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The elephants of Thailand used never to be short of work hauling timber. But most of the country’s f...
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InthecountriesofSouthandSoutheastAsiatheelephantha
ForcenturiesinthecountriesofSouthandSoutheastAsiat
SomestudentsfromThailandwantsavetheelephants.
---Aren'ttheelephantsfromThailand?---
Yes, they arE.
Yes, they aren't.
No, they arE.
No, they don't.
TheelephantsofThailandusednevertobeshortofworkhaul
jump
growl
move
shake
MoreandmorepeoplegotoThailand---theofelephants.
短文填空用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空使短文完整正确每个单词限用一次symbolsforlostda
Everyyearmanyyoungpeopleleaveschoolforafewweeksorm
ForcenturiesinthecountriesofsouthandSoutheastAsiat
阅读理解Everyyearmanyyoungpeopleleaveschoolforafewweek
TheelephantsofThailandusednevertobeshortofworkhaul
earn money
protect elephants
enjoy themselves
none of the above
Everyyearmanyyoungpeopleleaveschoolforafewweeksorm
Students______________Thailandloveelephants.
from
are from
come from
go to
TheelephantsofThailandusednevertobeshortofworkhaul
they are trained to take tourists on trek
they are trained to play music
the forest-cutting is illegal
there is not enough timber for them to haul
Text3 TheelephantsofThailandusedneverto
they are trained to take tourists on trek
they are trained to play music
the forest-cutting is illegal
there is not enough timber for them to haul
TheelephantsofThailandusednevertobeshortofworkhaul
astonished
indescribable
supportive
appreciative
WearestudentsfromThailandandwewanttotheelephants.
DearLizMystayinThailandhascertainlybeentheexperien
英汉互译阅读下面短文将画线句子翻译成中文或英语Hello!WearestudentsfromThai
ForcenturiesinthecountriesofSouthandSoutheastAsiat
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Thehousingmarkethasbeenfortwoyearsproppingupconsumers’spiritswhiletherestoftheeconomyliesexhaustedonthefloorstilltryingtostruggletoitsfeet.AccordingtotheNationalAssociationofRealtorsthenationalmedianexisting-homepriceendedtheyearat$164000up7.1percentfrom2001.That’sthestrongestannualincreasesince1980.Althoughresidentialrealestateactivitymakesuplessthan8%oftotalU.S.GDPahousingmarketlikethisonecanmakethedifferencebetweenpositiveandnegativegrowth.Mostsignificantlyconsumerspendingis66%ofGDPandthepurchaseofanewhometendstohaveanumbrellaeffectonthehomeowner’sspendingashehastostockitwithawasher/dryeranewbig-screenTVandmaybeaswingsetfortheyard.Themainfactorinhousing’scontinuedstrengthisaclassiceconomicexampleofzero-sumboom:thepersistentweaknesseverywhereelse.Asthe2003recoverycontinuestobemoreforecastthanreality.FallingstockpricesraisedinvestorappealforU.S.TreasuryBondswhichinturnallowedmostinterestratestodriftevenlower.Buttherearenotmanysignsthatthere’sabubblereadytoburst.December’snewrecordinhousingstartsforexamplewasnicelymatchedbythenewrecordinnewhomesales.Ifyoubuildittheywillbuyandevenifaneconomicpickupstartstoreducehousing’srelativeattractivenessthere’snoreasonwhymodesteconomicgrowthandimprovedconsumermoodcan’thelpsustaininghousing’sstrength.Themomentumgainedfromlowmortgageinterestrateswillcarrystronghomesalesinto2003withanimprovingeconomyoffsettingmodestlyhighermortgageinterestratesastheyearprogressessaidDavidLereahchiefeconomistattheNationalAssociationofRealtors.Justashousinghastakenupmuchoftheeconomicslackforthepasttwoyearsbothasacomfortinginvestmentforfrettingconsumersandadriverofconsumerspendingitselfabigbumpelsewhereintheeconomyin2003couldbehousing’sdownfall.Ifstocksroarbackthisspringcapitalinflowscouldstealfromthebondmarketpushinguplong-terminterestrates.OrAlanGreenspanandtheFedcoulddothesametoshort-termratesasawaytohitthebrakesonarecoverythatisheatinguptoofast.Inotherwordsifeverythingpossiblegoeswrongforhousinghomeownersshouldhaveplentytocompensatethemintermsbfjobsecurityandincomehikes.Howdotheconsumersfeelabouttheirinvestmentinthehousingmarket
