首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
已知λ1=6，λ2=λ3=3是实对称矩阵A的三个特征值，且对应于λ2=λ3=3的特征向量为α2=(-1，0，1)T，α3=(1，-2，1)T，求A对应于λ1=6的特征向量及矩阵A。
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
已知A是三阶实对称矩阵特征值是13-2其中α1=12-2Tα2=4-1aT分别是属于特征值λ=1与λ
已知三阶矩阵A的三个特征值为123则A-1*的特征值为______．
设A为三阶矩阵A的三个特征值为λ1=-2λ2=1λ3=2A*是A的伴随矩阵则A11+A22+A33=
设λ1λ2是n阶实对称矩阵A的两个不同的特征值α是A的对应于特征值λ1的一个单位特征向量则矩阵B=A
A为三阶实对称矩阵A的秩为2即rA=2且 Ⅰ求A的特征值与特征向量
已知λ1=6λ2=λ3=3是实对称矩阵A的三个特征值．且对应于λ2=λ3=3的特征向量为α2=-10
设A是3阶实对称矩阵已知A的每行元素之和都是3且A有二重特征值λ1=λ2=1求Ann≥2
设A是主对角线元素之和为-5的三阶矩阵且满足A2+2A-3E=0那么矩阵A的三个特征值是______
设A是3阶实对称矩阵已知A的每行元素之和为3且有二重特征值λ1=λ2=1．求A的全部特征值特征向量并
已知λ1=6λ2=λ3=3是实对称矩阵A的三个特征值且对应于λ2=λ3=3的特征向量为α2=-101
设A3×3是实对称矩阵|A|=-12A的三个特征值之和为1且α=10-2T是方程组A*-4Ex=0的
已知AB为三阶矩阵且有相同的特征值122则下列命题①AB等价②AB相似③若AB为实对称矩阵则AB合同
1个．
2个．
3个．
4个．
设A是3阶实对称矩阵已知A的每行元素之和都是3且A有二重特征值λ1=λ2=1求A的全部特征值特征向量
设A3×3是实对称矩阵|A|=-12A的三个特征值之和为1且α=10-2T是方程组A*-4Ex=0的
设A是三阶实对称矩阵满足A2-A-2E=0已知Aα+α=0其中α=-111T且行列式|A|=-4．Ⅰ
设A是三阶实对称矩阵λ1λ2λ3是A的三个特征值且满足a≥λ1≥λ2≥λ3≥b若A-μE是正定阵则参
μ＞b．
μ＜b．
μ＞a．
μ＜a．
设A3×3是实对称矩阵|A|=-12A的三个特征值之和为1且α=10-2T是方程组A*-4Ex=0的
已知λ1=6λ2=λ3=3是实对称矩阵A的三个特征值且对应于λ2=λ3=3的特征向量为α2=-101
设3阶实对称矩阵A的特征值λ1=8λ2=λ3=2矩阵A属于特征值λ1=8的特征向量为α1=1k1T属
设A为三阶矩阵A的三个特征值为λ1=-2λ2=1λ3=2A*是A的伴随矩阵则A11+A22+A33=
热门试题
更多
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 12
Todaysome30%ofsmallbusinessownersdon’thaveaWebpresenceatallwhilethevastmajoritywhodoarewatchingtheirsitessitstalewaitingandwantingforbusiness.WheredidthingsgowrongTherearecommonprinciplesfollowedbythosewhosedreamsofonlinesuccesshavebecomereality.41Buildyoursitearoundyourcustomer:Thinkingofyoursiteasyouronlinestorefrontbuiltarounddeliveringthehighest-qualitycustomerexperiencefromthemomentyourcustomerstepsthroughthedoor.42Justbecauseyoubuiltitdoesn’tmeanthey’llcome:Ifyouaren’tseeingalargevolumeoftargetedtraffictoyoursiteit’stimetouptheante.43Integratecustomerloyaltyprogramsandpromotions:Methodscontaindiscountsnewsorfriendlyservicereminders.Usediscountpromotionalofferstostayintouchwithpastvisitorstoyoursite.44Justifyyourmonthlyspendingthroughproductbundling:Whilepay-per-clickInternetadvertisingismuchmorecost-effectivethantraditionalmediachannelsbundlingproductstogetherwillnotonlyincreaseyoursalesrevenuebutalsoenableyoutogetmoreoutofyourper-clickadrates.45Measureyourprogress:YoursitemaybelivebuthowisitperformingArmedwiththesesimplelessonsvowtomakeyourbusinessrealizethetruepromiseoftheInternet.A.Amanufacturingcompanyselling$50itemswashavingtroublejustifyingthecostofonlinekeywordads.Bybundlingproductstocreatepackagesof$100ormoreandadvertisingtowholesalecustomerslookingtobuyinbulkthemanufacturerdroppeditssalesrepresentativeagenciesandfocusedonlargevolumebuyerssuchasWal-MartandTarget.Needlesstosaythecompanyhadnotroubleexceedingitsyearlysalesquota.B.Oneofmypastclientshadawell-designedphysicalstorefrontsolidpricesandqualityofferings.Howeverhewasn’tabletodriveenoughstoretrafficdespitetargetedadvertisingeffortsinprintpublicationsandotherofflinevenues.Wedecidedtoshiftthoseaddollarstoanonlinepay-per-clickcampaign—inwhichtheadvertiserpayswheneversomeoneclicksonitsentrypostedduringthecourseofasitesearchbasedonkeywordsrelevanttohisbusiness.Theimmediateimpactwasstaggering.Onlinerevenuesoaredtenfoldto$1millionfrom$100000withinonlyafewmonths.C.Withtoday’stechnologyyourreturncanbeeasilymeasured.IfyourelyonyourWebsiteasasalestoolyoucan’taffordnottoinvestinsiteanalytics.MakesureyourWebsolutionincludesaneasy-to-usereportingtoolthatpresentsthisinformationinaclearconciseformat.AfterallwhilemetricsareacriticalpartoftheWebequationyoudon’thavethetimetospendhoursdiggingthroughreamsofdata.D.YearsagoIworkedwithawomanwhosoldpursesonlinethroughahome-builtsitethatlackedcriticale-commercecomponents.Afterasimpleredesignincludingproductdescriptionscomprehensivenavigationandasecureuser-friendlyorderingsystemherrevenueincreasedfivefold.Andshebeganreceivingravereviewsfromcustomersimpressedwiththeeaseandconvenienceoftheonlineshoppingexperience.E.Onlinesuccessdemandsmorethansimplepresence.YourInternetinvestmentshouldpayforitselfwithnewcustomersandincreasedsales.Findatrustedpartnerwhocanhelpyounavigatetoday’sandtomorrow’stechnologyandwhounderstandsthebottom-linerealitiesofyourbusiness.F.OnevillarentalcompanyhadaWebsitethatgeneratedveryfewcallsandonlinebookings.Ihelpedthecompanysetupalastminutedealsdistributionlist.Bysubscribingsitevisitorswouldreceiveweeklye-mailsoffering11th-hourdiscountsonvillarentals.Asaresultthecompanycapturedcontactinformationforthousandsofpossiblecustomersreduceditsunusedinventorytoalmostzeroandincreasedrevenuesignificantly.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 10
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge.B.WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon.C.Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries.D.Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries.E.Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur.F.Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace.G.WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 16
TheissueofonlineprivacyintheInternetagefoundnewurgencyfollowingtheSept.11terroristattackssparkingdebateoverstrikingthecorrectbalancebetweenprotectingcivillibertiesandattemptingtopreventanothertragicterroristact.Whilepreventingterrorismcertainlyisofparamountimportanceprivacyrightsshouldnotbedeemedirrelevant.InresponsetotheattacksCongressquicklypassedlegislationthatincludedprovisionsexpandingrightsofinvestigatorstointerceptwireoralandelectroniccommunicationsofallegedhackersandterrorists.CivillibertiesgroupsexpressedconcernsovertheprovisionsandurgedcautioninensuringthateffortstoprotectournationdonotresultinbroadgovernmentauthoritytoerodeprivacyrightsofU.S.citizens.NeverthelesscausingfurtherconcerntocivillibertiesgroupstheDepartmentofJusticeproposedexceptionstotheattorney-clientprivilege.OnOct.30AttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftapprovedaninterimagencyrulethatwouldpermitfederalprisonauthoritiestomonitorwireandelectroniccommunicationsbetweenlawyersandtheirclientsinfederalcustodyincludingthosewhohavebeendetainedbutnotchargedwithanycrimewheneversurveillanceisdeemednecessarytopreventviolenceorterrorism.Inlightofthisbroadeningefforttoreachintocommunicationsthatwerepreviouslybelievedtobeoff-limitstheissueofonlineprivacyisnowanevenmorepressingconcern.CongresshastakensomelegislativestepstowardensuringonlineprivacyincludingtheChildren’sOnlinePrivacyProtectionActandprovidedprivacyprotectionsforcertainsectorsthroughlegislationsuchastheFinancialServicesModernizationAct.Thelegislationpassedtodatedoesnothoweverprovideastatutoryschemeforprotectinggeneralonlineconsumerprivacy.Lackingdefinitivefederallawsomestatespassedtheirownmeasures.Butmuchofthislegislationisincompleteornotenforced.Moreoveritbecomesunworkablewhenstatescreatedifferentprivacystandards;theInternetdoesnotknowgeographicboundariesandcompaniesandindividualscannotbeexpectedtocomplywithdifferingandattimesconflictingprivacyrules.Ananalysisearlierthisyearof751U.S.andinternationalWebsitesconductedbyConsumersInternationalfoundthatmostsitescollectpersonalinformationbutfailtotellconsumershowthatdatawillbeusedhowsecurityismaintainedandwhatrightsconsumershaveovertheirowninformation.AtaminimumCongressshouldpasslegislationrequiringWebsitestodisplayprivacypoliciesprominentlyinformconsumersofthemethodsemployedtocollectclientdataallowcustomerstooptoutOfsuchdatacollectionandprovidecustomeraccesstotheirowndatathathasalreadybeencollected.AlthoughvariousInternetprivacybillswereintroducedinthe107thCongressthefocusshiftedtoexpandinggovernmentsurveillanceinthewakeoftheterroristattacks.Plainlygovernmenteffortstopreventterrorismareappropriate.Exactlyhowtheseexigentcircumstanceschangethenatureoftheonlineprivacydebateisstilltobeseen.Theexpressionoptoutofsuchdatacollectioninthelastparagraphprobablymeans______.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 20
