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假设某市场由“个人1”和“个人2”组成，他们对商品X的需求函数分别为 (1)求商品X的市场需求函数。 (2)计算对商品X的市场需求价格弹性和需求交叉弹性。
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市场的需求曲线是
由每个数量上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出
由每个价格上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出
由每个价格上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出
由每个数量上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出
在商品X市场中有10000个相同的个人每个人的需求函数都为D=12－2P同时又有1000个相同的生产
市场需求曲线是
由每个人数量上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出
由每个价格上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出
由每个价格上的个人需求曲线垂直叠加得出
由每个数量上的个人需求曲线水平叠加得出
在商品X市场中有10000个相同的个人每个人的需求函数都为D=12－2P同时又有1000个相同的生产
假设某市场由个人1和个人2组成他们对商品X的需求函数分别为 1求商品X的市场需求函数 2计算
假设对于某商品市场上共有100个消费者该商品的50%为75个彼此相同的消费者所购买他们每个人的需求价
表示在某一特定市场和某一特定时期内所有购买者在各种可能的价格下将购买的某种商品的各种数量的概念是
个人需求
市场需求
个人供给
市场供给
商品的需求分为
个人需求
消费需求
市场需求
供给需求
与商品房销售价格相对应个人对商品房的需求必须同时具备的条件是
个人具有购买意愿和商品符合国家标准
个人具有支付能力和商品符合国家标准
个人具有购买意愿和个人具有支付能力
商品符合国家标准和商品符合个人需求
假设某市场由个人1和个人2组成他们对商品x的需求函数分别为计算对商品X的市场需求价格弹性和需求交叉弹
某人的收入为10000元全部用于购买商品X和商品Y各自的价格分别为50元20元其效用函数为u=xy2
假设某市场由个人1和个人2组成他们对商品x的需求函数分别为求商品X的市场需求函数
在商品X市场中有10000个相同的个人每个人的需求函数都为D=12－2P同时又有1000个相同的生产
下图中
1和A.2为某商品的供给曲线（P.为价格，Q.为数量），假设该商品需求曲线A.3不变，当该商品供给曲线从A.2左移到A.1时，市场可能出现的情况有（ ）
①该商品在市场上可能处于买方市场 ②该商品在市场上可能处于卖方市场 ③该商品的替代商品需求减少 ④该商品的互补商品需求减少 A.①④
②④
①③
②③
假设某商品市场上只有AB两个消费者他们的需求函数各自为QdA=20-4P和QdB=30-5P1列出这
假设某市场由个人1和个人2组成他们对商品X的需求函数分别为1求商品X的市场需求函数2计算对商品X的市
下列关于个人需求的叙述正确的是
个人需求与市场需求并无关系
表示一个人在某一特定时间内，在各种可能的价格下，他将购买的某种商品的各种数量
表示在某一特定市场和某一特定时期内，所有购买者在各种可能的价格下将购买的某种商品的各种数量
个人对商品的需求需要具备的必不可少的条件是物质生活的改善
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Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
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Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams
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Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. .Incomparisonwithnaturalscientistsfinancialengineers
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto
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列举体内某些器官和组织被扩张或牵拉时引起的生理反应至少10处
促胃液素的生理作用及其分泌调节如何
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.46Tomakerepaymentforthisoffensesocietymustgetequallybalancedwhichcanbedoneonlyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.47Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.48Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves. Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.49Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeputintooperationthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemovedprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.50Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsocietyandhisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart. Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequalitywefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpressionaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Thatistheindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.46Tomakerepaymentforthisoffensesocietymustgetequallybalancedwhichcanbedoneonlyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.47Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimeswhichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegelwhobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.48Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves. Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.49Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeputintooperationthecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemovedprovisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividualnotsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentistheonlyadequatemeansforaccomplishingthisitshouldbeadministered.50Howevertheindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsocietyandhisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. ThewordhurlinginPar.3maybebestreplacedby
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. Thestartlinggrowthofbankmergersindicatesthat
Insuchachangingcomplexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembersfriendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday. InadditiontothisthereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunitytheirfriendsofmanyyearstheirextendedfamilyrelationshipstheinformalflowofinformationiscutoffandwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thusthingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned. Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygenerationandthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicatedtime-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming. Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachinereadablefilesandtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevisionradioandveryshortlyelectronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.ExpertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencingandproblemsindisputecanbesettledWithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformationthusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople. Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexitytheneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccuratereliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblemsthecriticalproblemsoftheirbusinesssocialandfamilylifewillsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispowermaywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________________.
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