Biologicallythereisonlyonequalitywhichdistinguishesusfromanimals:theabilitytolaugh.Inauniversewhichappearstobeutterlydevoidofhumorweenjoythissupremeluxury.Anditisaluxuryforunlikeanyotherbodilyprocesslaughterdoesnotseemserveabiologicallyusefulpurpose.Inadividedworldalaughterisaunifyingforce.Humanbeingsopposeeachotheronagreatmanyissues.Nationsmaydisagreeaboutsystemsofgovernmentandhumanrelationsmaybeplaguedbyideologicalfactionsandpoliticalcampsbutweallsharetheabilitytolaugh.Andlaughterinturndependsonthemostcomplexandsubtleofall-humanqualities:asenseofhumor.Certaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.Thiscanbestbeseenfromtheworld-widepopularityofCharlieChaplain’searlyfilms.Thelittlemanatoddswithsocietyneverfailstoamusenomatterwhichcountrywecomefrom.AsthatgreatcommentatoronhumanaffairsDr.SamuelJohnsononceremarkedMenhavebeenwiseinverydifferentmodes;buttheyhavealwayslaughedinthesameway.Asenseofhumormaytakevariousformsandlaughtermaybeanythingfromrefinedtinkletoanearthquakingroarbuttheeffectisalwaysthesame.Humorhelpsustomaintainacorrectsenseofvalues.Itistheonequalitywhichpoliticalfanaticsappeartolack.Ifwecanseethefunnysidewenevermakethemistakeoftakingourselvestooseriously.Wearealwaysremindedthattragedyisnotreallyfarremovedfromcomedysowenevergetalopsidedviewofthings.Thisisoneofthechieffunctionsofsatireandirony.Humanpainandsufferingaresogrim;wehoversooftenonthebrinkofwarpoliticalrealitiesareusuallyenoughtoplungeusintototaldespair.Insuchcircumstancescartoonsandsatiricalaccountsofsomberpoliticaleventsredressthebalance.Theytakethewindoutofpompousandarrogantpoliticianswhohavelosttheirsenseofproportion.Theyenableustoseethatmanyofourmostprofoundactionsaremerelycomicorabsurd.WelaughwhenagreatsatiristlikeSwiftwritesaboutwarsinGulliver’sTravels.TheLilliputiansandtheirneighborsattackeachotherbecausetheycan’tagreewhichendtobreakanegg.Welaughbecausewearemeanttolaugh;hutwearemeanttoweeptoo.ItisnowonderthatintotalitarianregimesanysatireagainsttheEstablishmentiswhollybanned.Itistoopowerfulweapontobeallowedtoflourish.Thesenseofhumormustbesingledoutasman’smostimportantqualitybecauseitisassociatedwithlaughter.Andlaughterinturnisassociatedwithhappiness.Couragedeterminationinitiative--thesearequalitieswesharewithotherformsoflife.Butthesenseofhumorisanuniquehumanquality.Ifhappinessisoneofthegreatgoalsoflifethenitisthesenseofhumorthatprovidesthekey.Accordingtothe4thparagraphwhatintereststheauthoristhatsomepoliticiansfailto
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
WhoeversaidthatvictoryhasmanyfathersanddefeatisanorphansurelyhadneverheardoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTO.InthecaseofthehaplessmultilateraltradebodyanditslongsufferingrepresentativesthetotalfailureoftheopeningmeetingofthesocalledMillenniumtraderoundhaslotsofpeopleboastingoftheirrolesintheviolentphysicalstruggle.Well.That’sjustbrilliant.Theyareproudofbeingpartofamovementthatwantstowreckthemostimportantengineofeconomicgrowthprosperityandoverallglobalrisinglivingstandardswehave--thefreedomoftradeandmovementofpeopleandgoodsbetweennations.The135-memberWTOiscomposedofsovereigngovernmentswishingtofurtherthisgoalandeasethesettlementofinternationaltradedisputes.FromthesoundsemanatingfromSeattlethoughitwouldnowseemtheWTOhasnowreplacedtheTrilateralCommissionandtheFreemasonsascandidateNo.1totakeovertheWorld.EverybodyhashisfavoriteSeattlestory.Thecity’spolicechiefwillhaveplentyoftimetothinkabouthishavingnowresignedindisgraceoverthelossofcontrolofdowntownSeattle.TheSeattlebusinesscommunitymaybemoreinclinedtobroodovertheirs--thepoorfoolsinvested$9milliontoattractthemeetingtotheirfinecity.WhatstandsoutmoreIwouldnominatetheunionofsteelworkerswhoweremarchinginprotest.It’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocome.Thedebatenowisoverjusthoweffectivethisanti-globalistcoalitionwillturnouttobe.Intheheatofthemomentitalwayslooksasthoughtheworldasweknowitiscomingtoanend.ButtheoverwhelminglikelihoodisthatwehavenotactuallyseenareplayoftheantiVietnamWarmovementwhichhadmuchclearerfocusobviouslythoughitsconsequenceswerefar-reaching.HowlongafterallcanyouprotestagainstcheapimportswhenthosesameimportsarealloveryourhouseNotherealreasonforthedisasterinSeattleispoliticalandreportscomingoutofthemeetingpointtoPresidentClintonasamajorculprit.Whichmaybebothgoodandbad.Takingthelongviewothertraderoundshavehaddifficultbeginningstoo.IttookyearstogettheUruguayRoundunderwaywhichfinallyhappenedin1986.Thankfullywewillsoonbeelectinganotherpresidentanditshouldbesomeonewhoseactionsmatchhisrhetoric.Stillitisadisgracethattheworld’sgreatesttradingnationi.e.theUnitedStatesiscurrentlyledbyamanwhosemotivationsaresonarrowlypoliticalandegocentricthathehasnowwreckedanychanceofenteringthehistorybooksasachampionoffreetrade.ThestatementvictoryhasrnanyfathersanddefeatisanorphanPara.1isusedtointroduce
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.TheauthorusedtheexampleofatravelerPara.3toshowthat
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
WhoeversaidthatvictoryhasmanyfathersanddefeatisanorphansurelyhadneverheardoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTO.InthecaseofthehaplessmultilateraltradebodyanditslongsufferingrepresentativesthetotalfailureoftheopeningmeetingofthesocalledMillenniumtraderoundhaslotsofpeopleboastingoftheirrolesintheviolentphysicalstruggle.Well.That’sjustbrilliant.Theyareproudofbeingpartofamovementthatwantstowreckthemostimportantengineofeconomicgrowthprosperityandoverallglobalrisinglivingstandardswehave--thefreedomoftradeandmovementofpeopleandgoodsbetweennations.The135-memberWTOiscomposedofsovereigngovernmentswishingtofurtherthisgoalandeasethesettlementofinternationaltradedisputes.FromthesoundsemanatingfromSeattlethoughitwouldnowseemtheWTOhasnowreplacedtheTrilateralCommissionandtheFreemasonsascandidateNo.1totakeovertheWorld.EverybodyhashisfavoriteSeattlestory.Thecity’spolicechiefwillhaveplentyoftimetothinkabouthishavingnowresignedindisgraceoverthelossofcontrolofdowntownSeattle.TheSeattlebusinesscommunitymaybemoreinclinedtobroodovertheirs--thepoorfoolsinvested$9milliontoattractthemeetingtotheirfinecity.WhatstandsoutmoreIwouldnominatetheunionofsteelworkerswhoweremarchinginprotest.It’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocome.Thedebatenowisoverjusthoweffectivethisanti-globalistcoalitionwillturnouttobe.Intheheatofthemomentitalwayslooksasthoughtheworldasweknowitiscomingtoanend.ButtheoverwhelminglikelihoodisthatwehavenotactuallyseenareplayoftheantiVietnamWarmovementwhichhadmuchclearerfocusobviouslythoughitsconsequenceswerefar-reaching.HowlongafterallcanyouprotestagainstcheapimportswhenthosesameimportsarealloveryourhouseNotherealreasonforthedisasterinSeattleispoliticalandreportscomingoutofthemeetingpointtoPresidentClintonasamajorculprit.Whichmaybebothgoodandbad.Takingthelongviewothertraderoundshavehaddifficultbeginningstoo.IttookyearstogettheUruguayRoundunderwaywhichfinallyhappenedin1986.Thankfullywewillsoonbeelectinganotherpresidentanditshouldbesomeonewhoseactionsmatchhisrhetoric.Stillitisadisgracethattheworld’sgreatesttradingnationi.e.theUnitedStatesiscurrentlyledbyamanwhosemotivationsaresonarrowlypoliticalandegocentricthathehasnowwreckedanychanceofenteringthehistorybooksasachampionoffreetrade.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions:你得了感冒仍在发烧医生说你要卧床休息三天你写一张假条向老师请假Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Formorethan40yearsacontrollinginsightinmyeducationalphilosophyhasbeentherecognitionthatnoonehaseverbeen--noonecanbe--educatedinschoolorcollege. 