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下列各项关于直接融资的说法错误的有 Ⅰ．直接融资的活动分散于各种场合 Ⅱ．在法律允许的范围内直接融资
Ⅱ、Ⅲ
Ⅲ、Ⅳ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ
Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ
现代金融市场中存在着直接融资和间接融资两种形式下列不属于直接融资的是
商业信用
国家信用
消费信用
银行信用
以下哪个不属于间接融资
信贷融资
租赁融资
股票融资
商业信用融资
下列不属于金融租赁公司的融资租赁业务类型的是
间接租赁
直接租赁
售后回租
厂商租赁
下列不属于直接融资区别于间接融资的情形
金融中介机构不同
在直接融资中，融资的风险由债权人独自承担
提高融资成本
有助于解决由于信息不对称所引起的逆向选择和道德风险问题
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IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 3
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 11
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. What’sCourtot’scontributiontocc:Mail
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 5
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 9
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 1
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 7
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthistextis
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantadvancesmadebymankindmostprobablystemfrom
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Directions: Youhaveacloseforeignfriend.HeaskedyoutosubscribetoacopyofChinaDailyforhimbecausehewillleaveawayfromChinaforonemonth.Nowwritealettertothecirculationdepartmentofthenewspaper: 1inquiryaboutdetailedinformation 2andexpressingcomplimentaryremarks. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Theeconomicperformancearoundtheworldwill
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. ThetermtheBigBangprobablyrefersto
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ Accordingtothecontextthewordflamboyantmostlikelymeans
GloballyrecoveryisgoingslightlybetterthanexpectedaccordingtotheIMFwhichreleaseditslatestWorldEconomicOutlooktoday.Aftershrinkingby0.6%lastyeartheglobaleconomyislikelytoexpandby4.2%in20100.3%fasterthantheIMFprojectedinJanuary.Buteconomicperformanceswillcontinuetovarywidelyaroundtheworld.MuchoftheupwardrevisiontoglobalgrowthcanbeattributedtoabetteroutlookfortheAmericaneconomy.TheIMFreviseditsforecastforAmericaneconomicexpansionin2010up0.4%to3.1%.Therewasnochangebycontrastfortheeuroareawhichalreadyfacedapoorergrowthoutlook.TheEuroareaeconomymayonlygrowby1%in2010and1.5%in2011.AndmuchofthejobofexpansionwillbehandledbyGermanyandFrancewhilesouthernEuropeangrowthcontinuestolag.Spain’seconomywillcontinuetoshrinkin2010. ButtheoutlookisbrighteningformanyemergingeconomiesincludingthoseincentralandeasternEuropeforwhichgrowthforecastswererevisedupby0.8%.DevelopingAsiaisenjoyingastrongrecoveryandtheIMFindicatedthatbothIndiaandBrazilarelikelytoperformmuchbetterthisyearthaninitiallyanticipatednotching赢得growthratesof8.8%and5.5%respectively. Thereportsuggestedthatplannedstimulusmeasuresfor2010shouldbefullyimplementedgiventhefragilityofrecoverybutitalsonotedthatsovereigndebtworrieswillbecomemoresevereastheyearprogresses.DebtissuesarelikelytoproveespeciallyproblematicinEuropewhichhasthehighestdebtratiosandtheslowestexpectedgrowthrates.ThestressedsouthernEuropeannationsareinadamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tposition.Iflittleactionistakenondebtrisingdebtcostswillchokeofanalreadyweakrecovery.Ifaggressiveactionistakentheblowtoaggregatedemandwilllikewiseunderminegrowth. Aroundtheworldtradeandproductionhaverecoveredstronglybutemploymentremainswellbelowprerecessionlevelsinmostcountries.Labourmarketweaknessishelpingtokeepinflationexpectationsincheck;theIMFforecastsconsumerpriceincreasesindevelopednationsof1.5%in2010and1.4%in2011.Butthereturntostronggrowthisboostingcommoditypricesoncemore.Oilpricesmayincreaseby30%in2010saidtheIMFarise7%largerthanprojectedinJanuary. Theoverallpictureisofaremarkableturnaroundinglobalfortunesgiventhedepthoftherecession.Theyear’sperformanceismuchbetterthanmanywouldhavedaredtohopeearlylastyear.ButinpartsofEuropethefutureissomewhatlesscertainandbecausethatuncertainfuturecouldleadtosovereigndebtcrisesthatcouldpotentiallyrattlefinancialmarketsworldleadersshouldremainvigilant. Bysayingdamned-if-they-do-damned-if-they-don’tLine4Paragraph3theauthormeans
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Thetraditionalwaytoensuredatasecurityisby
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 13
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. JohnHorgan. Ⅰ.haspublishedabookentitledTheEndofScience Ⅱ.hasbeenworkingasaneditorofScientificAmerican Ⅲ.hasbeenworkingmanyyearsasaliterarycritic Ⅳ.isworkingasasciencewriter
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 19
