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我国的《公司法》规定，经国务院证券管理部门批准，公司股票可以到境外上市，具体办法由国务院作出特别规定。该规范属于（ ）
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公司法规定经国务院证券管理部门批准公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规则属于下列哪
义务性规范
准用性规范
确定性规范
委任性规范
我国公司法规定股票采用书面形式或国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式股票应载明的主要事项有
公司名称
公司登记成立的日期
股票种类
股票的编号
我国公司法规定股票采用的形式有
纸面形式
电子符号形式
记帐形式
国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式
我国目前立法所确定的上市公司是指其所发行的股票经国务院或国务院授权的证券管理部门批准在证券交易所上市
我国公司法规定经国务院证券管理部门批准公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规则属于
义务性规则
准用性规则
确定性规则
委任性规则
设立股份有限公司公开发行股票应当符合公司法规定的条 件和经国务院批准的国务院证券监督管理机构规定的其
公司章程
招股说明书
承销机构名称
营业执照
股份有限公司是指公司的股票经国务院证券管理部门批准在证券交易所挂牌交易的公 司
我国公司法规定股票采用纸面方式或国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式
我国公司法规定股票采用纸面形式或国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式
根据我国公司法及有关规定上市公司的股票被收购人收购达到该公司已发行股份总额的70%时国务院证券监督管
我国的公司法规定经国务院证券管路部门批准公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规范属于
义务性规范
准用行规范
确定性规范
委任性规范
股份有限公司申请其股票上市交易应当报经国务院或者国务院授权证券管理部门批准
中华人民共和国公司法规定股票采用纸面形式或国务院证券管理部门规定的其他形式
我国的公司法规定经国务院证券管理部门批准．公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规范属
义务性规范
准用性规范
确定性规范
委任性规范
我国的公司法规定经国务院证券管理部门批准公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规范属于
义务性规范
准用性规范
确定性规范
委任性规范
公司法规定经国务院证券管理部门批准公司股票可以到境外上市具体办法由国务院作出特别规定该规范属于下列哪
义务性规范
准用性规范
确定性规范
委任性规范
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CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 42
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.WhatisEuropeanfearofirrelevance
Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Thefunctionofgenetictestingis
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.
Text1 Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandof cardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythe gameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongand healthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterrible diseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsare dealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeoplenever knewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefuture onlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsor grandparents.Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofind dangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretested positiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelse exceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethe firstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortest results.Sofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestfora fatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsfor sevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’s geneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseof geneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthe testsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswer isclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcost lifeinsurersdearly.Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgenetic answerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskof deathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththerisk ofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticor environmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredict whetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyears researcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenes andwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwith them.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Theexpressionseparatethewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionisclosestinmeaningto
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.ThebeginningsentenceGoodteachersmatter.probablymeansthat
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.Thelastsentenceofthepassagesuggeststhat
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Accordingtothelastparagraphfiveotherplanets