46Thatwouldbethecaseifourschoolsandcollegeswereattheirverybestwhichtheycertainlyarenotandevenifthestudentswereamongthebestandthebrightestaswellasconscientiousintheapplicationoftheirpowers. Thereasonissimplythatyouthitself--immaturity--isanunconquerableobstacletobecomingeducated.Schoolingisfortheyoung.Educationcomeslaterusuallymuchlater.47Theverybestthingforourschoolstodoistopreparetheyoungforcontinuedlearninginlaterlifebygivingthemtheskillsoflearningandtheloveofit.Ourschoolsandcollegesarenotdoingthatnowbutthatiswhattheyshouldbedoing. 48Tospeakofaneducatedyoungpersonorofawiseyoungpersonrichintheunderstandingofbasicideasandissuesisasmuchacontradictionintermsastospeakofaroundsquare.Theyoungcanbepreparedforeducationintheyearstocomebutonlymaturemenandwomencanbecomeeducatedbeginningtheprocessoftheir40sand50sandreachingsomeamountofgenuineinsightsoundjudgmentandpracticalwisdomaftertheyhaveturned60. Thisiswhatnohighschoolorcollegegraduatesknoworcanunderstand.Asamatteroffactmostoftheirteachersdonotseemtoknowit.49Intheirobsessionwithcoveringgroundandinthewayinwhichtheytestorexaminetheirstudentstheycertainlydonotactasiftheyunderstoodthattheywereonlypreparingtheirstudentsforeducationinlaterliferatherthantryingtocompleteitwithintherealmsoftheirinstitutions. Thereisofcoursesometruthintheancientinsightthatawarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.Butrememberitisjustthebeginning.Fromthereononehastodosomethingaboutit.50Andtodoitintelligentlyonemustknowsomethingofitsmusesandcures--whyadultsneededucationandwhatifanythingtheycandoaboutit. Intheirobsessionwithcoveringgroundandinthewayinwhichtheytestorexaminetheirstudentstheycertainlydonotactasiftheyunderstoodthattheywereonlypreparingtheirstudentsforeducationinlaterliferatherthantryingtocompleteitwithintherealmsoftheirinstitutions.
Formorethan40yearsacontrollinginsightinmyeducationalphilosophyhasbeentherecognitionthatnoonehaseverbeen--noonecanbe--educatedinschoolorcollege. 46Thatwouldbethecaseifourschoolsandcollegeswereattheirverybestwhichtheycertainlyarenotandevenifthestudentswereamongthebestandthebrightestaswellasconscientiousintheapplicationoftheirpowers. Thereasonissimplythatyouthitself--immaturity--isanunconquerableobstacletobecomingeducated.Schoolingisfortheyoung.Educationcomeslaterusuallymuchlater.47Theverybestthingforourschoolstodoistopreparetheyoungforcontinuedlearninginlaterlifebygivingthemtheskillsoflearningandtheloveofit.Ourschoolsandcollegesarenotdoingthatnowbutthatiswhattheyshouldbedoing. 48Tospeakofaneducatedyoungpersonorofawiseyoungpersonrichintheunderstandingofbasicideasandissuesisasmuchacontradictionintermsastospeakofaroundsquare.Theyoungcanbepreparedforeducationintheyearstocomebutonlymaturemenandwomencanbecomeeducatedbeginningtheprocessoftheir40sand50sandreachingsomeamountofgenuineinsightsoundjudgmentandpracticalwisdomaftertheyhaveturned60. Thisiswhatnohighschoolorcollegegraduatesknoworcanunderstand.Asamatteroffactmostoftheirteachersdonotseemtoknowit.49Intheirobsessionwithcoveringgroundandinthewayinwhichtheytestorexaminetheirstudentstheycertainlydonotactasiftheyunderstoodthattheywereonlypreparingtheirstudentsforeducationinlaterliferatherthantryingtocompleteitwithintherealmsoftheirinstitutions. Thereisofcoursesometruthintheancientinsightthatawarenessofignoranceisthebeginningofwisdom.Butrememberitisjustthebeginning.Fromthereononehastodosomethingaboutit.50Andtodoitintelligentlyonemustknowsomethingofitsmusesandcures--whyadultsneededucationandwhatifanythingtheycandoaboutit. Theverybestthingforourschoolstodoistopreparetheyoungforcontinuedlearninginlaterlifebygivingthemtheskillsoflearningandtheloveofit.Ourschoolsandcollegesarenotdoingthatnowbutthatiswhattheyshouldbedoing.