A.Internationalstudentshavethesameneedsaslocalstudentsandshouldbeaccordedequivalentrightsandprotections—exceptinafewareassuchasvotinginnationalelections.Amorecomprehensiveandrights-basedapproachtothesecurityofinternationalstudentscouldbeobtainedthroughbilateralnegotiationsbetweenthecountriesthatsendandreceivethem.ChinaIndiaMalaysiaandothernationsshouldseekasystematicregimeofprotectionandrespectfortheircitizenswhostudyinothercountries.Asapatternofbilateralnegotiationsbecameestablishedcommonglobalstandardscouldemerge.B.WhatdidwefindTheexperienceofinternationalstudentsdiffersfromthatoflocalstudentsinthreeways.Firstthelivesofinternationalstudentsaremoremarginallonelierandlessinformedthanthoseoftheirlocalpeers.SecondthemajorityofinternationalstudentsinAustraliafaceatleastsomebarrierstocommunicatinginEnglishthataffectnotjustacademicprogressbutalsodailylife.Problemsofabuseordiscriminationareoftenassociatedwithcommunicationsissues.Thirdtherearepronounceddifferencesbetweenlocalandinternationalstudentsinareaswhereculturalidentityareatplaynotjustincross-culturalrelationsbutinlookingforrentalhousingseekingajobandsoon.C.Nationalandstategovernmentsshouldalsosubsidizeaffordablehousingforamixofinternationalandlocalstudentsinareaswherestudentsstudyandwork.Thegovernmentsshouldalsorequireinspectionsofstudents’rentalhousing.Theyshouldprovidesupervisedtransportespeciallyatnight.Thepoliceshouldpatrolhotspotswhereviolenceisoccurringormightoccur.Internationalstudentsshouldreceiveadequateinformationaboutsafetyandsecurityuponarrivalintheirnewcountries.D.Wedefinedstudentsecurityasincludingthefullrangeofissuesaffectingtheempowermentandprotectionofinternationalstudents:financialsupporthousinghealthsafetyworkissuesandrelationswiththeiruniversitiesandthegovernment’simmigrationdepartment.Wealsolookedintointernationalstudents’personalnetworkscommunicationsandinterculturalissues.WeconductedtheempiricalworkforourstudyinAustraliabutourresearchandthatofotherscholarsshowthattheunderlyingissuesarecommontosomeextenttoallcountries.E.Thefundamentalproblemhoweverlieswithnations’regulatoryframeworkswhichshouldbemodifiedforaglobalizedworld.Wemustfindwaysofmovinginternational-studentsecurityupthepolicyagendaofnationalgovernmentsmultilateralforumsandglobalagencies.AustralianinternationaleducationforexampleisnowregulatedthroughtheEducationServicesforOverseasStudentsAct.Itimposesobligationsonproviderinstitutionsmostlyinrelationtoconsumerprotectionandimmigrationcompliance.Butsafetyoncampusisnotmentioned.Theactdoesnotcoverstudents’livesinthecommunityoutsidethecampuswheremostproblemsofsecurityoccur.F.Butdelvedeeperandyouwillfindthatalthoughmoststudentssucceedabroadandhavesatisfyingexperiencescertainlynotallofthemdo—andsomehavemajorproblemswhichcanrangefarbeyondlonelinessanddifficultiesadjustingtonewcultures.Someinternationalstudentsarevictimsofterriblecrimes.Unfortunatelytheirsecurityisnotadequatelyensuredbythecountrieswheretheystudywhichstilltreatthemasoutsidersandtheirrightsasprivilegesthatcanbeignored.Eventhoughglobalmobilityineducationhasrenderedsuchanapproachobsoletenationalregulationshavenotkeptpace.G.WhatshouldbedonetoimprovethesafetyandsecurityofinternationalstudentsForthemsecuritymeansnotonlyprotectionbutalsothecapacitytooperateasfreehumanagentsmakingchoices.Formanyinternationalstudentsacquiringcommunicationskillsisalmostasimportantasacquiringdegrees.UniversitiesinEnglish-speakingcountriesshouldmakeEnglish-languagecommunicationaformalrequirementfordegreestatus.
