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阅读下面的作品。 镜湖女 （南宋）陆游 湖中居人事舟楫，家家以舟作生业。 女儿妆面花样红，小伞翻翻乱荷叶。 日暮归来月色新，菱歌缥缈泛烟津。 到家更约西邻女，明日湖桥看赛神。 对本作品分析不恰...
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阅读下面的文字完成1～4题25分 科学巨人玻尔 1927年第五届索尔维物理学会议在布鲁塞尔召开激烈的辩论很快就变成了一场爱因斯坦与玻尔之间的决斗这场辩论在三年后的第六届索尔维会议上战火再续玻尔获得胜利他所代表的哥本哈根学派因此获得了大多数物理学家的认同他们对量子力学的解释也被奉为正统解释这次辩论就是著名的爱因斯坦--玻尔论战有人称之为物理学史上的巅峰对决 爱因斯坦和玻尔这两位科学巨人的背后是现代物理学的两大基础理论——相对论和量自子力学他们的争论旷日持久几乎所有理论物理学家都被吸引并参与进来乐此不疲尽管两人的科学理论和思想观点始终没能调和但他们却结下了长达数十年的友谊玻尔高度评价他与爱因斯坦的学术之争认为它是自己许多新思想产生的源泉爱因斯坦也称赞说很少有谁像玻尔那样对隐秘的事物具有如此敏锐的直觉同时又兼有如此强有力的批判能力他是我们时代科学领域伟大的发现者之一 与爱因斯坦更个性化的独自研究不同玻尔周围聚集着许多杰出的理论物理学家他不但有革新的勇气更是一位伟大的伯乐他为量子物理学培养和组织了一支创新发展的队伍人们称之为哥本哈根学派后来的诺贝尔物理学奖获得者玻恩海森伯泡利以及狄拉克等都曾是其主要成员 哥本哈根学派活动的大本营就是哥本哈根理论物理研究所该所是玻尔在1917年申请并于l921年正式成立的他以著名科学家的身份为研究所作担保筹集了大量资金在任所长的40年间他以特有的人格魅力吸引了世界各地的青年才俊使研究所成为当时全世界最重要最活跃的量子力学研究中心这里先后培养了600多名物理学家玻尔使这个科学家群体中的每个个体的力量发挥到极致形成了以集体讨论和自由探索为特征的研究风格他还经常在此举办非公开的小型年会邀请各国著名的物理学家出席相互学习启发交流这里没有论资排辈只有挑战与争鸣形成了富有激情和活力不断进取的学术精神人们誉之为哥本哈根精神这种精神至今仍在科学研究领域受到推崇量子力学每前进一步或多或少都与这个学派科学家的合作研究有关可以说玻尔领导的哥本哈根学派具备了一个科学学派应有的优秀特质 希特勒上台后玻尔以访问德国为名暗地调查德国科学家的安全情况然后设法把可能受到__的犹太科学家转移到安全地方他还积极创立和参加丹麦救援组织尽力帮助逃到哥本哈根的科学家与其他难民 德国纳粹控制丹麦后玻尔起初留在国内与抗敌组织保持密切联系他一贯的不合作态度令纳粹非常恼火1943年玻尔受到纳粹分子的威胁他冒险出逃历尽艰险辗转到达美国在美期间为抗击法西斯他曾参加原子弹的研制工作在研制过程中他就考虑到这一研究成果对未来世界的影响并曾多次接触英美首脑建议他们及早与苏联达成控制原子武器的协议但没有成功 二战后玻尔积极倡导和实施国际间的科学合作l957年美国福特基金会将第一届原子为了和平奖授予玻尔以表彰他在全世界迫切需要的原则上以友好的精神进行科学探索在和平利用原子能以满足人类需要方面作出了榜样 摘编自邹丽焱玻尔传 相关链接 ①玻尔1885～1962丹麦物理学家在普朗克量子假说和卢瑟福原子行星模型的基础上于l913年提出氢原子结构和氢光谱的初步理论稍后又提出对应原理对量子论和量子力学的建立起了重要作用l927年又提出互补原理在原子核反应理论解释重核裂变现象等方面也有重要贡献获1922年诺贝尔物理学奖摘自辞海第六版 ②1918年玻尔的老师卢瑟福邀请他赴英国工作他在回信中说虽然哥本哈根大学在财力人员能力和实验室管理上都达不到英国的水平但我立志尽力帮助丹麦发展自己的物理学研究工作我的职责是在这里尽我的全部力量摘自戈革玻尔集 玻尔特有的人格魅力表现在哪些方面请结合材料谈谈你的看法8分
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
下列各句中没有语病的一句是3分
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
阅读下面的文字完成1～4题25分 古渡头 叶紫 太阳渐渐地隐没到树林中去了晚霞散射着一片凌乱的光辉映到茫无际涯的淡绿的湖上现出各种各样的色彩来微__动着皱纹似的浪头轻轻地吻着沙岸 破烂不堪的老渡船横在枯杨的下面渡夫戴着一顶尖头的斗笠弯着腰在那里洗刷一叶断片的船篷 我轻轻地踏到他的船上他抬起头来带血色的昏花的眼睛望着我大声说道 过湖吗小伙子 唔我放下包袱是的 那么要等到明天啰他又弯腰做事去了 为什么呢我茫然地我多给你些钱不能吗 钱你有多少钱呢他的声音来得更加响亮了教训似的他重新站起来抛掉破篷子把斗笠脱在手中立时现出了白雪般的头发年纪轻轻开口就是‘钱’有钱就命都不要了吗 我不由得暗自吃了一惊 他从舱里拿出一根烟管饱饱地吸足了一口接着说看你的样子也不是一个老出门的哪里来的呀 从军队里回来 军队里他又停了一停是当兵的吧为什么又跑开来呢 我是请长假的我妈病了 唔！ 两个人都沉默了一会儿他把烟管在船头上磕了两磕接着又燃第二口 夜色苍茫地侵袭着我们的周围浪头荡出了微微的合拍的呼啸我的心里偷偷地发急不知道这老头子到底要玩什么花头于是我说 既然不开船老人家就让我回到岸上去找店家吧！ 