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSAarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture. [B]Manywomengothroughlifethinkingconsciouslyorunconsciouslythatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems"OncewearemarriedeverythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincessestheyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears. [C]CarriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriendNewYorksocialiteCharlotteYorkmade"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders"IsthattrueIsthattheonlythingwomenwantRescuedbywhomIftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhitewouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchancebutwedo. |[D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.OntheotherhandourvalueshavenotchangedfastenoughandmanywomenmoresoHispanicwomenarejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasonsnottotakecareofthem. [E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.IfyouhaveareasOfyourlifethatyouwanttoimprovegoahead;doitforyouandforyouonlyoracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullestbehappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourselfyouwillmakeothershappyincludingyourman. [F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen’slifespanwasabout40years.There-forelifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued. [G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecuritywearealsogivingupourfreedom.AreyouwaitingtoberescuedDoyoueverthinklikethat Order: 41
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’sPathtoGrowthstrategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear.Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.ThePathtoGrowthstrategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear.AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%.Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhasissuesofcompetitiveness.Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy.WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatPatrickCescau
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.AccordingtothepassageMicrosoft
Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunk.Thepolesareclearenoughbutthemiddletendstoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic--folkthemes--inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre-bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryoperaandwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine--usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunfetteredbyclass--iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityorsecretgreedoftheleadersoftheproletariat.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikelyformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstates.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrity.Evenifinmanycasalstheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodramatheintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:oncehehadbecomeestablished.Verdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferenfsingersorcountenancealterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.Thewriterassertsthatthedefinitionofpopularartis
WhoeversaidthatvictoryhasmanyfathersanddefeatisanorphansurelyhadneverheardoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTO.InthecaseofthehaplessmultilateraltradebodyanditslongsufferingrepresentativesthetotalfailureoftheopeningmeetingofthesocalledMillenniumtraderoundhaslotsofpeopleboastingoftheirrolesintheviolentphysicalstruggle.Well.That’sjustbrilliant.Theyareproudofbeingpartofamovementthatwantstowreckthemostimportantengineofeconomicgrowthprosperityandoverallglobalrisinglivingstandardswehave--thefreedomoftradeandmovementofpeopleandgoodsbetweennations.The135-memberWTOiscomposedofsovereigngovernmentswishingtofurtherthisgoalandeasethesettlementofinternationaltradedisputes.FromthesoundsemanatingfromSeattlethoughitwouldnowseemtheWTOhasnowreplacedtheTrilateralCommissionandtheFreemasonsascandidateNo.1totakeovertheWorld.EverybodyhashisfavoriteSeattlestory.Thecity’spolicechiefwillhaveplentyoftimetothinkabouthishavingnowresignedindisgraceoverthelossofcontrolofdowntownSeattle.TheSeattlebusinesscommunitymaybemoreinclinedtobroodovertheirs--thepoorfoolsinvested$9milliontoattractthemeetingtotheirfinecity.WhatstandsoutmoreIwouldnominatetheunionofsteelworkerswhoweremarchinginprotest.It’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocome.Thedebatenowisoverjusthoweffectivethisanti-globalistcoalitionwillturnouttobe.Intheheatofthemomentitalwayslooksasthoughtheworldasweknowitiscomingtoanend.ButtheoverwhelminglikelihoodisthatwehavenotactuallyseenareplayoftheantiVietnamWarmovementwhichhadmuchclearerfocusobviouslythoughitsconsequenceswerefar-reaching.HowlongafterallcanyouprotestagainstcheapimportswhenthosesameimportsarealloveryourhouseNotherealreasonforthedisasterinSeattleispoliticalandreportscomingoutofthemeetingpointtoPresidentClintonasamajorculprit.Whichmaybebothgoodandbad.Takingthelongviewothertraderoundshavehaddifficultbeginningstoo.IttookyearstogettheUruguayRoundunderwaywhichfinallyhappenedin1986.Thankfullywewillsoonbeelectinganotherpresidentanditshouldbesomeonewhoseactionsmatchhisrhetoric.Stillitisadisgracethattheworld’sgreatesttradingnationi.e.theUnitedStatesiscurrentlyledbyamanwhosemotivationsaresonarrowlypoliticalandegocentricthathehasnowwreckedanychanceofenteringthehistorybooksasachampionoffreetrade.BysayingthatIt’sanimagethatwillbogglethemindforyearstocomeParagraph3theauthormeansthatthedebateinSeattleprovestobe