Societyexiststhroughaprocessoftransmission.Thistransmissionoccursbymeansofcommunicationofhabitsofdoingthinkingandfeelingfromtheoldertotheyounger.Soobviousisthenecessityofteachingandlearningforthecontinuedexistenceofasocietythatwemayseemtobedwellingexcessivelyonaself-evidenttruth.Butjustificationisfoundinthefactthatsuchemphasisisameansofgettingusawayfromanundulyscholasticandformalnotionofeducation.Schoolsareindeedoneimportantmethodofthetransmissionwhichformsthedispositionsoftheimmature;butitisonlyonemeansandcomparedwithotheragenciesarelativelysuperficialmeans.Onlyaswehavegraspedthenecessityofmorefundamentalandpersistentmodesoftuitioncanwemakesureofplacingthescholasticmethodsintheirtruecontext.Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Allcommunicationandhenceallgenuinesociallifeiseducative.Tobearecipientofacommunicationistohaveanenlargedandchangedexperience.Onesharesinwhatanotherhasthoughtandfeltandinsofarmeagerlyoramplyhashisownattitudemodified.Noristheonewhocommunicatesleftunaffected.Trytheexperimentofcommunicatingwithfullnessandaccuracysomeexperiencetoanotherespeciallyifitbesomewhatcomplicatedandyouwillfindyourownattitudetowardyourexperiencechanging;otherwiseyouresorttoswearwordsandexclamations.Theexperiencehastobeformulatedinordertobecommunicated.ToformulaterequiresgettingoutsideofitseeingitasanotherwouldseeitconsideringwhatpointsOfcontactithaswiththelifeofanothersothatitmaybegotintosuchformthathecanappreciateitsmeaning.Exceptindealingwithcommonplacesandcatchphrasesonehastoassimilateimaginativelysomethingofanother’sexperienceinordertotellhimintelligentlyofone’sownexperience.Allcommunicationislikeart.Itmayfairlybesaidthereforethatanysocialarrangementthatremainsvitallysocialorvitallysharediseducativetothosewhoparticipateinit.Onlywhenitbecomescastinamoldandrunsinaroutinewaydoesitloseitseducativepower.
Relativitytheoryhashadaprofoundinfluenceonourpictureofmatterbyforcingustomodifyourconceptofaparticleinanessentialway.46Inclassicalphysicsthemassofanobjecthadalwaysbeenassociatedwithanindestructiblematerialsubstancewithsomestuffofwhichallthingswerethoughttobemade.Relativitytheoryshowedthatmasshasnothingtodowithanysubstancebutisaformenergy.Energyhoweverisadynamicquantityassociatedwithactivityorwithprocesses.47Thefactthatthemassofaparticleisequivalenttoacertainofenergymeansthattheparticlecannolongerbeseenasastatic_objectbuthastobeconceivedasadynamicpatternaprocessinvolvingtheenergywhichmanifestitselfastheparticle’smass.48ThisnewviewofparticleswasinitiatedbyDiracwhenheformulatedarelativisticequationdescribingthebehaviorofelectrons.Dirac’stheorywasnotonlyextremelysuccessfulinaccountingforthefinedetailsofatomicstructurebutalsorevealedafundamentalsymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matter.Itpredictedtheexistenceofananti-matterwiththesamemassastheelectronbutwithanoppositecharge.ThispositivelychargedparticlenowcalledthepositronwasindeeddiscoveredtwoyearsafterDirachadpredictedit.Thesymmetrybetweenmatterandanti-matterimpliesthatforeveryparticlethereexistsanantiparticleswithequalmassandoppositecharge.Pairsofparticlesandantiparticlescanbecreatedifenoughenergyisavailableandcanbemadetoturnintopureenergyinthereverseprocessofdestruction.49TheseprocessesofparticlecreationanddestructionhadbeenpredictedfromDirac’stheorybeforetheywereactuallydiscoveredinnatureandsincethentheyhavebeenobservedmillionsoftimes.Thecreationofmaterialparticlesfrompureenergyiscertainlythemostspectaculareffectofrelativitytheoryanditcanonlybeunderstoodintermsoftheviewofparticlesoutlinedabove.50Beforerelativisticparticlephysicstheconstituentsofmatterhadalwaysbeenconsideredasbeingeitherelementaryunitswhichwereindestructibleandunchangeableorascompositeobjectswhichcouldbebrokenupintotheirconstituentparts.Andthebasicquestionwaswhetheronecoulddividematteragainandagainorwhetheronewouldfinallyarriveatsomesmallestindivisibleunits.