店家老头子用鼻子哼着年轻人到底不知事回到岸上去还不同过湖一样的危险吗到连头镇去还要退回七里路唉！年轻人就在我这船中过一宵吧 他擦着一根火柴把我引到船艘后头给了我一个两尺多宽的地方好在天气和暖还不至于十分受冻 当他再擦火柴吸上了第三口姻的时候他的声音已经和缓多了我躺着一面细细地听着孤雁唳过寂静的长空一面又留心他和我谈的一些江湖上的情形和出门人的秘诀 就算你有钱吧小伙子你也不应当说出来的这湖上有多少歹人啊！我欢喜你这样的孝顺孩子是的你的妈妈一定比我还欢喜你要是在病中看见你这样远跑回去只是我呢我我有一个桂儿你知道吗我的桂儿他比你大得多呀！你怕不认识他吧外乡人那个时候我们爷儿俩同驾着这条船我给他收了个媳妇 他们呢 他们那一年北佬来你知道了吗北佬打了败仗从我们这里过我的桂儿给北佬兵拉着要他做伕子桂儿他不肯脸上一拳！我我不肯脸上一拳！小伙子你做过这些个丧天良的事情吗 小伙子！你看我等了一年我又等了两年三年我的儿媳妇改嫁给卖肉的朱胡子了我的孙子长大了可是我看不见我的桂儿我的孙子他们不肯给我他们说‘等你有了钱我们一定将孙子给你送回来’可是小伙子我得有钱呀! 结冰落雪我得过湖刮风落雨我得过湖 年成荒捐重湖里的匪多过湖的人少但是我得找钱 小伙子你是有爹妈的人你将来也得做爹妈的我欢喜你要是你真的有孝心你是有好处的像我我一定得死在这湖中我没有钱我寻不到我的桂儿我的孙子不认识我没有人替我做坟没有人给我烧纸钱我说我没有丧过天良可是天老爷他不向我睁开眼睛 他逐渐地说得悲哀起来终于哭了不住地把船篷弄得呱啦呱啦地响他的脚在船舱边下力地蹬着可是我寻不出来一句能够劝慰他的话心头像给什么东西塞得紧紧的 外面风浪渐渐地大了起来我翻来覆去地睡不着他也翻来覆去地睡不着 可是第二天又是一般的微风细雨太阳还没有出来他就把我叫起了他的脸上丝毫看不出一点异样的表情来好像昨夜间的事情全都忘记了 我目不转睛的瞧着他 有什么好瞧呢小伙子！过了湖你还要赶你的路程呀！ 离开渡口因为是走顺风他就搭上橹扯起破碎风篷来他独自坐在船艘上毫无表情地捋着雪白的胡子任情地高声朗唱着 我住在这古渡前头六十年 我不管地也不管天 我凭良心吃饭我靠气力赚钱！ 有钱的人我不爱无钱的人我不怜！ 有删改作品为什么以渡夫的任情高歌为结尾结合全文谈谈你的看法8分
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsofthedaynotheateddebatesaboutfilmswe’vejustwatchedorbookswe’vejustfinishedreadingbutplainandsimple__51__. Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspeciesandwhatdowe__52__dowithitWegossip.Aboutothers’behaviourandprivatelivessuchaswho’sdoingwhatwithwhomwho’sinandwho’sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildrenloversandcolleagues. SowhyarewekeenongossipingArewejustnatural__54__ofbothtimeandwordsOrdowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflifeIt’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.InfactinhislatestbookGroomingGossipandtheEvolutionofLanguagethepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues. Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectivelyoreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalkarguesDunbar—__57__hegoesontosaylanguageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip. Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates灵长类动物likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit. AswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamilyDunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhandthebiggerthegroupthegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown. Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbiggertheamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearlyamore__64__kindofgroomingwasneededandthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal有声的groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.
