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下述不属磺脲类药物副作用的是
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磺脲类药物的主要副作用是低血糖反映
下述哪些不属于维甲酸类药物的副作用
皮肤粘膜干燥
高血压
高血钙
肝功能异常
感染
磺脲类药物最常见的副作用是
恶心、呕吐
低血糖反应
肝功能损害
白细胞减少
磺脲类药物的主要副作用是
恶心，呕吐
低血糖反应
肝功能损害
白细胞减少
皮肤瘙痒
病历摘要男性55岁主诉口渴多饮3月体态微胖要排除糖尿病来诊 下列针对糖尿病药物治疗描述错误的是
磺脲类药物应在参前半小时服用
磺脲类药物可发生低血糖的副作用
双胍类药物应在餐前半小时服用
双胍类药物可发生低血糖的副作用
胰岛素受热、光、冰冻时可降低其活性
速效胰岛素与中长效胰岛素合用时应先抽中、长效，再抽速效胰岛素
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Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. Itcanbeinferredthatbiologicalorthodoxyfavors
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribethepatternofthetext
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Directions: AsmallbutexpandingAmericancompanyrequiresthreeflexibleChineseofficeworkerswhospeakEnglishwellenoughtofilltherolesinsales.Writeanapplicationforthepostandyourlettershouldconsistof: 1educationalbackground 2personalcompetence 3expectedinterviewtime. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganewgardenfollowedbyalistofexamplesChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.W hetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 45
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganewgardenfollowedbyalistofexamplesChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.W hetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 43
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatarelativisticviewofethics
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.E veryonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Inwhatwayisethicscomparabletolanguageusage
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganewgardenfollowedbyalistofexamplesChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.W hetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 41
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Somepeoplelookdownonappliedresearchbecausetheythinkthat
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. ThecampaignstagedbybothBMWandRenaultaretomarket
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Itisgenerallybelievedthatinappliedinvestigation
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly. Intheauthor’sopiniontheartofRaphaelandCorreggio
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly. TheVanGogh’sletterPara.2wasmentionedto
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.E veryonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. TheauthorthinksthatunfortunatelyBMW’scampaignhasconveyedtheideaof
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
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