Todaysome30%ofsmallbusinessownersdon’thaveaWebpresenceatallwhilethevastmajoritywhodoarewatchingtheirsitessitstalewaitingandwantingforbusiness.WheredidthingsgowrongTherearecommonprinciplesfollowedbythosewhosedreamsofonlinesuccesshavebecomereality.41Buildyoursitearoundyourcustomer:Thinkingofyoursiteasyouronlinestorefrontbuiltarounddeliveringthehighest-qualitycustomerexperiencefromthemomentyourcustomerstepsthroughthedoor.42Justbecauseyoubuiltitdoesn’tmeanthey’llcome:Ifyouaren’tseeingalargevolumeoftargetedtraffictoyoursiteit’stimetouptheante.43Integratecustomerloyaltyprogramsandpromotions:Methodscontaindiscountsnewsorfriendlyservicereminders.Usediscountpromotionalofferstostayintouchwithpastvisitorstoyoursite.44Justifyyourmonthlyspendingthroughproductbundling:Whilepay-per-clickInternetadvertisingismuchmorecost-effectivethantraditionalmediachannelsbundlingproductstogetherwillnotonlyincreaseyoursalesrevenuebutalsoenableyoutogetmoreoutofyourper-clickadrates.45Measureyourprogress:YoursitemaybelivebuthowisitperformingArmedwiththesesimplelessonsvowtomakeyourbusinessrealizethetruepromiseoftheInternet.A.Amanufacturingcompanyselling$50itemswashavingtroublejustifyingthecostofonlinekeywordads.Bybundlingproductstocreatepackagesof$100ormoreandadvertisingtowholesalecustomerslookingtobuyinbulkthemanufacturerdroppeditssalesrepresentativeagenciesandfocusedonlargevolumebuyerssuchasWal-MartandTarget.Needlesstosaythecompanyhadnotroubleexceedingitsyearlysalesquota.B.Oneofmypastclientshadawell-designedphysicalstorefrontsolidpricesandqualityofferings.Howeverhewasn’tabletodriveenoughstoretrafficdespitetargetedadvertisingeffortsinprintpublicationsandotherofflinevenues.Wedecidedtoshiftthoseaddollarstoanonlinepay-per-clickcampaign—inwhichtheadvertiserpayswheneversomeoneclicksonitsentrypostedduringthecourseofasitesearchbasedonkeywordsrelevanttohisbusiness.Theimmediateimpactwasstaggering.Onlinerevenuesoaredtenfoldto$1millionfrom$100000withinonlyafewmonths.C.Withtoday’stechnologyyourreturncanbeeasilymeasured.IfyourelyonyourWebsiteasasalestoolyoucan’taffordnottoinvestinsiteanalytics.MakesureyourWebsolutionincludesaneasy-to-usereportingtoolthatpresentsthisinformationinaclearconciseformat.AfterallwhilemetricsareacriticalpartoftheWebequationyoudon’thavethetimetospendhoursdiggingthroughreamsofdata.D.YearsagoIworkedwithawomanwhosoldpursesonlinethroughahome-builtsitethatlackedcriticale-commercecomponents.Afterasimpleredesignincludingproductdescriptionscomprehensivenavigationandasecureuser-friendlyorderingsystemherrevenueincreasedfivefold.Andshebeganreceivingravereviewsfromcustomersimpressedwiththeeaseandconvenienceoftheonlineshoppingexperience.E.Onlinesuccessdemandsmorethansimplepresence.YourInternetinvestmentshouldpayforitselfwithnewcustomersandincreasedsales.Findatrustedpartnerwhocanhelpyounavigatetoday’sandtomorrow’stechnologyandwhounderstandsthebottom-linerealitiesofyourbusiness.F.OnevillarentalcompanyhadaWebsitethatgeneratedveryfewcallsandonlinebookings.Ihelpedthecompanysetupalastminutedealsdistributionlist.Bysubscribingsitevisitorswouldreceiveweeklye-mailsoffering11th-hourdiscountsonvillarentals.Asaresultthecompanycapturedcontactinformationforthousandsofpossiblecustomersreduceditsunusedinventorytoalmostzeroandincreasedrevenuesignificantly.
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.TheexpressionAndthelistgoesonPara.1isusedtosuggestthat
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 18
Societyexiststhroughaprocessoftransmission.Thistransmissionoccursbymeansofcommunicationofhabitsofdoingthinkingandfeelingfromtheoldertotheyounger.Soobviousisthenecessityofteachingandlearningforthecontinuedexistenceofasocietythatwemayseemtobedwellingexcessivelyonaself-evidenttruth.Butjustificationisfoundinthefactthatsuchemphasisisameansofgettingusawayfromanundulyscholasticandformalnotionofeducation.Schoolsareindeedoneimportantmethodofthetransmissionwhichformsthedispositionsoftheimmature;butitisonlyonemeansandcomparedwithotheragenciesarelativelysuperficialmeans.Onlyaswehavegraspedthenecessityofmorefundamentalandpersistentmodesoftuitioncanwemakesureofplacingthescholasticmethodsintheirtruecontext.Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Allcommunicationandhenceallgenuinesociallifeiseducative.Tobearecipientofacommunicationistohaveanenlargedandchangedexperience.Onesharesinwhatanotherhasthoughtandfeltandinsofarmeagerlyoramplyhashisownattitudemodified.Noristheonewhocommunicatesleftunaffected.Trytheexperimentofcommunicatingwithfullnessandaccuracysomeexperiencetoanotherespeciallyifitbesomewhatcomplicatedandyouwillfindyourownattitudetowardyourexperiencechanging;otherwiseyouresorttoswearwordsandexclamations.Theexperiencehastobeformulatedinordertobecommunicated.ToformulaterequiresgettingoutsideofitseeingitasanotherwouldseeitconsideringwhatpointsOfcontactithaswiththelifeofanothersothatitmaybegotintosuchformthathecanappreciateitsmeaning.Exceptindealingwithcommonplacesandcatchphrasesonehastoassimilateimaginativelysomethingofanother’sexperienceinordertotellhimintelligentlyofone’sownexperience.Allcommunicationislikeart.Itmayfairlybesaidthereforethatanysocialarrangementthatremainsvitallysocialorvitallysharediseducativetothosewhoparticipateinit.Onlywhenitbecomescastinamoldandrunsinaroutinewaydoesitloseitseducativepower.
