspeedsreach23milesperhourthesemildwetandgreyweathersystemsareknownasdepressionsorlowairpressure.HurricaneKatrinaformedinthiswayoverthesouth-easternBahamason23August2005.KatrinahashadadevastatingimpactontheGulfCoastoftheUSleavingadisasterzoneof90000squaremilesinitswake尾迹-almostthesizeoftheUK.Thousandshavebeenkilledorinjuredandmorethanhalfamillionpeoplehavebecomehomelessinahumanitarian人道主义的crisisofascalenotseenintheUSsincetheGreatDepression.Thecostofthedamagemaytop$100billion. Thewordimpactparagragh5couldbebestreplacedby
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
BlackHoles Mostscientistsagreethatblackholesexistbutarenearlyimpossibletolocate.Ablackholeintheuniverseisnotasolidobjectlikeaplanetbutitisshapedlikeasphere球体.Astronomers天文学家thinkthatatthecenterofablackholethereisasinglepointinspacewithinfinite无限的density稠密.Thissinglepointiscalledasingularity奇点.Ifthesingularitytheoryiscorrectitmeansthatwhenamassivestarcollapsesallthematerialinitdisappearsintothesingularity.Thecenterofablackholewouldnotreallybeaholeatallbutaninfinitelydensepoint.Anythingthatcrossestheblackholeispulledinbyitsgreatgravity. Althoughblackholesdoexisttheyaredifficulttoobserve.Thesearethereasons. ●Nolightoranythingelsecomesoutofblackholes.Asaresulttheyareinvisibletoatelescope. ●Inastronomicaltermsblackholesaretruly.Forexampleablackholeformedbythecollapseofagiantstarwouldhaveaneventhorizon视界only18milesacross. ●ThenearestblackholeswouldbedozensoflightyearsawayfromEarth.Onelightyearisabout6trillion万亿miles.Eventhemostpowerfultelescopescouldnotpickoutanobjectsosmallatsuchagreatdistance. In1994theHubbleSpaceTelescopeprovidedevidencethatblackholesexist.Therearestillanswerstobefoundhoweversoblackholesremainoneofthemysteriesoftheuniverse. Theattractionoftwolargestarsleadstogravity.
Onlyasmallminorityofthementallyillare{{U}}liable{{/U}}toharmthemselvesorothers.
WhatIstheCoolestGasintheUniverse’.WhatisthecoldestairtemperatureeverrecordedontheEarthWherewasthislowtemperaturerecordedThecoldestrecordedtemperatureonEarthwas--91℃.which51inAntarctica南极洲in1983.Weencounteraninterestingsituationwhenwediscusstemperaturesin52.TemperaturesinEarthorbit轨道actuallyrangefromabout+120℃to--120℃.Thetemperaturedependsupon53youareindirectsunlightorshade.Obviously-120℃iscolderthanourbodycan54endure.Thespacetemperaturesjustdiscussedaffectonlyourareaofthesolar55.ObviouslyitishotterclosertotheSunandcolderaswetravel56fromtheSun.ScientistsestimatetemperaturesatPlutoareabout--210℃.HowcoldisthelowestestimatedtemperatureintheentireuniverseAgainitdependsuponyour57.Wearetaughtitissupposedly58tohaveatemperaturebelowabsolutezerowhichis--273℃atwhichatomsdonotmove.TwoscientistsCornellandWiemanhavesuccessfully59downagastoatemperaturebarelyaboveabsolutezero.TheywonaNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2001fortheirwork--notadiscoveryinthiscase.Whyisthetwoscientists’worksoimportanttoscienceInthe1920sSatyendraNathBosewasstudyinganinteresting60aboutspeciallightparticles微粒wenowcallphotons光子.Bosehadtrouble61otherscientiststobelievehistheorysohecontactedAlbertEinstein.Einstein’scalculationshelpedhimtheorizethatatoms62behaveasBosethought--butonlyatverycoldtemperatures.Scientistshavealsodiscoveredthatultra-cold超冷atomscanhelpthemmaketheworld’satomicclockseven63accurate.Theseclocksaresoaccuratetodaytheywouldonlyloseonesecond64sixmillionyears!Suchaccuracywillhelpustravelinspacebecausedistanceisvelocity速度timestimed=v×tWiththelongdistancesinvolvedinspace65weneedtoknowtimeasaccuratelyaspossibletogetaccuratedistance.
