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关于纸币流通条件下汇率决定的理论中，抓住了货币内在特性，一致深受学术界的推崇，占据主流地位是 ( )
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下列关于货币制度构成要素的说法正确的有
无论是金属本位币还是纸币本位币，都具有“无限法偿”的规定
在金属货币流通条件下，铸币是足值货币
在金属货币流通条件下，价格标准就是铸造单位货币的法定含金量
在金属货币流通条件下，辅币以贱金属铸造，为不足值货币
在当代纸币本位制下，大多数国家都规定发行保证制度
在纸币流通条件下外汇汇率的波动幅度受到黄金输送点的限制
纸币流通条件下汇率决定的理论中抓住了货币内在特性一致深受学术界推崇占据主流地位是
国际借贷说
汇兑心理说
购买力平价说
货币论
有关辅币旳说法对旳旳是
在金属货币流通条件下， 辅币为足值货币
在纸币流通条件下， 辅币必须是无限法偿旳
在金属货币流通条件下， 辅币只能由国家铸造， 不准公民铸造
在金属货币流通条件下， 辅币以贵金属铸造
关于辅币的说法正确的是
在金属货币流通条件下，辅币为足值货币
在纸币流通条件下，辅币必须是无限法偿的
在金属货币流通条件下，辅币只能由国家铸造，不准公民铸造
在金属货币流通条件下，辅币以贵金属铸造
马克思的货币需求理论认为在金币流通条件下是决定货币必要量的主要因素之一.
纸币的数量
商品价格总额
总财富的多少
利率
在不同货币制度下汇率的决定基础各不相同货币流通条件下汇率决定的基础是______
法定平价
铸币平价
货币含金量
购买力平价
在纸币流通条件下货币的对内价值是指
含金量
物价指数
货币购买力
汇率
在纸币流通条件下外汇汇率的波动幅度受到黄金输送占的限制
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Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Thewordpervasive’’Line1Paragraph2mightmean___________.
贯彻三个代表重要思想关键在:
It’’safunnythinghappiness.Peoplerefertoitassomethingtheywantsomethingmissingasifitcouldbesecurediftheyonlyknewwheretofindit.Lackofitisblamedonpastrelationshipsandhopeforitplacedonfuturelovers.Desireforitbecomesarestlessquest.Yetoverandagainintherapyitisclearthatahungrypursuitfortheillusivestateofhappinessonlyendsinfrustrationandyetmoreunhappiness. WhenIaskamanwho’’sjustturned40andwantstotrypsychotherapytotellmeaboutthedisappointmentshementionshereelsoffalist:aloveaffairthatlostitszest;aworkprojectruinedbyacolleague;aholidayspoiledbytheweather;aplanhaltedbyillhealth.Allwerepotentialroutestohappiness.Anditisthisendlessfeelingofthingsbeingspoiltthatmakeshimfeelletdownbylifeandunhappy. Hetellsmethathehadbeenawillfulchild.Hewashesaysspoiltrottenbyverylovingparents.Theyhadsufferedmuchhardshipintheirownlivesandwhenhardworkandgoodluckmadethemwellofftheydecidedthathetheironlysonwouldhavealltheyhadlackedandmore. Hehadwantedfornothing.Yetthiscamewithacost.Forhavingeverythingonaplatebeforehehadevendevelopedanappetitehadrobbedhimofthechancetoreachandstruggleforsomethingmeaningfulandofhisveryown.Therehadneverbeenanemptyspacehehadenjoyedworkingtofill.Littlewonderhewasunabletoremainattachedtoanythingoranyoneafterfrustrationsetin.Workingthroughdifficultysimplyhadn’’teverbeenaskedofhim. Whilehopefullyaby-productofdevelopingemotionalmaturityhappinesswasnotItoldhimaspecifictherapeuticaim.Buttherapycouldofferthechallengetostaywithandsograduallyunderstandthemeaningofhisunhappinessratherthanboltingwhenthegoinggotrough.Thenotionthatwecanuncoverameaningwithinoursufferingsupportsthewholetherapeuticventure.Byworkingtowardsunderstandingthereasonsforhisdisappointmentsthismanhadthechancetobeginreshapinghisownlifejourney.Thiswasunlikelytogivehimhappinessasagivenconstantbutcouldenablehimtodevelopsomethingfarmoreimportant.AsC.G.JungthefounderofAnalyticalPsychologysaid:Theprincipalaimofpsychotherapyisnottotransportthepatienttoanimpossiblestateofhappinessbuttohelphimacquiresteadfastnessandphilosophicpatienceinthefaceofsuffering.Lifedemandsforitscompletionandfulfillmentabalancebetweenjoyandsorrow. Itisausualeasewithhappinessthat
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
三个代表思想的基础是
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat___________.