Biologicallythereisonlyonequalitywhichdistinguishesusfromanimals:theabilitytolaugh.Inauniversewhichappearstobeutterlydevoidofhumorweenjoythissupremeluxury.Anditisaluxuryforunlikeanyotherbodilyprocesslaughterdoesnotseemserveabiologicallyusefulpurpose.Inadividedworldalaughterisaunifyingforce.Humanbeingsopposeeachotheronagreatmanyissues.Nationsmaydisagreeaboutsystemsofgovernmentandhumanrelationsmaybeplaguedbyideologicalfactionsandpoliticalcampsbutweallsharetheabilitytolaugh.Andlaughterinturndependsonthemostcomplexandsubtleofall-humanqualities:asenseofhumor.Certaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.Thiscanbestbeseenfromtheworld-widepopularityofCharlieChaplain’searlyfilms.Thelittlemanatoddswithsocietyneverfailstoamusenomatterwhichcountrywecomefrom.AsthatgreatcommentatoronhumanaffairsDr.SamuelJohnsononceremarkedMenhavebeenwiseinverydifferentmodes;buttheyhavealwayslaughedinthesameway.Asenseofhumormaytakevariousformsandlaughtermaybeanythingfromrefinedtinkletoanearthquakingroarbuttheeffectisalwaysthesame.Humorhelpsustomaintainacorrectsenseofvalues.Itistheonequalitywhichpoliticalfanaticsappeartolack.Ifwecanseethefunnysidewenevermakethemistakeoftakingourselvestooseriously.Wearealwaysremindedthattragedyisnotreallyfarremovedfromcomedysowenevergetalopsidedviewofthings.Thisisoneofthechieffunctionsofsatireandirony.Humanpainandsufferingaresogrim;wehoversooftenonthebrinkofwarpoliticalrealitiesareusuallyenoughtoplungeusintototaldespair.Insuchcircumstancescartoonsandsatiricalaccountsofsomberpoliticaleventsredressthebalance.Theytakethewindoutofpompousandarrogantpoliticianswhohavelosttheirsenseofproportion.Theyenableustoseethatmanyofourmostprofoundactionsaremerelycomicorabsurd.WelaughwhenagreatsatiristlikeSwiftwritesaboutwarsinGulliver’sTravels.TheLilliputiansandtheirneighborsattackeachotherbecausetheycan’tagreewhichendtobreakanegg.Welaughbecausewearemeanttolaugh;hutwearemeanttoweeptoo.ItisnowonderthatintotalitarianregimesanysatireagainsttheEstablishmentiswhollybanned.Itistoopowerfulweapontobeallowedtoflourish.Thesenseofhumormustbesingledoutasman’smostimportantqualitybecauseitisassociatedwithlaughter.Andlaughterinturnisassociatedwithhappiness.Couragedeterminationinitiative--thesearequalitieswesharewithotherformsoflife.Butthesenseofhumorisanuniquehumanquality.Ifhappinessisoneofthegreatgoalsoflifethenitisthesenseofhumorthatprovidesthekey.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe
Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunk.Thepolesareclearenoughbutthemiddletendstoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic--folkthemes--inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre-bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryoperaandwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine--usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunfetteredbyclass--iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityorsecretgreedoftheleadersoftheproletariat.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikelyformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstates.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrity.Evenifinmanycasalstheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodramatheintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:oncehehadbecomeestablished.Verdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferenfsingersorcountenancealterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.Thewritermentionsthepoliticalelementsin19thcenturyoperatoillustrate
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSAarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture. [B]Manywomengothroughlifethinkingconsciouslyorunconsciouslythatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems"OncewearemarriedeverythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincessestheyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears. [C]CarriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriendNewYorksocialiteCharlotteYorkmade"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders"IsthattrueIsthattheonlythingwomenwantRescuedbywhomIftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhitewouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchancebutwedo. |[D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.OntheotherhandourvalueshavenotchangedfastenoughandmanywomenmoresoHispanicwomenarejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasonsnottotakecareofthem. [E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.IfyouhaveareasOfyourlifethatyouwanttoimprovegoahead;doitforyouandforyouonlyoracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullestbehappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourselfyouwillmakeothershappyincludingyourman. [F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen’slifespanwasabout40years.There-forelifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued. [G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecuritywearealsogivingupourfreedom.AreyouwaitingtoberescuedDoyoueverthinklikethat Order: 43
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
