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On the afternoon of April 19th, 1587, Sir Francis Dr. ake led his convoy of 31 ships into the por...
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ThegovernmentpanelthatsetsU.S.vaccinepolicyalreadyhasbegundiscussing"universalimmunization’*asawaytoboostvaccinationratesandreduceflu-linkedsicknessanddeathDr.ScottHarperofthefederalCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidatavaccinemeetingthisweek. 41______. Harperacknowledgedthattherecentcrisismomentarilyupstageduniversalimmunizationdiscussionsbutsaiditremainsaviableproposal. 42______. Thevaccinemeetingheldeveryyearseekstosetanagendafortheupcomingfluseason.Participants—manywithafinancialstakeingettingmorepeoplevaccinated—saidtheuniversalvaccinationpushislikelytocomewithinthenextfiveyears. 43______. Alsofluvaccineisalteredeveryyearbecausetherearealwaysdifferentflustrainscirculating.Theunusedvaccineisdiscardedatseason’sendmakingflushotsfinanciallyunappealingformanufacturers. 44______. SanofiPasteur’sPhilipHosbachsaidthecompanyhastwoidleU.S.factories"becausethere’snotthereturnontheinvestment.’Universalvaccinationcouldinthelongtermhelpstabilizesupplyifitincreaseddemandhesaid. 45______. Demandhashistoricallybeenaproblemtoo.Millionsoftheat-riskpatientsroutinelyskipannualshots.Somepeopleworrythevaccineisn’tsafeortheysimplydon’tlikeshotsbutmanyalsounderestimatetheseriousnessofflusaidDr.AnnO’MalleyaresearcherattheCenterforStudyingHealthSystemChange. A."Partofourjobistojustkeepthisissueontheradarscreen"Harpertoldvaccineprovidersdistributorsandmanufacturersatthenationalfluvaccinesummithere. B.SofaronlyonecompanySanofiPasteurislicensedtomakeU.S.fluvaccinefortheupcomingseasonthoughpublichealthofficialshopetwoothersincludingChironwillsoongainapproval. C.Estimatessuggestthatinanaverageyearfluinfectsabout82millionpeoplenationwidehospitalizes200000andkills36000. D.Dr.HerbYoungoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicianssaidrecommendingshotsforeveryonecouldeasetheconfusionandthathisgroupismovingtowardsupportingtheidea. E.Thehurdlessomeobserverssayaredaunting.Unstablesupplyisoneofthebiggest.Thisyearthebestcasescenario—havingabout90millionshotsavailable—isn’tevenenoughforthe180millionhigh-riskpeopleadvisedtogetshotsletalonethetotalpopulationof280million. F.Theendofachaoticseasonwheremanypeopleseekingflushotswereturnedawaybecauseofashortagemightseemanoddtimetobroachtheideaofvaccinatingevenmorepeople. G.ButIraLonginianEmeryUniversitybiostatisticianwhospecializesinvaccineanalysissaiduniversalvaccinationwouldbeunworkableunlesssupplyproblemscanberesolved. 42
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text3 Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills. Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded. NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlyearedforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY."Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamily"theshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause. AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamong theestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestate-regulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife. Inawide-ranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange—frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporate-runcenterswithscoresofbedsandmanylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate. Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes. TheauthormentionedRinaldi'sdeathinthetextinorderto
Text3 Fiercelyindependent90year-oldVincenziaRinaldiwouldn’tconsiderahomehealthaideornursinghome.SoLouisCritellihernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassistedlivingthenation’sgrowinglong-termcareoptionfortheelderly.For$1100amonthRinaldibecamethereluctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecouldstillsimmerhermuch-lovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswouldmakesureshetookherpills. Instead30monthslatershedied.Notbecauseshewasold.ButbecauseaidesathernewhomeLorettoUticaCenteroneofthemodernhotel-stylefacilitiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecademistakenlygaveheranotherresident’sprescriptionmedication.Thaterrorledtoherdeathstateinspectorsconcluded. NeitherthestatenorLorettotoldhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.CritellithinkinghisaunthadbeenproperlyearedforonlylearnedofthefindingyearslaterfromUSATODAY."Whentheyfindsomethingblatantlikethatyou’dthinkthey’dtellthefamily"theshakennephewtoldareporterafteralongpause. AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRinaldi’sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandviolationsthatleadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasionaldeathsamong theestimated1millionelderlyresidentsofassistedlivingfacilities.Thecentersarethestate-regulatedlargelyprivate-payresidencesthathelpseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdailylife. Inawide-ranginganalysisUSATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5300assistedlivingfacilitiesinsevenstates:AlabamaArizonaColoradoFloridaIndianaNewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvariedslightlyfromstatetostate.Theanalysiscoveredabroadrange—frommom-and-popfacilitieswithjustafewresidentstocorporate-runcenterswithscoresofbedsandmanylevelsofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewincludedless-detaileddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadquality-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregulationsfromstatetostate. Asaffluentandmiddle-classAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofagemanyturntoassistedlivingasanalternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperiodicallyplaguedbyabuseorneglectscandals.Eventhoughassistedlivingfacilitiesgenerallydon’tprovide24-hourskilledmedicalcaretheyincreasinglyserveseniorswhoonlyadecadeagomighthavebeeninnursinghomes. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
ThegovernmentpanelthatsetsU.S.vaccinepolicyalreadyhasbegundiscussing"universalimmunization’*asawaytoboostvaccinationratesandreduceflu-linkedsicknessanddeathDr.ScottHarperofthefederalCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidatavaccinemeetingthisweek. 41______. Harperacknowledgedthattherecentcrisismomentarilyupstageduniversalimmunizationdiscussionsbutsaiditremainsaviableproposal. 42______. Thevaccinemeetingheldeveryyearseekstosetanagendafortheupcomingfluseason.Participants—manywithafinancialstakeingettingmorepeoplevaccinated—saidtheuniversalvaccinationpushislikelytocomewithinthenextfiveyears. 43______. Alsofluvaccineisalteredeveryyearbecausetherearealwaysdifferentflustrainscirculating.Theunusedvaccineisdiscardedatseason’sendmakingflushotsfinanciallyunappealingformanufacturers. 44______. SanofiPasteur’sPhilipHosbachsaidthecompanyhastwoidleU.S.factories"becausethere’snotthereturnontheinvestment.’Universalvaccinationcouldinthelongtermhelpstabilizesupplyifitincreaseddemandhesaid. 45______. Demandhashistoricallybeenaproblemtoo.Millionsoftheat-riskpatientsroutinelyskipannualshots.Somepeopleworrythevaccineisn’tsafeortheysimplydon’tlikeshotsbutmanyalsounderestimatetheseriousnessofflusaidDr.AnnO’MalleyaresearcherattheCenterforStudyingHealthSystemChange. A."Partofourjobistojustkeepthisissueontheradarscreen"Harpertoldvaccineprovidersdistributorsandmanufacturersatthenationalfluvaccinesummithere. B.SofaronlyonecompanySanofiPasteurislicensedtomakeU.S.fluvaccinefortheupcomingseasonthoughpublichealthofficialshopetwoothersincludingChironwillsoongainapproval. C.Estimatessuggestthatinanaverageyearfluinfectsabout82millionpeoplenationwidehospitalizes200000andkills36000. D.Dr.HerbYoungoftheAmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicianssaidrecommendingshotsforeveryonecouldeasetheconfusionandthathisgroupismovingtowardsupportingtheidea. E.Thehurdlessomeobserverssayaredaunting.Unstablesupplyisoneofthebiggest.Thisyearthebestcasescenario—havingabout90millionshotsavailable—isn’tevenenoughforthe180millionhigh-riskpeopleadvisedtogetshotsletalonethetotalpopulationof280million. F.Theendofachaoticseasonwheremanypeopleseekingflushotswereturnedawaybecauseofashortagemightseemanoddtimetobroachtheideaofvaccinatingevenmorepeople. G.ButIraLonginianEmeryUniversitybiostatisticianwhospecializesinvaccineanalysissaiduniversalvaccinationwouldbeunworkableunlesssupplyproblemscanberesolved. 44
