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骨蒸潮热，盗汗遗精，咳嗽咯血，心烦易怒，足膝痛热，舌红少苔，尺脉数而有力者，治宜选用
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证见骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝疼热舌红少苔尺脉数而有力方剂易选用
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患者骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝疼热舌红少苔尺脉数而有力治疗宜用
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病人骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝痛热舌红少苔尺脉数而有力治宜用
清蒿鳖甲汤
清骨散
六味地黄丸
一贯煎
大补阴丸
患 者男30岁骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精足膝痛热咳嗽咯血心烦 易怒舌红少苔脉迟数而有力宜选
生地黄
知母
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阴虚火旺证骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝疼热舌红少苔尺脉数而有力宜选
大补阴丸
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骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝疼热舌红少苔尺脉数而 有力宜选用的方剂是
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六味地黄丸
大补阴丸
一贯煎
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杞菊地黄丸
骨蒸潮热盗汗遗精咳嗽咯血心烦易怒足膝痛热舌红少苔尺脉数而有力治宜选用
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Prof．Whitemyrespectedtutorfrequentlyremindsmeto____________myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.
需求曲线的每点都意味着消费者的均衡条件得到满足
Tom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto____________fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.
1effectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife 2possiblereasonfortheeffect 3yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection[*]
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Ineducationthereshouldbeagood____________amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom. Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation.Justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecasebeforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement. Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations. Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseandentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Accordingtotheauthorbasiccomputerskillsshouldbe____________.
Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets. Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit. Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaidthedataarestillinconclusive.Weknowthatthemenfromthebudgetofficehavesaidbutwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate. Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheoddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhoworkwellwiththeteam. Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch____________.
Scienceinpracticedependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavensthemoonandtheplanets. Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethingsyoudon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournalsbuthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit. Intalkingtosomescientistsparticularlyyoungeronesyoumightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthescientificmethodasubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrownedlookedatthegraphsandsaidthedataarestillinconclusive.Weknowthatthemenfromthebudgetofficehavesaidbutwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate. Whatthisamountstoofcourseisthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimselfbuthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicatethenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Norifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflectismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainsttheoddballsamongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswhoworkwellwiththeteam. Theauthorassertsthatscientists__________________.
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations. NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning. Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled. NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforbirthforresearchortobeforknowinglyendangeranembryo’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstillupintheair. Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat____________.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod"frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy."Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.
It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Theauthor’’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe____________.
买者的保留价格是买者愿意为商品支付的最低价格
利率上涨必然使消费者增加储蓄
外部性的存在意味着边际社会成本小于边际私人成本
比较单一价格垄断和完全竞争可知消费者所损失的全部消费者剩余都被垄断者获取
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations. NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning. Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled. NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforbirthforresearchortobeforknowinglyendangeranembryo’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstillupintheair. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto____________.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
对通货膨胀的预期会加剧实际的通货膨胀
____________canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigurestheprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat____________.
71．Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistoriansmodernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplaceeachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattereditisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitsractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72．Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophytheemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73．Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74．Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historiansespeciallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod"frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy."Alsocommoninthenaturalsciencesthetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75．Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsourcesandtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques. Duringthistransfertraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeedcontradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom. Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation.Justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.RatherwehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizenacharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecasebeforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainageitwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountrieswecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschoolscomputer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement. Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhefightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itishoweverpresumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientistssomanybusinessmensomanyaccountants.Besidesthisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations. Butforasmallgroupofstudentsprofessionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskillsallotherfactorsbeingequalcanbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcoursethebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineerthatisofcourseandentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycasebasiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobservedofcoursethatnoschoolvocationalornotishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose. Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren____________.
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