[A]Inourtimewomenhaveanaveragelifespanofalmost80years;doubleofwhatitwasinthelastcentury.Motherhoodcanbepostponedandintheorymarriagecanbepostponed.WomenintheUSAarestudyingmorethanmenandtheymaybecomemainbreadwinnerinthenearfuture. [B]Manywomengothroughlifethinkingconsciouslyorunconsciouslythatamanwillsolvealltheirproblems"OncewearemarriedeverythingwillbeOK."Thisattitudeonlysetusupforfailure.Menarenotprincesreadytotakeanychallengetorescuetheprincessestheyarehumanbeingswiththeirownneedsandfears. [C]CarriewaswonderinginherbedroomaboutthecommentthatherfriendNewYorksocialiteCharlotteYorkmade"Womenwanttoberescued."Carriewonders"IsthattrueIsthattheonlythingwomenwantRescuedbywhomIftheprincedidnotkissSnowWhitewouldshehavebeenfrozenforeverorwouldshehavewokenupanywayandmovedon"SnowWhiteprobablyhadnootherchancebutwedo. |[D]Nowonderoursocietyhaschanged.OntheotherhandourvalueshavenotchangedfastenoughandmanywomenmoresoHispanicwomenarejustwaitingtoberescuedbytheprince.Thesewomenhavenotrealizedtheynolongerneedtoberescued;theyneedamanforotherreasonsnottotakecareofthem. [E]Womeninoursocietyhavesomanyoptionsthatwedonotneedanybodyelsetorescueus;wearetheonlyonesthatcanrescueourselves.IfyouhaveareasOfyourlifethatyouwanttoimprovegoahead;doitforyouandforyouonlyoracceptyourselfasyouare.Donotbesonaivethatyouthinksomeoneelsecantakecareofallyourproblems.Lifedoesnotworklikethat.Livelifetothefullestbehappywithwhoyouareandyouwillseethatifyouarehappywithyourselfyouwillmakeothershappyincludingyourman. [F]Oursocietyhaschangedinaremarkablewayinthelast50yearsorso.Andtherearemanyreasonsforit.Atthebeginningofthe20thcenturywomen’slifespanwasabout40years.There-forelifeneededtostartearlierifawomanweregoingtoliveforonly40years;motherhoodwasapriority.Menusedtoworkandwomenstayedathomeandtookcareofthemandtheirkids.Womencouldnotsurvivewithoutaman;womenneededtoberescued. [G]Womenarecaregivers.Wearestrongandsmartandwehavetheabilitytotakecareofourselves;wedonotneedtoberescuedbyanyone.Whenwearegivingourpowertoothersinexchangeforsecuritywearealsogivingupourfreedom.AreyouwaitingtoberescuedDoyoueverthinklikethat Order: 45
Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefreehowdoesanyonesellingitmakeanymoneyIt’snotthatdifferentfromhowothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.You’dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmoneyfromwellsellingsoftware.Butyou’dbewrong.Foronethingcompaniesdon’tsellsoftwarestrictlyspeaking;theylicenseit.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100percentwhichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollarseveryquarter.Butwhat’sthevalueofalicensetoacustomerAlicensedoesn’tdeliverthecodeprovidetheutilitiestogetapieceofsoftwarerunningoranswerthephonewhensomethinginevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftwareinshortdoesn’tlieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft-waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverallpriceofavacationpackageinsteadofobsessingoverthepriceoftheplaneticketorhotelmomasmarttechbuyerwon’tfocusonhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontractorthemaintenanceagreement.Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwaretoworkyouhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-sourcecompanieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbysellingsubscriptions.TheyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceandchargeanannualfeewhichisahealthymodelthoughnotquiteaswonderfulasMicrosoft’smoney-rakingone.TellinglyevenMicrosoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsoftheopen-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghaltingstepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftwaresales.Microsoft’ssubscriptionprogramknownasSoft-wareAssuranceprovidesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwithasoftwarelicense.Itletsyouup-gradetoMicrosoft’snextversionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalsocontainsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon’tswitchtoSoftwareAssurancenowwhoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhenyoudecidetoupgradeChiefinformationofficershatethiskindof*’assurancesincethey’reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsofsoftwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoftontheotherhandrakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomersupgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft’sattempttogetthosesamelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceandsupportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That’swhyMicrosoftfindstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-sourcecompanieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensingfeesanddon’thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththatextracost.Intheendthemaindifferencebetweenopen-sourceandproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheckyouhavetowrite.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMicrosoft
Attemptstounderstandtherelationshipbetweensocialbehaviorandhealthhavetheirorigininhistory.Dubos1969suggestedthatprimitivehumanswereclosertotheanimals1theytoorelied’upontheirinstinctstostayhealthy.Yetsomeprimitivehumans2acauseandeffectrelationshipbetweendoingcertainthingsandalleviating3ofadiseaseor4theconditionofawound.5therewassomuchthatprimitivehumansdidnot6thefunctioningofthebodymagicbecameanintegralcomponentofthebeliefsaboutthecausesandcuresofheath7Thereforeitisnot8thatearlyhumansthoughtthatillnesswascaused9evilspirit.Primitivemedicinesmadefromvegetablesoranimalswereinvariablyusedincombinationwithsomeformofritualto10harmfulspiritfromadiseasedbody. Oneofthe.earliest11intheWesternworldtoformulateprinciplesofhealthcarebaseduponrationalthoughtand12ofsupernaturalphenomenaisfoundintheworkoftheGreekphysicianHippocrates.Thewriting13tohimhasprovidedanumberofprinciplesunderiyingmodernmedicalpractice.Oneofhismostfamous14theHippocraticOathisthefoundationofcontemporarymedicalethics. Hippocratesalsoarguedthatmedicalknowledgeshouldbederivedfroma15ofthenaturalscienceandthelogicofcauseandeffectrelationships.Inthis16thesisOnAirWaterandPlacesHippocratespointedoutthathumanwell-beingis17bythetotalityofenvironmental18:livinghabitsorlifestyleclimategeographyofthelandandthequalityofairandfood.19enoughconcernsaboutourhealthandthequalityofairwaterandplacesare20verymuchwrittenintwentiethcentury. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.Theco-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwasoneofthegodfathersofUnilever’sPathtoGrowthstrategyoffocusingonitsbrandswhichwaslaunchedfiveyearsago.Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.OnSeptember20thUnileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportitspromiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear.Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureonpricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets’ownbrands.Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthesameday.Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.EvensoUnileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesareself-inflicted.ThePathtoGrowthstrategyaimedtomakethefirmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro$4.9billionincostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreduceditsportfolioofbrandsfrom1600tosome450.Butitstillfailedtomeetitstargetsforprofitandsalesreportingasalesdeclineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear.AndrewWoodatSanfordBernsteinaninvestment-researchfirmthinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingandmarketinganinfatuationwithbrandsandunrealisticperformancetargets.UnilevercutitsadandmarketingexpenditureattheworstmomentsaysMr.Wood.Com-moditisedproductsareespecially:vulnerabletotheonslaughtofretailers’ownbrands.Inmargarineforinstanceretailers’ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.Unileveralsoover-extendedsomesuccessfulbrandsforinstanceBertolli’soliveoilsandpastasauces.AccordingtoMr.WoodUnilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%.Unilever’schieffinancialofficerCFOcountersthatconsumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrandsohisfirmneedstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupitsmarketingeffortsalthoughadspendingissupposedtoremainatcurrentlevels.AtpresentUnileverspends14.5%ofsalesonads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhasissuesofcompetitiveness.Aftersevenquartersofdisappointingperformanceitneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.Overthenextfewmonthsmanagementwillrethinkitsstrategyforthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescauaFrenchmanwhowilltakeoverfromMr.FitzGeraldisinheritingatrickylegacy.AccordingtothepassageNiallFitzGerald
Biologicallythereisonlyonequalitywhichdistinguishesusfromanimals:theabilitytolaugh.Inauniversewhichappearstobeutterlydevoidofhumorweenjoythissupremeluxury.Anditisaluxuryforunlikeanyotherbodilyprocesslaughterdoesnotseemserveabiologicallyusefulpurpose.Inadividedworldalaughterisaunifyingforce.Humanbeingsopposeeachotheronagreatmanyissues.Nationsmaydisagreeaboutsystemsofgovernmentandhumanrelationsmaybeplaguedbyideologicalfactionsandpoliticalcampsbutweallsharetheabilitytolaugh.Andlaughterinturndependsonthemostcomplexandsubtleofall-humanqualities:asenseofhumor.Certaincomicstereotypeshaveauniversalappeal.Thiscanbestbeseenfromtheworld-widepopularityofCharlieChaplain’searlyfilms.Thelittlemanatoddswithsocietyneverfailstoamusenomatterwhichcountrywecomefrom.AsthatgreatcommentatoronhumanaffairsDr.SamuelJohnsononceremarkedMenhavebeenwiseinverydifferentmodes;buttheyhavealwayslaughedinthesameway.Asenseofhumormaytakevariousformsandlaughtermaybeanythingfromrefinedtinkletoanearthquakingroarbuttheeffectisalwaysthesame.Humorhelpsustomaintainacorrectsenseofvalues.Itistheonequalitywhichpoliticalfanaticsappeartolack.Ifwecanseethefunnysidewenevermakethemistakeoftakingourselvestooseriously.Wearealwaysremindedthattragedyisnotreallyfarremovedfromcomedysowenevergetalopsidedviewofthings.Thisisoneofthechieffunctionsofsatireandirony.Humanpainandsufferingaresogrim;wehoversooftenonthebrinkofwarpoliticalrealitiesareusuallyenoughtoplungeusintototaldespair.Insuchcircumstancescartoonsandsatiricalaccountsofsomberpoliticaleventsredressthebalance.Theytakethewindoutofpompousandarrogantpoliticianswhohavelosttheirsenseofproportion.Theyenableustoseethatmanyofourmostprofoundactionsaremerelycomicorabsurd.WelaughwhenagreatsatiristlikeSwiftwritesaboutwarsinGulliver’sTravels.TheLilliputiansandtheirneighborsattackeachotherbecausetheycan’tagreewhichendtobreakanegg.Welaughbecausewearemeanttolaugh;hutwearemeanttoweeptoo.ItisnowonderthatintotalitarianregimesanysatireagainsttheEstablishmentiswhollybanned.Itistoopowerfulweapontobeallowedtoflourish.Thesenseofhumormustbesingledoutasman’smostimportantqualitybecauseitisassociatedwithlaughter.Andlaughterinturnisassociatedwithhappiness.Couragedeterminationinitiative--thesearequalitieswesharewithotherformsoflife.Butthesenseofhumorisanuniquehumanquality.Ifhappinessisoneofthegreatgoalsoflifethenitisthesenseofhumorthatprovidesthekey.TheauthorquotesDr.SamuelJohnson’swordsto
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