B Thegiantvendingmachine自动售货机isanewvillageshop Villagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.Howeverhelpisnownearerathandinformofthecountry’sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshireVillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek. PeterFoxwhois33______electricalengineerspenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine34______equipwithsecuringcamerasandalarmsandlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfrontagreyroofandadisplaywindow. Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention35______issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonthswillmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities. Hesaid:IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn’tfindamanufacturewhocoulddeliverwhatIwantedsoIdiditby36______.Theresultiswhatamountstohugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar37______appropriate Inrecentyearsthecommercialpressurefromsupermarketchains38______forcevillageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed39______urgethelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitiesstores. Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirwonvolunteer-runshopsbutMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution40______thesevillageswithoutalocalshop.
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.
Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation. Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.
阅读下面的材料根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章60分 山羊过独木桥是为民学校传统的团体比赛项目规则是双方队员两两对决同时相向而行走上仅容一人通行的低矮独木桥能突破对方阻拦成功过桥者获胜最后以全队通过人数多少决定胜负因此习惯上双方相遇时会像山羊抵角一样尽力使对方落下桥自己通过不过今年预赛中出现了新情况有一组比赛双方选手相遇时互相抱住转身换位全都顺利过了桥这种做法当场就引发了观众运动员和裁判员的激烈争论 事后相关的思考还在继续 要求选好角度确定立意明确文体自拟标题不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文不要套作不得抄袭