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 14
Societyexiststhroughaprocessoftransmission.Thistransmissionoccursbymeansofcommunicationofhabitsofdoingthinkingandfeelingfromtheoldertotheyounger.Soobviousisthenecessityofteachingandlearningforthecontinuedexistenceofasocietythatwemayseemtobedwellingexcessivelyonaself-evidenttruth.Butjustificationisfoundinthefactthatsuchemphasisisameansofgettingusawayfromanundulyscholasticandformalnotionofeducation.Schoolsareindeedoneimportantmethodofthetransmissionwhichformsthedispositionsoftheimmature;butitisonlyonemeansandcomparedwithotheragenciesarelativelysuperficialmeans.Onlyaswehavegraspedthenecessityofmorefundamentalandpersistentmodesoftuitioncanwemakesureofplacingthescholasticmethodsintheirtruecontext.Societynotonlycontinuestoexistbytransmissionbycommunicationbutitmayfairlybesaidtoexistintransmissionincommunication.Allcommunicationandhenceallgenuinesociallifeiseducative.Tobearecipientofacommunicationistohaveanenlargedandchangedexperience.Onesharesinwhatanotherhasthoughtandfeltandinsofarmeagerlyoramplyhashisownattitudemodified.Noristheonewhocommunicatesleftunaffected.Trytheexperimentofcommunicatingwithfullnessandaccuracysomeexperiencetoanotherespeciallyifitbesomewhatcomplicatedandyouwillfindyourownattitudetowardyourexperiencechanging;otherwiseyouresorttoswearwordsandexclamations.Theexperiencehastobeformulatedinordertobecommunicated.ToformulaterequiresgettingoutsideofitseeingitasanotherwouldseeitconsideringwhatpointsOfcontactithaswiththelifeofanothersothatitmaybegotintosuchformthathecanappreciateitsmeaning.Exceptindealingwithcommonplacesandcatchphrasesonehastoassimilateimaginativelysomethingofanother’sexperienceinordertotellhimintelligentlyofone’sownexperience.Allcommunicationislikeart.Itmayfairlybesaidthereforethatanysocialarrangementthatremainsvitallysocialorvitallysharediseducativetothosewhoparticipateinit.Onlywhenitbecomescastinamoldandrunsinaroutinewaydoesitloseitseducativepower.
Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallculturesparentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity’smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother’sobservanceofsocialnormsusingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensuresuchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremarktoimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.FacedwithincreasingviolenceathomemanyAmericansendorsedSingapore’suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay’spunishmenteffectiveWhetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknownbutthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenyawithahistoryoftribalwarfarefacethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforcesincludingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caningfooddeprivationandwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.IncontrasttheMixtecansofJuxtlahuacaMexicoareahighlycohesivecommunitywithlittleinternalconflictandsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.TheirsocialpatternsappearadaptivefortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicanswhocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rathertheytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishmentandsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrongsoresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStatesfearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehaviorespeciallyinsmallcommunities.Todayevenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrimeespeciallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishmentanothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehadsothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.WhatwouldaGusiimotherfromKenyamostlikelydotopunishherchildren
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththehowthequestionofforwhomisputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.Asfuturesaretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalleddevelopmentcommunicationsmodernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.Whydoestheauthorsaythattheelectroniceconomymayhaveadestructiveimpactondevelopingcountries
Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallculturesparentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity’smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother’sobservanceofsocialnormsusingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensuresuchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremarktoimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.FacedwithincreasingviolenceathomemanyAmericansendorsedSingapore’suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay’spunishmenteffectiveWhetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknownbutthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenyawithahistoryoftribalwarfarefacethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforcesincludingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caningfooddeprivationandwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.IncontrasttheMixtecansofJuxtlahuacaMexicoareahighlycohesivecommunitywithlittleinternalconflictandsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.TheirsocialpatternsappearadaptivefortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicanswhocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rathertheytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishmentandsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrongsoresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStatesfearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehaviorespeciallyinsmallcommunities.Todayevenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrimeespeciallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishmentanothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehadsothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.Accordingtothepassagewhatisauniversalculturalnorminmaintainingsocialorder