第三篇TryingtoFindaParther OneofthemoststrikingfindingsofarecentpollintheUKisthatofthepeopleinbterviewedoneintwobelievesthatitisbecomingmoredifficulttomeetsomeonetostartafamilywith. Whyaremanyfindingitincreasinglydifficulttostartandsustainintimaterelationships?Doesmodernlifereallymakeithardertofallinlove?Orarewemakingitharderforourselves? Itiscertainlythecasetodaythatcontemporarycouplesbenefitindifferentwaysfromrelationships.Womennolongerrelyuponpartnersforeconomicsecurityorstatus.Amandoesn’texpecthisspousetobeinsolechargeofrunninghishouseholdandraisinghischildren. Butperhapstheknowledgethatwecanliveperfectlywellwithoutapartnershipmeansthatittakesmuchmoretopersuadepeopletoabandontheirindependence. Intheoryfindingapartnershouldbemuchsimplerthesedays.Onlyafewgenerationsagoyourchoiceofsoulmate心上人wasconstrained限制bygeographysocialconventionandfamilytradition.Althoughitwasneverexplicitmanymarriageswereessentiallyarranged. Nowthosebarriershavebeenbrokendown.Youcanapproachabuilderorabrainsurgeoninanybarinanycityonanygivenevening.Whentheworldisyouroyster牡蛎yousurelyhaveabetterchanceoffindingapearl. Butitseemsthattheoldconventionshavebeenreplacedbyaneventighterconstraint:thetyrannyofchoice. Theexpectationsofpartnersareinflated提高toanunmanageabledegree:goodlooksimpressivesalarykindtograndmotherandrightsocks.Thereisnoroomforerrorinthefirstimpression. Wethinkthatarelationshipcanbeperfect.Ifitisn’titisdisposable.Weworktoprotectourselvesagainstfutureheartacheanddon’tputinthehardemotionallaborneededtobuildastrongrelationship.Ofcoursethisiscomplicatedbyrealities.Thecostofhousingandchild-rearingcreatespressuretohaveastableincomeandcareerbeforealifepartnership. Whatdoestherecentpollshow?
第一篇RenewableEnergySources Todaypetroleum石油providesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoverone-quarterofourenergyneedsbutitistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuel矿物燃料.Naturalgasreservescouldfillsomeofthegapfromoilbutreservesofthatwillnotlastintothe22ndcenturyeither.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50years.Less-pollutingrenewableenergysourcesofferamorepracticallong-termenergysolution.Renewablereferstothefactthattheseresourcesarenotusedfasterthantheycanbereplaced. Hydroelectric水力发电的powerisnowthemostcommonformofrenewableenergysupplyingaround20%ofworldelectricity.China’sThreeGorgesDamisthelargestever.AtfivetimesthesizeoftheUS’sHooverDamits26turbines涡轮机willgeneratetheequivalentenergyof18coal-firedpowerstations.Itwillsatisfy3%ofChina’sentireelectricitydemand. In2003thefirstcommercialpowerstationtousetidal潮汐的currentsintheopenseaopenedinNorway.Itisdesignedlikewindmill风车butotherstaketheformofturbines. Aspricesfallwindpowerhasbecomethefastestgrowingtypeofelectricitygeneration-quadrupling翻两番worldwidebetween1999and2005.Modernwindfarmsconsistofturbinesthatgenerateelectricity.Thoughitwillbemoreexpensivethereismorethanenoughwindtoprovidetheworld’sentireenergyneeds.Windfarmscomeinonshoreandoffshoreforms.Theycanoftenendupatspotsofnaturalbeautyandareoftenunpopularwithresidents.Andturbinesarenottotallyharmless-theycaninterferewithradaralterclimateandkillseabirds.ScotlandisbuildingEurope’slargestwindfarmwhichwillpower200000homes.TheUK’sgoalistogenerateone-fifthofpowerfromrenewablesourcesmainlywindby2020.Butthismaycauseproblemsbecausewindisunreliable. Whichcountrytooktheleadinmakinguseoftidalcurrentstoproducepowerin2003?
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