阅读下面的文字完成1～4题25分 科学巨人玻尔 1927年第五届索尔维物理学会议在布鲁塞尔召开激烈的辩论很快就变成了一场爱因斯坦与玻尔之间的决斗这场辩论在三年后的第六届索尔维会议上战火再续玻尔获得胜利他所代表的哥本哈根学派因此获得了大多数物理学家的认同他们对量子力学的解释也被奉为正统解释这次辩论就是著名的爱因斯坦--玻尔论战有人称之为物理学史上的巅峰对决 爱因斯坦和玻尔这两位科学巨人的背后是现代物理学的两大基础理论——相对论和量自子力学他们的争论旷日持久几乎所有理论物理学家都被吸引并参与进来乐此不疲尽管两人的科学理论和思想观点始终没能调和但他们却结下了长达数十年的友谊玻尔高度评价他与爱因斯坦的学术之争认为它是自己许多新思想产生的源泉爱因斯坦也称赞说很少有谁像玻尔那样对隐秘的事物具有如此敏锐的直觉同时又兼有如此强有力的批判能力他是我们时代科学领域伟大的发现者之一 与爱因斯坦更个性化的独自研究不同玻尔周围聚集着许多杰出的理论物理学家他不但有革新的勇气更是一位伟大的伯乐他为量子物理学培养和组织了一支创新发展的队伍人们称之为哥本哈根学派后来的诺贝尔物理学奖获得者玻恩海森伯泡利以及狄拉克等都曾是其主要成员 哥本哈根学派活动的大本营就是哥本哈根理论物理研究所该所是玻尔在1917年申请并于l921年正式成立的他以著名科学家的身份为研究所作担保筹集了大量资金在任所长的40年间他以特有的人格魅力吸引了世界各地的青年才俊使研究所成为当时全世界最重要最活跃的量子力学研究中心这里先后培养了600多名物理学家玻尔使这个科学家群体中的每个个体的力量发挥到极致形成了以集体讨论和自由探索为特征的研究风格他还经常在此举办非公开的小型年会邀请各国著名的物理学家出席相互学习启发交流这里没有论资排辈只有挑战与争鸣形成了富有激情和活力不断进取的学术精神人们誉之为哥本哈根精神这种精神至今仍在科学研究领域受到推崇量子力学每前进一步或多或少都与这个学派科学家的合作研究有关可以说玻尔领导的哥本哈根学派具备了一个科学学派应有的优秀特质 希特勒上台后玻尔以访问德国为名暗地调查德国科学家的安全情况然后设法把可能受到__的犹太科学家转移到安全地方他还积极创立和参加丹麦救援组织尽力帮助逃到哥本哈根的科学家与其他难民 德国纳粹控制丹麦后玻尔起初留在国内与抗敌组织保持密切联系他一贯的不合作态度令纳粹非常恼火1943年玻尔受到纳粹分子的威胁他冒险出逃历尽艰险辗转到达美国在美期间为抗击法西斯他曾参加原子弹的研制工作在研制过程中他就考虑到这一研究成果对未来世界的影响并曾多次接触英美首脑建议他们及早与苏联达成控制原子武器的协议但没有成功 二战后玻尔积极倡导和实施国际间的科学合作l957年美国福特基金会将第一届原子为了和平奖授予玻尔以表彰他在全世界迫切需要的原则上以友好的精神进行科学探索在和平利用原子能以满足人类需要方面作出了榜样 摘编自邹丽焱玻尔传 相关链接 ①玻尔1885～1962丹麦物理学家在普朗克量子假说和卢瑟福原子行星模型的基础上于l913年提出氢原子结构和氢光谱的初步理论稍后又提出对应原理对量子论和量子力学的建立起了重要作用l927年又提出互补原理在原子核反应理论解释重核裂变现象等方面也有重要贡献获1922年诺贝尔物理学奖摘自辞海第六版 ②1918年玻尔的老师卢瑟福邀请他赴英国工作他在回信中说虽然哥本哈根大学在财力人员能力和实验室管理上都达不到英国的水平但我立志尽力帮助丹麦发展自己的物理学研究工作我的职责是在这里尽我的全部力量摘自戈革玻尔集 为什么爱因斯坦和玻尔的论战被称为物理学史上的巅峰对决请结合材料简述原因6分
A MyStayinNewYork AftergraduationfromuniversityIhadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork25______Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.26______earnsomemoneytopaythedailyexpensesIstartedworkinalocalcaféasawaiter.Ibelievethat27__________________IwasofferedagoodpositionIwouldresignatonce. Overtimethehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready28______exhaustshoulder.Ontheotherhandmysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversityIfounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadjustsaidthat29______IwanttohaveabettercareeradvancementIhadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps30______mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected. SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.ApparentlyIhaddifficulty31______adaptmyselftolifeinthecityletalonefindingajobtomydelight.AfterninemonthsoffrustrationIeventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned32______Irealizethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.
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