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. Theauthor'spositiveattitudetowardsMilano'sworkisshownin
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.12
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. ThelastbarrierParA．3mentionedinMelano'se-mailrefersto
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.Agrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeiiihousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending—andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason.50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totryt0limitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentinto consumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.18
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.Agrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeiiihousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending—andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason.50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totryt0limitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentinto consumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeiiihousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. IntermsofthefutureofthepropertymarketMr.Perryseems
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. Welearnfromthepassagethat
Thesedayshousepricevertigoismorethanalocalornationalcondition.It’saworldwidephenomenon. 46TheAmericanhousingboominrecentyearsisnothingcomparedwiththepricerun-upincountrieslikeFranceSpainBritainIrelandSwedenandAustraliaeventhoughmarketsinAustraliaandBritainhavecooledinthelastyear. Million-dollartwo-bedroomapartmentsarenotonlyafixtureofNewYorkbutofLondonParisandHongKong.InNewZealandhousingpricesrosebymorethan16percentfrom2003to2004.InIrelandtheyrosemorethan10percentinthatperiod. Theriseinpricesisworrisomebecausetheinternationalhousingboomisabyproductofglobalization.Ahouseonaplotofgroundisthemostlocalofassets.47Butthefinancialmarketsthatmakeitpossibleforpeopletoborrowmoneytobuyahouseorspeculateareincreasinglyopeninternationalandlinked. InterestratepoliciesintheindustrializedworldtendtomoveinlockstepusuallyledbytheUnitedStates.Agrowingcommunityofaffluentprofessionalsaroundtheworldnowbuysecondhomesandinvestinhousingabroad. 48Theeconomiclinksactasaself-reinforcingnetworkthathasfueledtheglobalsurgeiiihousepricesbutwouldalsolikelymagnifythepainonthewaydown.Therippleswouldextendwellbeyondthehousingmarkets.AfallinAmericanhousepricesforexamplewouldcrimpconsumerspending—andfree-spendingAmericanshavesupportedgrowthinmanyexport-mindednationsnotablyChina. 49"Therealconcernisthatthehousingboomextendsacrosssomanycountriesthistime"saidSusanM.WachteraprofessorofrealestateattheWhartonSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania."Thatjustraisesthestakesandtheriskwhenthemusicstops." Theglobalsurgeinhousepricesisaboombydesignlargelymanufacturedbytheworld’scentralbanksledbytheFederalReserve.Anditwasdoneforgoodreason.50Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totryt0limitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners. OthercentralbanksliketheEuropeanCentralBankquicklyfollowedtheFed’slead.Highergovernmentspendingandtaxcutswerealsopartoftheformula. Cheapcreditworldwidefueledthehousingmarketmakingmortgagepaymentslesscostly.Homeownersrefinancedtheirmortgagesatlowerratesandthesavingswentinto consumerspending.Theytookouthome-equityloansonhousesofrisingvalueandspentthatborrowedmoneyoncarsclothesfurniturerestaurantmealsandvacations.Thehigherconsumerspendingandthesoaringvalueofthehomenest-egghavekepttheglobaleconomychuggingalong. Facedwithafallingstockmarketandthecollapseofthehigh-techbubbletheFedcutinterestratessharplyin2000totryt0limitthedamagetotheAmericaneconomyanditstradingpartners.