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Tounderstandhowastrologyworkswe shouldfirsttakeaquicklookatthesky.Althoughthestarsareatenormous distancestheydoindeedgivetheimpressionofbeingaffixedtotheinner surfaceofagreathollowspheresurroundingtheearth.Ancientpeopleinfact literallybelievedintheexistenceofsuchacelestialsphere.Astheearth spinsonitsaxisthecelestialsphereappearstoturnaboutuseachday pivotingatpointsonalinewiththeearth’saxisofrotation.Thisdaily turningofthespherecarriesthestarsaroundtheskycausingmostofthemto riseandsetbuttheyandconstellationstheydefinemaintainfixedpatterns onthespherejustasthecontinentofAustraliamaintainsitsshapeona spinningglobeoftheearth.Thusthestarswerecalledfixedstars. Themotionofthesunalongtheeclipticisofcoursemerelya reflectionoftherevolutionoftheeartharoundthesunbuttheancients believedtheearthwasfixedandthesunhadanindependentmotionofitsown eastwardamongthestars.Theglareofsunlighthidesthestarsindaytimebut theancientswereawarethatthestarswereupthereevenatnightandtheslow eastwardmotionofthesunaroundtheskyattherateofaboutthirtydegrees eachmonthcauseddifferentstarstobevisibleatnightatdifferenttimesof theyear.Themoonrevolvingaroundtheeartheachmonthalso hasanindependentmotioninthesky.Themoonhoweverchangesitposition relativelyrapidly.AlthoughitappearstoriseandSeteachdayasdoesnearly everythingelseintheskywecanseethemoonchangingpositionduringas shortanintervalasanhourorso.Themoon’spatharoundtheearthliesnearly inthesameplaneastheearth’spatharoundthesunsothemoonisneverseen veryfarfromtheeclipticinthesky.Therearefiveotherobjectsvisibleto thenakedeyethatalsoappeartomoveinrespecttothefixedbackgroundof starsonthecelestialsphere.ThesearetheplanetsMercuryVenusMars JupiterandSaturn.Allofthemrevolvearoundthesuninnearlythesameplane astheearthdoes.Sotheylikethemoonalwaysappearneartheecliptic. Becauseweseetheplanetsfromthemovingearthhowevertheybehaveina complicatedwaywiththeirapparentmotionsonthecelestialspherereflecting boththeirownindependentmotionsaroundthesunandourmotionas well.Itwasstatedinastrologythat
Text4 HereisaquickwaytospoilaBrussels dinnerparty.Simplysuggestthatworldgovernanceisslippingawayfromthe G20G7G8orotherbodiesinwhichEuropeansmayhoguptohalftheseats. ThenproposewithgloomyrelishthatthefuturebelongstotheG2:newly fashionablejargonforaputativebodyformedbyChinaandAmerica. ThefearofirrelevancehauntsEuro-typesforalltheirpublicboasting aboutEurope’sfuturemight.ThethoughtthattheEuropeanUnionmightnot greatlyinterestChinaisespeciallypainful.Afterallthe21stcenturywas meanttobedifferent.IndeedtoearlierleaderslikeFrance’sJacquesChirac arisingChinawaswelcomeasanotherchallengetoAmericanhegemonyushering inamultipolarworldinwhichtheEUwouldplayabigrole.Ifthatmeant kow-towingtoChinesedemandstoshunTaiwansnubtheDalaiLamaortonedown criticismofhuman-rightsabusessobeit.MostEUcountriesfocusedon commercialdiplomacywithChinatoensurethattheirleaders’visitscouldend withflashingcamerasandthesigningofjuicycontracts. MeanwhileEurope’stradedeficitwithChinahitnearly∈170billion$ 250billionlastyear.InfiveyearsChinawants60%ofcarpartsinnew Chinesevehiclestobelocallymade.ThisisalarmingnewsforGermanythe leadingEuropeanexportertoChinathankstocarpartsmachinetoolsandother widgets.AseverEuropeansdisagreeoverhowtorespond.Some arewillingtochallengeChinapolitically—forexampleGermanyBritain SwedenandtheNetherlands.Buttheyaremostlyfreetraders.Thatmakesthem hostilewhenothercountriescallforprotectionagainstallegedChinese cheating.IncontrastablockofmostlysouthernandcentralEuropeansdubbed accommodatingmercantilistsbytheECFRTheEuropeanCouncilonForeign Relationsarequicktocallforanti-dumpingmeasures:Butthatmakesthem anxioustokeepbroaderrelationssweetbybowingtoChinaonpolitical issues.TheresultisthatEuropeanpoliticiansoftenfind themselvesdefendingunconditionalengagementwithChina.Theusualclaimis thatthiswillslowlytransformthecountryintoafreermoreresponsible stakeholderintheworld.ThesecretitismurmuredistoletEuropeweave Chinaintoanentanglingwebofagreementsandsectoraldialogues.In2007no fewerthan450EuropeandelegationsvisitedChina.BigcountrieslikeFranceand BritainaddtheirownbilateraldialoguesnottrustingtheEUtoprotecttheir interestsordothejobproperly.TherearenowsixparallelEUandnational dialogueswithChinaonclimatechangefor example.TodealwiththetradedeficitwithChinaEuropeans
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Scientistsaroundtheworldareracingtolearnhowtorapidlydiagnosetreatandstopthespreadofanewdeadlydisease.SARS—SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome—was1forthefirsttimeinFebruary2003inHanoi2sincethenhasinfectedmorethan1600peoplein15countrieskilling63.Atthis3therearemorequestionsthananswerssurroundingthedisease. Symptomsstart4afeverover100.4degreesFchillsheadacheorbody5.Withinaweekthepatienthasadrycoughwhichmight6toshortnessofbreath.In10%to200%ofcasespatientsrequire7ventilationtobreathe.About3.5%diefromthedisease.Symptoms8beginintwotosevendaysbutsomereportssuggestit9takeaslongas10days.Scientistsarecloseto10alabtesttodiagnoseSARS.Inthemeantimeitisdiagnosedbyitssymptoms.Thereisnoevidence11antibioticsoranti-viralmedicineshelp12doctorscanofferonlysupportivecare.PatientswithSARSarekeptinisolationtoreducetheriskof13.Scientistsaren’tsureyetbutsomeresearchersthinkit’sa14discoveredcoronavirusthefamilyofvirusesthatcausesomecommoncolds. Mostcasesappeartohavebeenpassed15dropletsexpelledwheninfectedpatientscoughorsneeze.Familymembersofinfectedpeopleandmedicalworkerswhocareforthemhavebeenmostlikelyto16theillness.ButrecentdevelopmentsinHongKongsuggestthatthe17mightspreadthroughairorthatthevirusmight18fortwotothreehoursondoorknobsorother19Healthexpertssayitis20thoughthatsharinganelevatorbrieflywithaninfectedpersonwouldbeenoughtopassthevirus. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince. 41.______.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude. HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.______. ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.______. YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousLiberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.______. ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefiantwarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada. 45.______.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember. [A]Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperday.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear. [B]JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020. BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway. [C]AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada. [D]TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil. [E]WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians. [F]AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns. [G]Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology. 44
Text2 Goodteachersmatter.Thismayseem obvioustoanyonewhohasachildinschoolorforthatmattertoanyonewho hasbeenachildinschool.Foralongtimethoughresearcherscouldn’t actuallyprovethatteachingtalentwasimportant.Butnewresearchfinally showsthatteacherqualityisaclosecousintostudentachievement:Agreat teachercancramone-and-a-halfgrades’worthoflearningintoasingleyear whilelaggardsareluckytoaccomplishhalfthatmuch.Yet whileweknownowthatbetterteachersarecriticalflawsinthewaythat administratorsselectandretainthemmeanthatschoolsdon’talwayshirethe best.Failingtorecognizethequalitiesthatmaketeachers trulyeffectiveandtoconstructincentivestoattractandretainmoreofthese topperformershasseriousconsequences.Highersalariesdrawmoreweakaswell asstrongapplicantsintoteaching—applicantsthecurrenthiringsystemcan’t adequatelyscreen.Unlessadministratorshaveincentivestohirethebest teachersavailableit’spointlesstogivethemalargergrouptochoosefrom. Studyafterstudyhasshownthatteacherswithmaster’sdegreesarenobetter thanthosewithout.Jobexperiencedoesmatterbutonlyforthefirstfew yearsaccordingtoresearchbyHooverInstitution’sEricA.Hanushek.Ateacher with15yearsofexperienceisnomoreeffectiveonaveragethanateacher withfiveyearsofexperiencebutwhichonedoyouthinkispaid moreThistoxiccombinationofrigidpayandsteeprewardsfor senioritycausesaveragequalitytodeclineratherthanincreaseasteacher groupsgetolder.Topperformersoftenleavethefieldearlyforindustriesthat rewardtheirexcellence.Mediocreteachersontheotherhandaresoon overcompensatedbysenioritypay.Andbecausetheyarepaidmorethantheir skillscommandelsewheretheseless-capablepedagoguessettleintoprovide manyyears-ofineffectualinstruction.Sohowcanweseparate thewheatfromthechaffintheteachingprofessionTomakeAmericanschools competitivewemustrethinksenioritypaythevalueofmaster’sdegreesand thenotionthatateachercanteacheverythingequallywell—especiallymath andscience—withoutappropriatepreparationinthesubject. Ourcurrenteducationsystemisunlikelytoaccomplishthisdramatic rethinking.ImagineforamomentthatAmericancarshadbeenfreeinrecent decadeswhileToyotasandHondassoldatfullprice.We’dprobablybedriving FalconsandCorvairstoday.Freepubliceducationsuffersfromalackof competitioninjustthisway.Sowhileindustriesfromaerospacetodrugshave transformedthemselvesinordertocompetepublicschoolinghas stagnated.Schoolchoicecouldsparkthekindofreformation thisindustryneedsbymotivatingadministratorstohirethebestandadoptnew strategiestokeeptopteachersintheclassroom.Thelessonthatgoodteachers mattershouldbetaughtnotasatheorybutasa practice.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics. Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem. Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself. Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples. Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being. Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.
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