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 6
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2makebothpositiveandnegativecommentsandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Collegegraduatesarenowleavingschoolwithnotonlyadiplomabutalsowithmoredebtthaninanyotherperiodinhistory.AccordingtotheCollegeBoardaveragefinancialaidperfulltimeequivalentstudentadjustedforinflationhasalmostdoubledinthelastdecade.Additionallynotonlyistheaveragestudentdebtloadhigherbutalsothenumberofloansoriginatedincreasedbynearlyfourfold.Thusstudentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthdoublyimpactingthefinancialsituationsofthosestudentswhomustdependonstudentloanstofinancetheireducation.Furthermorethesefiguresnodoubtunderstatethetruelevelofindebtednessincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliessincesomeundoubtedlyfinancepartoftheireducationandlivingexpensesthroughtheuseofconsumerloanshomeequityloansorcreditcards.Thusthealreadyhugeburdenofstudentloandebtincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliesisexacerbatedbyfinancialobligationsfromothersources.Thissituationistheoutcomeofaprecariouscombinationofeasycreditthankstocardissuerswhoareeagertotapintothislucrativemarketfinancialnaivetéonthepartofstudentsandasenseonbothsidesthatifworsecomestoworsemommyanddaddywillstepinandsetthingsright.Allcombinetomakecreditatemptingluretostudentsstrappedforcash.Whilecreditstillremainavirtualelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustcarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethathebargainedfor.MoststudentsintheUnitedStatesattendcollegeswhosetuitiondoesnotexceed$15000however.Neverthelessrisingpricescombinedwithstagnantincomegainsamonglow-andmoderate-incomefamilieshavemadeitdifficultifnotimpossibleforastudentfromafamilyofsuchanincomelevelastudentwhohasthemosttogainfromacollegeeducationtoattendcollegewithoutsignificantlyaddingtothefinancialburdenofhisorherfamily.Whilestudentloansstillremainavitalelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustbecarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethanhebargainedfor.InParagraph1...studentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthmeans
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 8
Collegegraduatesarenowleavingschoolwithnotonlyadiplomabutalsowithmoredebtthaninanyotherperiodinhistory.AccordingtotheCollegeBoardaveragefinancialaidperfulltimeequivalentstudentadjustedforinflationhasalmostdoubledinthelastdecade.Additionallynotonlyistheaveragestudentdebtloadhigherbutalsothenumberofloansoriginatedincreasedbynearlyfourfold.Thusstudentlendinghasincreasedinbreadthaswellasdepthdoublyimpactingthefinancialsituationsofthosestudentswhomustdependonstudentloanstofinancetheireducation.Furthermorethesefiguresnodoubtunderstatethetruelevelofindebtednessincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliessincesomeundoubtedlyfinancepartoftheireducationandlivingexpensesthroughtheuseofconsumerloanshomeequityloansorcreditcards.Thusthealreadyhugeburdenofstudentloandebtincurredbystudentsandtheirfamiliesisexacerbatedbyfinancialobligationsfromothersources.Thissituationistheoutcomeofaprecariouscombinationofeasycreditthankstocardissuerswhoareeagertotapintothislucrativemarketfinancialnaivetéonthepartofstudentsandasenseonbothsidesthatifworsecomestoworsemommyanddaddywillstepinandsetthingsright.Allcombinetomakecreditatemptingluretostudentsstrappedforcash.Whilecreditstillremainavirtualelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustcarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethathebargainedfor.MoststudentsintheUnitedStatesattendcollegeswhosetuitiondoesnotexceed$15000however.Neverthelessrisingpricescombinedwithstagnantincomegainsamonglow-andmoderate-incomefamilieshavemadeitdifficultifnotimpossibleforastudentfromafamilyofsuchanincomelevelastudentwhohasthemosttogainfromacollegeeducationtoattendcollegewithoutsignificantlyaddingtothefinancialburdenofhisorherfamily.Whilestudentloansstillremainavitalelementforthefinancingofmanystudents’educationatexpensivecollegesitsimplicationsmustbecarefullyweighedandconsideredlestthecash-poorstudentfindhimselfwithmorethanhebargainedfor.Thetextismainlyabout
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.Thelastparagraphimpliesthat
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththehowthequestionofforwhomisputasideonceagain.Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots.Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.Asfuturesaretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies.SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalleddevelopmentcommunicationsmodernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies.CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain.Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit.Fromthepassageweknowthatthedevelopmentofhightechnologyisintheinterestsof
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 4