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
建设有中国特色社会主义首要的基本理论问题是:
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
在经济发展过程中我们既可以发挥市场经济的优势又可以发挥社会主义制度的优越性在处理市场机制和宏观调控当前发展和长远发展效率和公平等关系方面能够比西方国家做得更好和更有成效这是因为
造成南北经济差距进一步扩大的根源是:
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
It’’safunnythinghappiness.Peoplerefertoitassomethingtheywantsomethingmissingasifitcouldbesecurediftheyonlyknewwheretofindit.Lackofitisblamedonpastrelationshipsandhopeforitplacedonfuturelovers.Desireforitbecomesarestlessquest.Yetoverandagainintherapyitisclearthatahungrypursuitfortheillusivestateofhappinessonlyendsinfrustrationandyetmoreunhappiness. WhenIaskamanwho’’sjustturned40andwantstotrypsychotherapytotellmeaboutthedisappointmentshementionshereelsoffalist:aloveaffairthatlostitszest;aworkprojectruinedbyacolleague;aholidayspoiledbytheweather;aplanhaltedbyillhealth.Allwerepotentialroutestohappiness.Anditisthisendlessfeelingofthingsbeingspoiltthatmakeshimfeelletdownbylifeandunhappy. Hetellsmethathehadbeenawillfulchild.Hewashesaysspoiltrottenbyverylovingparents.Theyhadsufferedmuchhardshipintheirownlivesandwhenhardworkandgoodluckmadethemwellofftheydecidedthathetheironlysonwouldhavealltheyhadlackedandmore. Hehadwantedfornothing.Yetthiscamewithacost.Forhavingeverythingonaplatebeforehehadevendevelopedanappetitehadrobbedhimofthechancetoreachandstruggleforsomethingmeaningfulandofhisveryown.Therehadneverbeenanemptyspacehehadenjoyedworkingtofill.Littlewonderhewasunabletoremainattachedtoanythingoranyoneafterfrustrationsetin.Workingthroughdifficultysimplyhadn’’teverbeenaskedofhim. Whilehopefullyaby-productofdevelopingemotionalmaturityhappinesswasnotItoldhimaspecifictherapeuticaim.Buttherapycouldofferthechallengetostaywithandsograduallyunderstandthemeaningofhisunhappinessratherthanboltingwhenthegoinggotrough.Thenotionthatwecanuncoverameaningwithinoursufferingsupportsthewholetherapeuticventure.Byworkingtowardsunderstandingthereasonsforhisdisappointmentsthismanhadthechancetobeginreshapinghisownlifejourney.Thiswasunlikelytogivehimhappinessasagivenconstantbutcouldenablehimtodevelopsomethingfarmoreimportant.AsC.G.JungthefounderofAnalyticalPsychologysaid:Theprincipalaimofpsychotherapyisnottotransportthepatienttoanimpossiblestateofhappinessbuttohelphimacquiresteadfastnessandphilosophicpatienceinthefaceofsuffering.Lifedemandsforitscompletionandfulfillmentabalancebetweenjoyandsorrow. Thepatient’’sunhappinessresultsprimarilyfromhis
Americanstodaydon’’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletesentertainersandentrepreneursnotscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation―nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’’tdifficulttofind. SchoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectualsayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.Ravitch’’slatestbookLeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReformstracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschoolsconcludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits. Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcriticallytodefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofotherstheycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.ContinuingalongthispathsayswriterEarlShorrisWewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety. IntellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilegewriteshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLifeaPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpoliticsreligionandeducation.FromthebeginningofourhistorysaysHofstadterourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicalitycommonsenseandnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:WeareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsforI0or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.MarkTwain’’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized―goingtoschoolandlearningtoread―sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness. IntellectaccordingtoHofstadterisdifferentfromnativeintelligenceaqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograspmanipulatere-orderandadjustwhileintellectexaminesponderswonderstheorizescriticizesandimagines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect
社会主义制度所要实现的最终目标和最大优越性所在是
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat____________.
1930年5月__的反对本本主义:
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
农村税费改革的实质是改革农村不适应生产力发展的上层建筑的某些环节最重要的是
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thepassageismainlyabout________________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
. Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmainideaand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes. Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
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