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheirtransferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.[B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.[C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.[D]ButasthespecializationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognizetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessfulcertainlythemostflamboyantSecretaryofStatetoholdthatofficeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960’stherewerenoAmericantieswithCommunistChinaVietnamandBerlinseemedreadytodrawtheUnitedStatesintoathirdworldwarandRussiawasseenas"theenemy". ButallthishaschangedandHenryKissingercausedmuchofthechange;in1971hemadehisfirsttriptoChinaatripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.HebroughttheUnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled"detente"literallymeaningarelaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.WiththesetwopoliciesKissingerdidmuchtodrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussia-Americanfriction. In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.HeusedhiscontactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresscalled"shuttlediplomacy".Forninety-ninedayshe"shuttled"backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawalofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswithiscarefulapproachtodetailandhispresencemade"shuttlediplomacy"work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsraelwasfounded. AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.ThoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreatyunsignedKissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSALTtreatyspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararmsamajoraccomplishmentbyanystandardevenifonedoesnotconsideralltheotherconditionsandlimitationsincludedinthetreaty. EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWarKissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewereaffectedaswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranotherbythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhattheyconsiderhis"high-handed"approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissingerduringthelastfewmonthsoftheNixonpresidencylimitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.HecontinuedtalksintheMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion. HistorywilldecideinthefinalviewasKissinger--andmanypresidents--oftensaidonthevalueofhisservice.Whatevertheydecidewhetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolishhehadapersonalvisionthatwillbedifficulttomatch.459words Notes:workout制定spellout清楚地说明wiretap窃听电话scandal__ ThetextdoesnotdirectlysaybutimpliesthatKissinger
Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge. Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureortheoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkindthathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseomereintellectualcuriositywouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveocontemporarylife. Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetweenthingswasalreadyclear46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun.
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthePCIstandardis
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 17
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 15
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 19
WhatdoyouthinkofAmericanhealthcaresystemMostpeoplewouldbe1bythehighqualityofmedicine2tomostAmericans.Thereisalotofspecializationagreatdealof3totheindividuala4amountofadvancedtechnicalequipmentand5effortnottomakemistakesbecauseofthefinancialriskwhichdoctorsandhospitalsmust6inthecourtsifthey7thingsbadly. ButtheAmericansareinamess.Totheproblemisthewayin8healthcareisorganizedand9.10topubicbeliefitisnotjustafreecompetitionsystem.Totheprivatesystemhasbeenjoinedalargepublicsystembecauseprivatecarewassimplynot11thelessfortunateandtheelderly. Butevenwiththishugepublicpartofthesystem12thisyearwilleatup84.5billiondollars—morethan10percentoftheU.S.Budget—alargenumberofAmericansareleft13.Theseincludeabouthalfthe11millionunemployedandthosewhofailtomeetthestrictlimits14incomefixedbyagovernmenttryingtomakesavingswhereitcan. Thebasicproblemhoweveristhatthereisnocentralcontrol15thehealthsystem.Thereisno16towhatdoctorsandhospitalschargefortheirservicesotherthanwhatthepublicisabletopay.Thenumberofdoctorshasshotupandpriceshaveclimbed.Whenfacedwithtoothacheasickchildoraheartattackalltheunfortunatepersonsconcernedcandoistopay17.Twothirdsofthepopulationare18bymedicalinsurance.Doctorschargeasmuchastheywant19thattheinsurancecompanywillpaythebill. TherisingcostofmedicineintheU.S.A.isamongthemostworryingproblemsfacingthecountry.In1981thecountry’shealthbillclimbed15.9percent—abouttwiceasfastasprices20general. 17
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