OneofthemostpressingchallengesthattheUnitedStates—andindeedtheworld—willfaceinthenextfewdecadesishowtoalleviatethegrowingstressthathumanactivitiesareplacingontheenvironment.Theconsequencesarejusttoogreattoignore.Wildlifehabitatsarebeingdegradedordisappearingaltogetherasnewdevelopmentstakeupmoreland.PlantandanimalspeciesarebecomingextinctatagreaterratenowthanatanytimeinEarth’shistory.Asmanyas30percentoftheworld’sfishstocksareoverexploited.Andthelistgoeson.Yetthereisreasontohavehopeforthefuture.Advancesincomputingpowerandmolecularbiologyareamongthetremendousincreasesinscientificcapabilitythatarehelpingresearchersgainabetterunderstandingoftheseproblems.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologycouldprovidethebasisforsomemajorandtimelyactionsthatwouldimproveourunderstandingofhowhumanactivitiesaffecttheenvironment.Onepriorityforresearchisimprovinghydrologicalforecasting.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheworld’swaterusecouldtripleinthenexttwodecades.AlreadywidespreadwatershortageshaveoccurredinpartsofChinaIndiaNorthAfricaandtheArabianPeninsula.TheneedforwateralsoistakingitstollonfreshwaterecosystemsintheUnitedStates.Only2percentofthenation’sstreamsareconsideredingoodconditionandcloseto40percentofnativefishspeciesareraretoextinct.Usingavarietyofnewremotesensingtoolsscientistscanlearnmoreabouthowprecipitationaffectswaterlevelshowsurfacewaterisgeneratedandtransportedandhowchangesinthelandscapeaffectwatersupplies.Topreventoutbreaksofinfectiousdiseasesinplantsanimalsandhumansmorestudyisneededonhowpathogensparasitesanddisease-carryingspecies—aswellashumansandotherspeciestheyinfect—areaffectedbychangesintheenvironment.Theoveruseofantibioticsbothinhumansandinfarmanimalshascontributedtothegrowthofantibiotic-resistantmicroorganisms.Researcherscantakeadvantageofnewtechnologiesingeneticsandcomputingtobettermonitorandpredicttheeffectsthatenvironmentalchangesmighthaveondiseaseoutbreaks.HumanshavemadealterationstoEarth’ssurface—suchastropicaldeforestationreductionofsurfaceandgroundwaterandmassivedevelopment—sodramaticthattheyapproachthelevelsoftransformationthatoccurredduringglacialperiods.Suchalterationscausechangesinlocalandregionalclimateandwilldeterminethefutureofagriculture.Recentadvancesindatacollectionandanalysisshouldbeusedtodocumentandbetterunderstandthecausesandconsequencesofchangesinlandcoveranduse.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthorNOTsuggestasanimportantareaforresearch
Cyberspacedatasuperhighwaysmultimedia—forthosewhohaveseenthefuturethelinkingofcomputerstelevisionandtelephoneswillchangeourlivesforever.Yetforallthetalkofaforthcomingtechnologicalutopialittleattentionhasbeengiventotheimplicationsofthesedevelopmentsforthepoor.AswithallnewhightechnologywhiletheWestconcernsitselfwiththe"how"thequestionof"forwhom"isputasideonceagain. Economistsareonlynowrealizingthefullextenttowhichthecommunicationsrevolutionhasaffectedtheworldeconomy.Informationtechnologyallowstheextensionoftradeacrossgeographicalandindustrialboundariesandtransnationalcorporationstakefulladvantageofit.Termsoftradeexchangeandinterestratesandmoneymovementsaremoreimportantthantheproductionofgoods.Theelectroniceconomymadepossiblebyinformationtechnologyallowsthehavestoincreasetheircontrolonglobalmarkets—withdestructiveimpactonthehave-nots. Forthemtheresultisinstability.Developingcountrieswhichrelyontheproductionofasmallrangeofgoodsforexportaremadetofeellikesmallpartsintheinternationaleconomicmachine.As"futures"aretradedoncomputerscreensdevelopingcountriessimplyhavelessandlesscontroloftheirdestinies. SowhataretheoptionsforregainingcontrolOnealternativeisfordevelopingcountriestobuyinthelatestcomputersandtelecommunicationsthemselves—socalled"developmentcommunications"modernization.Yetthisleadstolong-termdependencyandperhapspermanentconstraintsondevelopingcountries’economies. CommunicationstechnologyisgenerallyexportedfromtheU.S.EuropeorJapan;thepatentsskillsandabilitytomanufactureremaininthehandsofafewindustrializedcountries.Itisalsoexpensiveandimportedproductsandservicesmustthereforebeboughtoncredit—creditusuallyprovidedbytheverycountrieswhosecompaniesstandtogain. Furthermorewhennewtechnologyisintroducedthereisoftentoolowalevelofexpertisetoexploititfornativedevelopment.Thismeansthatwhilelocalelitesforeigncommunitiesandsubsidiariesoftransnationalcorporationsmaybenefitthosewhoselivesdependonaccesstotheinformationaredeniedit. Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecommunicationsrevolutionis
TheTreasurycouldpocket20millionayearinextrafinesoncethecountry’sspeedcameranetworkisexpanded.Motoringorganizationswarnedthatthe1couldbecomeapolltaxonwheels2hugenumberofdrivers.Therecouldbemanymoreincidentsofvandalism3cameras.Thewarningscame4aDailyMailsurveyfoundalmostallthe23policeforcesinEnglandandWaleswereeither5toexpansionplansorconsidering6. Nationwidethenumberofspeedingticketsisexpectedtotreble790millionayear.8theschemepolicekeepsomeofthecashfromfinesto9thecostsoffittingandmaintainingextracamerasand10thatexistingonesalwayshavefilminthem.TherestwillgototheTreasury.BothMinistersandpoliceinsisttheschemeisaimed11atmakingroadssafer.Theypointtotrialsineightareaswhichcutcollisionsbyaquarteranddeathsandseriousinjuriesby12ahalf. Butmotoringorganizationsfearcameraswillbesitedonrelativelysafe13faststretchestocatchasmanydriversaspossible.Someforcesarealsoexpectedto14the"threshold"speedsatwhichcamerasare15totheabsolutelegalminimum-15mphina10mphlimitand26mphina20mphzone.Thiscouldencouragedriverstostareattheirspeedometersinsteadofconcentratingontheroadand16tomoreaccidents.SueNicholsonheadofcampaignsattheRACsaid"Wedon’thaveaproblemwithspeedcameras17.Butwedohaveconcernsabout18theyaresited.Policerisklosingcredibility19motoristsifcamerasareseenasrevenue-raising20safetydevices./ 2
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号