Text1 TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandtheis772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops—trainedtoblessnottobudget—lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimilliondollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocoveris85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. TheyknowhowthisfeelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome"saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether.’ WhichofthefollowingreflectsthechangeofCatholicChurch
Text2 House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years. Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay. Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates. TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom. ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesfor"injectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines". "MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect. "Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofar"hesaid. LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethat"housepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiod"initsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata. Althoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonths Mr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon. "Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.Itismuchbetterthanitwas"Mr.Perrysaid. HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.20
Text1 TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandtheis772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops—trainedtoblessnottobudget—lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimilliondollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocoveris85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. TheyknowhowthisfeelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome"saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether.’ Therelationshipbetweenthefirsttwoparagraphscanbedescribedas
Directions:Title:ExaminationOutline:1.People’sattitudetowardexaminationsvariesfrompersontoperson.2.Asfarasstudentsandteachersareconcernedexaminationsaremeaningful.3.Inawordtheadvantagesofexaminationsoutweighthedisadvantages.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known"saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis."14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.16
Inanidealworldthenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowit1Applicantswhoseparentsarealumsgetspecialtreatmentas2athletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogiven3Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecharacterof4whiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.5arecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146most6schools74percentofstudentscamefromuppermiddle-classandwealthyfamilieswhileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannualincomeof7$35000orless. Manyschoolssaydiversity—racialeconomicandgeographic—is8tomaintainingintellectually9campuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcolleges10theywantpoorkids"theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem11ruralstudentsmanycollegesdon’ttryatall."Unfortunatelywegowherewecan12asizablenumberofpotentialapplicants"saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhitesidewho13aggressively—andinperson—frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossy14inthemail. Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethe15fortopcollegestheirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficers16guidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.In17highschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhavepersonal18withbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareasateacheracounseloror19analumnus"canhelpputaruralstudentonourradarscreen"saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollege20withthoseconnections;withoutthemadmission"canbeacrapshoot"saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.14
Text4 YoucouldbenefitfromflippingthroughthepagesofICan’tBelieveYouAskedThatabookbyauthorPhillipMilanothat’ssubtitledANo-Holds-BarredQ&AAboutRaceSexReligionandOtherTerrifyingTopics. ForthepastsevenyearsMilano—whodescribeshimselfas"astraightwhitemiddleclassmarriedguyraisedinanaffluentsuburbofChicago’—asoperatedyforumcomaWebsitethatwascreatedtogetustalking.Throughthepostingofprobingprovocativeandsometimessimplyinanequestionsandtheanswerstheygeneratepeopleareencouragedtohaveano-holds-barredexchangeontopicsacrossracialethnicandculturallines.Moreoftenthannotthequestionsgrowoutofourbiasesandfearsandthestereotypesthatfuelmisunderstandingamongus. AswiththeWebsiteMilanohopeshisbookwillbeasocialandculturalelixir."Thetimeisrightforanew’cultureofcuriosity’tobegintounfoldwithpeoplefinallybreakingdownthelastbarriertoimproveraceandculturalrelations"byactuallytalkingtoeachotherabouttheirdifferencesMilanosaidinane-mailmessagetome.MilanowiselyusedtheInternettosparktheseconversations.Insevenyearsithasgenerated50000postings—manyofthemquestionsthatpeoplefindhardtoaskinaface-to-faceexchangewiththesubjectsoftheirinquiries. ButinhisbookwhichwaspublishedearlierthismonthMilanogivesreadersanopportunitytoreadthequestionsandamixofanswersthatmadeitontohisWebsite."Iamcuriousaboutwhatpeoplewhohavebeenblindfrombirth’see’intheirdreams"a13-yearoldboywantedtoknow."Whydosomanymentallydisabledpeoplehavesuchpoor-lookinghaircutsand’nerdy’clothes"awomanasked."HowdoAfrican-AmericansperceiveGod"awhiteteenagerwantedtoknow."DotheypraytoawhiteGodorablackGod" LikeIsaidthesequestionscangeneratearangeofemotionsandreactions.ButthepointofMilano’sWebsiteandhisbookisnottogetpeoplemadbuttoinformus"aboutthelivesandexperiences"ofothers.Thoughmanyoftheanswersthatpeopleofferedtothequestionsposedinhisbookareconflictingtheseresponsesarebalancedbythecommentsofexpertswhoseresponsestothequeriesalsoappearinthebook. Gettingpeopletoopenlysaywhattheyarethinkingaboutthingsthatgiverisetostereotypesandbigotryhasneverbeeneasy.Mostofussavethoseconversationsforgatheringsofpeoplewholookorthinklikeus. ThequotationsinParagraph4areintendedto
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